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CONTENTS

Book I
Of God As He Is In Himself
1 The Function of the Wise Man 1
2 Of the Author’s Purpose 2
3 That the Truths which we confess concerning God fall under two Modes or Categories 2
4 That it is an Advantage for the Truths of God, known by Natural Reason, to be proposed to men to be believed on Faith 4
5 That it is an Advantage for things that cannot be searched out by Reason to be proposed as Tenets of Faith 5
6 That there is no Lightmindedness in assenting to Truths of Faith, although they are above Reason 6
7 That the Truth of Reason is not contrary to the Truths of Christian Faith 7
8 Of the relation of Human Reason to the First Truth of Faith 7
9 The Order and Mode of Procedure in this Work 8
10 Of the Opinion of those who say that the Existence of God cannot be proved, being a Self-evident Truth 9
11 Rejection of the aforesaid Opinion and Solution of the aforesaid Reasons 9
12 Of the Opinion of those who say that the Existence of God is a Tenet of Faith alone and cannot be demonstrated 11
13 Reasons in proof of the Existence of God 11
14 That in order to a Knowledge of God we must proceed by the method of Negative Differentiation 13
15 That God is Eternal 14
16 That in God there is no Passive Potentiality 14
18 That in God there is no Composition 15
20 That God is Incorporeal 15
21 That God is His own Essence 16
22 That in God Existence and Essence are the same 17
23 That in God there is no Accident 18
24 That the Existence of God cannot be characterised by the addition of any Substantial Differentia 19
25 That God is not in any Genus 19
26 That God is not the Formal or Abstract Being of all things 20
28 That God is Universal Perfection 22
29 How Likeness to God may be found in Creatures 22
30 What Names can be predicated of God 23
31 That the Plurality of Divine Names is not inconsistent with the Simplicity of the Divine Being predicated of God and of other Beings 24
x32 That nothing is predicated of God and of other Beings synonymously 24
33 That it is not at all true that the application of common Predicates to God and to Creatures involves nothing beyond a mere Identity of Name 25
34 That the Things that are said of God and of Creatures are said analogously 26
35 That the several Names predicated of God are not synonymous 27
36 That the Propositions which our Understanding forms of God are not void of Meaning 27
38 That God is His own Goodness 28
39 That in God there can be no Evil 28
40 That God is the Good of all Good 29
42 That God is One 29
43 That God is Infinite 30
44 That God has Understanding 32
45 That in God the Act of Understanding is His very Essence 33
46 That God understands by nothing else than by His own Essence 34
47 That God perfectly understands Himself 34
48 That God primarily and essentially knows Himself alone 35
49 That God knows other things besides Himself 35
50 That God has a Particular Knowledge of all things 35
51 Some Discussion of the question how there is in the Divine Understanding a Multitude of Objects 36
52 Reasons to show how the Multitude of Intelligible Ideal Forms has no Existence except in the Divine Understanding 37
53 How there is in God a Multitude of Objects of Understanding 37
54 That the Divine Essence, being One, is the proper Likeness and Type of all things Intelligible 39
55 That God understands all things at once and together 40
56 That there is not Habitual Knowledge in God 41
57 That God’s Knowledge is not a Reasoned Knowledge 42
58 That God does not understand by Combination and Separation of Ideas 43
59 That the Truth to be found in Propositions is not excluded from God 43
60 That God is Truth 44
61 That God is Pure Truth 44
62 That the Truth of God is the First and Sovereign Truth 45
63 Arguments of those who wish to withdraw from God the Knowledge of Individual Things 45
64 A list of things to be said concerning the Divine Knowledge 47
65 That God knows Individual Things 47
66 That God knows things which are not 47
67 That God knows Individual Contingent Events 49
68 That God knows the Motions of the Will 51
69 That God knows Infinite Things 51
xi70 That God knows Base and Mean Things 53
71 That God knows Evil Things 54
72 That God has a Will 56
73 That the Will of God is His Essence 56
74 That the Object of the Will of God in the first place is God Himself 57
75 That God in willing Himself wills also other things besides Himself 57
76 That with one and the same Act of Will God wills Himself and all other beings 57
77 That the Multitude of the Objects of God’s Will is not inconsistent with the Simplicity of His Substance 58
78 That the Divine Will reaches to the good of Individual Existences 58
