GARVIE, ALFRED ERNEST: English Congregationalist; b. at Zyrardow, Russian Poland, Aug. 28, 1861. He studied at George Watson's College, Edinburgh, and the universities of Glasgow (M.A., 1889) and Oxford (B.A., 1892). After being lecturer at Mansfield College in 1892, he held pastorates at Macduff Congregational Church 1893-95 and at Montrose Congregational Church 1895-1903. In 1903-07 he was professor of the philosophy of theism, comparative religion, and Christian ethics in Hackney and New Colleges, London, of which he has been principal since 1907. He was examiner in Biblical languages and literatures in Edinburgh Congregational Hall 1895-1902, and president of the Hampstead Free Church Council 1906-1907. In theology he is moderately progressive and liberal, and is a Lutheran rather than a Calvinist. He has written The Ethics of Temperance (London, 1895); The Ritschlian Theology (Edinburgh, 1899); Commentary on Romans in The Century Bible (London, 1901); The Gospel for To-Day (1904); The Christian Personality . (1904); My Brother's Keeper (1905); and Religious Education (1906).

GASPARIN, gas"pa''ran·, AGENOR ETIENNE: French Protestant, statesman and author; b. at Orange (18 m. n. of Avignon) July 12, 1810; d. at Geneva May 8, 1871. He studied law in Paris and entered politics. After having held various political appointments he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies from Bastia, Corsica, in 1842. On being defeated for reelection in 1846 he abandoned politics and devoted himself thenceforth to writing and lecturing, chiefly on social and religious subjects. He worked for the abolition of slavery, the suppression of war, the establishment of religious liberty, and the separation of Church and State. In 1849 he settled at Geneva, where he lived till his death. His principal works are: Esclavage et trait6 (Paris, 1838); Las Int&&s gdn&aux du proteetantisme françsis (1843); Christianisme et paganiame (2 vols., 1846); Des tables tournantes, du. sumaturel en g6n&al, et des esprits (2 vols., 1854; Eng. transl., Science vs. Modern Spiritualism, 2 vols., New York, 1857); Lm &oles du doute et Z'&ole de la foi (Geneva, 1854; Eng. transl., The Schools of Doubt and the School of Faith, Edinburgh, 1854); Un Grand Peuple qui se reUve (Paris, 1'861; Eng. tmnd., The Uprising of a Great People, New York, 1861, and London, 1862); L'Am6rique devant L'Europe (1862; Eng. transl., America before Europe, New York and London, 1862); La Famine (2 vols., 1865; Eng. transl., The Family, London, 1867); La LiUrtg morale (2 vols., 1868); L'4yalW (1869); La Conscience (18,72); and L'6glise selon Z'hangile (2 vols., 1878). Other translations from Gasparip are: The Doctrine of Plenary Inspiration (Edinburgh, 1852), from five articles in the Archives du Christianisme; and The Concessions of the Apostle Paul and the Claims of Truth (1854), translated from an unpublished manuscript.

Bibliography: Accounts of his life are by T. Borel, Paris, 1878; L. Ruffet, ib. 1884; and C. Barbey-Boiseier, 2 vols., Paris, 1902.