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tempt to establish a school of this kind in California. The first attempt was made at the old Mission Dolores in San Francisco in 1853, soon after the close of the war with Mexico and the ceding of California to the United States; and the second attempt was made in 1883 at the old Mission San Jose; but in both instances events proved that conditions were not yet ripe for such a foundation. The present institution faces brighter prospects, and gives every promise of permanence and success.

H. A. AYRINHAC.

Chicago, 1904, pp. 1435-1436; San Francisco Monitor, " Seminary Number," Sept. 17, 1898, and " Jubilee Number," Jan. 23, 1904.

2. St. Thomas of Villanova: This seminary, officially known as " The House of Studies of the Brotherhood of Hermits of the Order of Saint Augustine for the American Province of St. Thomas of Villanova," was established by brief of Pope Gregory XVL, Dec. 22, 1843, and is located at Villanova, Delaware Co., Pa. The studies are under the direction of a regent, who is subject immediately to the prior-general of the order at Rome. Among the earliest instructors were Fr. William Harnett, Fr. Patrick Stanton, and Fr. Peter Crane. The purpose of the study house is to train members of the brotherhood in Scripture, theology, history, and canon law for parish, mission, and college work, the field mainly of the order's activities in the United States. In 1910 there were four professors, thirtyeight professed cleric students, and seven novice cleric students. FRANCIS E..ToURSCHER.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: T. C. Middleton, Historical Sketch of Villanova College, Villanova, Pa., 1893 idem, Directory of the Avgustinians in the United States, IL, 1910.

%VIII. Unitarian.-1. Xeadville: This school was established in 1844 in Meadville, Crawford Co., Pa., its founders being Harm Jan Huidekoper, a native of Holland, and his son Frederic (see HUIDEKOPER, FREDERIC), who became its first professor. Dr. Rufus P. Stebbins was its first president; and associated with Dr. Stebbins and Mr. Huidekoper, as members of its first faculty, were Elder David Millard and Dr. George W. Hosmer. Founded and endowed by Unitarians for the special purpose of providing ministers for the new western Unitarian churches, the school has always received students from all denominations on equal terms, and during its early years had among its trustees, faculty, and students many representatives of the Christian Connection. Dr. Stebbins' successors in the presidency have been Dr. Oliver Steams (1856-63), Dr. Abiel A. Livermore (q.v.; 1863-90), Dr. George L. Cary (q.v.; 18901902), and Dr. Franklin C. Southworth (q.v.; since 1902). The number of students at the opening was five, and it increased the second year to twenty-three. In 1872 the comparative study of religion was introduced by Prof. H. H. Barber (q.v.), and this work has since been carried on under the direction of Profs. George R. Freeman and Henry Preserved Smith (q.v.). The Clarke professorship of church history was established in 1899, with Dr. Francis A. Christie (q.v.) as incumbent of the chair, and the Ballou lectureship of practical Christian sociology was founded in 1892. In 1895 the school became a pioneer in introducing sociology into the

theological curriculum, through the establishment of the Hackley professorship of sociology. This chair is held by Prof. Nicholas P. Gilman, and the school has in recent years sent a number of its graduates into the field of religious philanthropy. The school was also a pioneer among American seminaries in applying, under Dr. Cary, the methods of the higher criticism to the study of the New Testament. In all, the school has sent out 307 graduates, bf whom 163 are now in the Unitarian, 16 in the Universalist, 9 in the Episcopal, and 6 in the Christian Connection ministry, and it has also sent 127 students into the ministry after a partial course.

At present the school has seven professors, one professor emeritus, a librarian, and instructors in elocution, music, and physical culture. Its governing body is a self-perpetuating board of thirty trustees, and the alumni association has the privilege of making nominations to fill vacancies in the board. The school is, and has been from the beginning, entirely free from ecclesiastical control, and it is provided in the charter that " no doctrinal test shall ever be made a condition of enjoying any of the opportunities of instruction." It assures absolute freedom of inquiry both to teacher and student, and applies the same canons of criticism and interpretation to sacred Scriptures as to secular, approaching the problems of theology in the same spirit in which it would approach problems of science. The students number twenty-eight, and represent eight different nationalities and thirteen different states in the Union; and though the majority of them are Unitarians, they come from five different church fellowships. The German Evangelical Protestant churches of the Central West are establishing (1911) a German professorship at the school, for the special training of their own ministers. On the Cruft traveling fellowship one graduate may be sent abroad each year for further theological study. The school has an endowment of $792,800, and a library of 35,000 volumes.

FRANKLIN C. SOUTHWORTH.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: G. W. Cooke, Unitarianism in America, Boston, 1902; F. and F. B. 75ffany, Harm Jan Huide-

2. Pacific: This institution, officially designated " Pacific Unitarian School for the Ministry," is located at Berkeley, Alameda Co., Cal., and was founded in 1904 (chartered 1906) by Mr. and Mrs. Francis Cutting of Oakland, and Mr. and Mrs. Horace Davis of San Francisco. During its first two years it was located at Oakland, but in 1906 it removed to Berkeley in order to take advantage of opportunities for cooperation with the University of California and with three other divinity schools located there. It was organized by Dr. Earl Morse Wilbur, who is president and professor of practical theology, while the Rev. William Sacheus Morgan is professor of systematic theology. The instruction given in the school itself is supplemented by that offered in the Pacific Theological Seminary and other divinity schools at Berkeley, and in the Uni versity of California; and its courses are reciprocally recognized by the other schools, as well as for higher degrees at the university.