79 That God wills things even that as yet are not 59
80 That God of necessity wills His own Being and His own Goodness 59
81 That God does not of necessity love other things than Himself 60
82 Arguments against the aforesaid Doctrine, and Solution of the same 51
83 That God wills anything else than Himself with an Hypothetical Necessity 62
84 That the Will of God is not of things in themselves Impossible 63
85 That the Divine Will does not take away Contingency from things 63
86 That Reason can be assigned for the Divine Will 63
87 That nothing can be a Cause to the Divine Will 64
88 That there is Free Will in God 65
89 That there are no Passions in God 65
90 That there is in God Delight and Joy 66
91 That there is Love in God 67
92 In what sense Virtues can be posited in God 68
93 That there are in God the Virtues which regulate Action 69
94 That the Contemplative (intellectual) Virtues are in God 70
95 That God can will no Evil 71
96 That God hates nothing 71
97 That God is Living 72
98 That God is His own Life 72
99 That the Life of God is everlasting 73
100 That God is Happy 73
101 That God is His own Happiness 74
102 That the Happiness of God is most Perfect, and exceeds all other Happiness 74
xiiBook II
God The Origin of Creatures
1 Connexion of what follows with what has gone before 79
4 That the Philosopher and the Theologian view Creatures from different Standpoints 79
5 Order of matters to be treated 80
6 That it belongs to God to be to other Beings the Principle of Existence 80
7 That there is in God Active Power 80
8 That God’s Power is His Substance 81
9 That God’s Power is His Action 81
10 In what manner Power is said to be in God 81
11 That something is predicated of God in relation to Creatures 82
12 That the Relations, predicated of God in regard of Creatures, are not really in God 82
13 How the aforesaid Relations are predicated of God 83
14 That the Predication of many Relations of God is no prejudice to the Simplicity and Singleness of His Being 83
15 That God is to all things the Cause of their being 84
16 That God has brought things into being out of nothing 85
17 That Creation is not a Movement nor a Change 86
18 Solution of Arguments against Creation 87
19 That Creation is not Successive 87
21 That it belongs to God alone to create 88
22 That God is Almighty 89
23 That God’s action in creation is not of Physical Necessity, but of Free Choice of Will 90
24 That God acts by His Wisdom 91
25 In what sense some things are said to be Impossible to the Almighty 92
26 That the Divine Understanding is not limited to certain Fixed Effects 93
28 That God has not brought things into being in discharge of any Debt of justice 94
29 How in the production of a creature there may be found a Debt of justice in respect of the Necessary Sequence of something Posterior upon something Prior 95
30 How Absolute Necessity may have place in Creation 95
31 That it is not necessary for Creatures to have existed from Eternity 96
32, 35 Reasons alleged for the Eternity of the World on the part of God, with Answers to the same 97
33, 36 Reasons alleged for the Eternity of the World on the part of Creatures, with Answers to the same 101
34, 37 Reasons alleged for the Eternity of the World on the part of the fact of its Production, with Answers to the same 102
xiii38 Arguments wherewith some try to show that the World is not Eternal, and Solutions of the same 104
41 That the Variety of Creatures does not arise from any Contrariety of Prime Agents 105
44 That the Variety of Creatures has not arisen from Variety of Merits and Demerits 106
45 The real Prime Cause of the Variety of Creatures 107
46 That it was necessary for the Perfection of the Universe that there should be some Intellectual Natures 108
47 That Subsistent Intelligences are Voluntary Agents 109
48 That Subsistent Intelligences have Free Will 109
49 That Subsistent Intelligence is not Corporeal 111
52 That in Created Subsistent Intelligences there is a Difference between Existence and Essence 111
53 That in Created Subsistent Intelligences there is Actuality and Potentiality 112
55 That Subsistent Intelligences are Imperishable 112
56, 69 How a Subsistent Intelligence may be United with a Body, with a Solution of the Arguments alleged to prove that a Subsistent Intelligence cannot be United with a Body as its Form 115
57 Plato’s Theory of the Union of the Intellectual Soul with the Body 118
58 That Vegetative, Sentient, and Intelligent are not in Man Three Souls 120
59 That the Potential Intellect of Man is not a Spirit subsisting apart from Matter 122
60 That a Man is not a member of the Human Species by possession of Passive Intellect, but by possession of Potential Intellect 125
61 That the aforesaid Tenet is contrary to the Mind of Aristotle 127
62 Against the Opinion of Alexander concerning the Potential Intellect 129
64 That the Soul is not a Harmony 130
65 That the Soul is not a Body 131
66 Against those who suppose Intellect and Sense to be the same 131
67 Against those who maintain that the Potential Intellect is the Phantasy 132
68 How a Subsistent Intelligence may be the Form of a Body 132
69 Solution of the Arguments alleged to show that a Subsistent Intelligence cannot be united with a Body as the Form of that Body 134
73 That the Potential Intellect is not One and the Same in all men 135
74 Of the Opinion of Avicenna, who supposed Intellectual Forms not to be preserved in the Potential Intellect 141
75 Confutation of the Arguments which seem to prove the Unity of the Potential Intellect 144
76 That the Active Intellect is not a separately Subsisting Intelligence, but a Faculty of the Soul 148
xix77 That it is not Impossible for the Potential and the Active Intellect to be united in the one Substance of the Soul 150
78 That it was not the Opinion of Aristotle that the Active Intellect is a separately Subsistent Intelligence, but rather that it is a Part of the Soul 151
79 That the Human Soul does not perish with the Body 152
80, 81 Arguments of those who wish to prove that the Human Soul perishes with the Body, with Replies to the same 155
82 That the Souls of Dumb Animals are not Immortal 159
83, 84 Apparent Arguments to show that the Human Soul does not begin with the Body, but has been from Eternity, with Replies to the same 159
85 That the Soul is not of the Substance of God 162
86 That the Human Soul is not transmitted by Generation 163
87 That the Human Soul is brought into being by a Creative Act of God 164
88, 89 Arguments against the Truth of the Conclusion last drawn, with their Solution 165
91 That there are Subsistent Intelligences not united with Bodies 172
93 That Intelligences Subsisting apart are not more than One in the same Species 173
94 That an Intelligence Subsisting apart and a Soul are not of one Species 174
96 That Intelligences Subsisting apart do not gather their Knowledge from Objects of Sense 174
97 That the Mind of an Intelligence Subsisting apart is ever in the act of understanding 176
98 How one Separately Subsisting Intelligence knows another 176
99 That Intelligences Subsisting apart know Material Things, that is to say, the Species of Things Corporeal 177
100 That Intelligences Subsisting apart know Individual Things 178
101 Whether to Separately Subsisting Intelligences all parts of their Natural Knowledge are simultaneously present 179
Book III
God the End of Creatures
1 Preface to the Book that follows 183
2 That every Agent acts to some End 185
3 That every Agent acts to some Good 186
4 That Evil in Things is beside the Intention of the Agent 186
5, 6 Arguments against the Truth of the Conclusion last drawn, with Solutions of the same 187
7 That Evil is not a Nature or Essence 189
8, 9 Arguments against the aforesaid Conclusion, with Answers to the same 190
10 That the Cause of Evil is Good 191
11 That Evil is founded in some Good 194
xv12 That Evil does not entirely swallow up Good 195
14 That Evil is an Accidental Cause 196
15 That there is not any Sovereign Evil, acting as the Principle of all Evils 196
16 That the End in view of everything is some Good 196
17 That all things are ordained to one End, which is God 197
18 How God is the End of all things 197
19 That all things aim at Likeness to God 198
20 How things copy the Divine Goodness 198
21 That things aim at Likeness to God in being Causes of other things 200
24 That all things seek Good, even things devoid of Consciousness 200
25 That the End of every Subsistent Intelligence is to understand God 202
26 That Happiness does not consist in any Act of the Will 204
27 That the Happiness of Man does not consist in Bodily Pleasures 207
28, 29 That Happiness does not consist in Honours nor in Human Glory 209
30 That Man’s Happiness does not consist in Riches 209
31 That Happiness does not consist in Worldly Power 210
32 That Happiness does not consist in Goods of the Body 210
34 That the Final Happiness of Man does not consist in Acts of the Moral Virtues 210
37 That the Final Happiness of Man consists in the Contemplation of God 211
38 That Human Happiness does not consist in such Knowledge of God as is common to the Majority of Mankind 212
39 That Happiness does not consist in the Knowledge of God which is to be had by Demonstration 212
40 That Happiness does not consist in the Knowledge of God by Faith 213
41 - 45 [Untitled] 214
46 That the Soul in this Life does not understand itself by itself 214
47 That we cannot in this Life see God as He essentially is 216
48 That the Final Happiness of Man is not in this Life 218
49 That the Knowledge which Pure Spirits have of God through knowing their own Essence does not carry with it a Vision of the Essence of God 221
50 That the Desire of Pure Intelligences does not rest satisfied in the Natural Knowledge which they have of God 222
51 How God is seen as He essentially is 224
52 That no Created Substance can of its Natural Power arrive to see God as He essentially is 224
53 That a Created Intelligence needs some influx of Divine Light to see God in His Essence 225
54 Arguments against the aforesaid Statements and their Solutions 225
55 That the Created Intelligence does not comprehend the Divine Substance 227
xvi56 That no Created Intelligence in seeing God sees all things that can be seen in Him 227
57 That every Intelligence of every Grade can be partaker of the Vision of God 229
58 That one may see God more perfectly than another 230
59 How they who see the Divine Substance see all things 230
60 That they who see God see all things in Him at once 232
61 That by the Sight of God one is made partaker of Life Everlasting 232
62 That they who see God will see Him for ever 232
63 How in that Final Happiness every Desire of Man is fulfilled 233
64 That God governs things by His Providence 235
65 That God preserves things in Being 236
66 That nothing gives Being except in so much as it acts in the Power of God 238
67 That God is Cause of Activity in all Active Agents 238
68 That God is everywhere and in all things 238
69 Of the Opinion of those who withdraw from Natural Things their Proper Actions 239
70 How the Same Effect is from God and from a Natural Agent 241
71 That the Divine Providence is not wholly inconsistent with the presence of Evil in Creation 242
72 That Divine Providence is not inconsistent with an element of Contingency in Creation 244
73 That Divine Providence is not inconsistent with Freedom of the Will 244
74 That Divine Providence is not inconsistent with Fortune and Chance 245
75 That the Providence of God is exercised over Individual and Contingent Things 246
76 That the Providence of God watches immediately over all Individual Things 247
77 That the arrangements of Divine Providence are carried into execution by means of Secondary Causes 248
78 That Intelligent Creatures are the Medium through which other Creatures are governed by God 248
81 Of the Subordination of Men one to another 249
88 That other Subsistent Intelligences cannot be direct Causes of our Elections and Volitions 249
89 That the Motion of the Will is caused by God, and not merely by the Power of the Will 250
90 That Human Choices and Volitions are subject to Divine Providence 251
91 How Human Things are reduced to Higher Causes 251
92 In what sense one is said to be Fortunate, and how Man is aided by Higher Causes 253
93 Of Fate, whether there be such a thing, and if so, what it is 254
xvii94 Of the Certainty of Divine Providence 254
95, 96 That the Immutability of Divine Providence does not bar the Utility of Prayer 257
96 That God does not hear all Prayers 259
97 How the Arrangements of Divine Providence follow a Plan 260
99 How God can work beyond the Order laid down for Creatures, and produce Effects without Proximate Causes 262
100 That the things which God does beyond the Order of Nature are not contrary to Nature 263
101 Of Miracles 264
102 That God alone works Miracles 265
103 How Separately Subsisting Spirits work certain Wonders, which yet are not true Miracles 266
104 That the Works of Magicians are not due solely to the Influence of the Heavenly Spheres 267
105 Whence the performances of Magicians derive their Efficacy 267
106 That the Subsistent Intelligence, which lends Efficacy to Magical Performances, is not Good in both Categories of Being 268
107 That the Subsistent Intelligence, whose aid is employed in Magic, is not Evil by Nature 269
109 That in Spirits there may be Sin, and how 270
108, 110 Arguments seeming to prove that Sin is impossible to Spirits, with Solutions of the same 271
112 That Rational Creatures are governed by Providence for their own sakes, and other Creatures in reference to them 273
113 That the acts of the Rational Creature are guided by God, not merely to the realisation of the Specific Type, but also to the realisation of the Individual 275
114 That it was necessary for a Law to be given to Man by God 276
115 That the main purpose of the Divine Law is to subordinate Man to God 276
116 That the End of the Divine Law is the Love of God 276
117 That by the Divine Law we are directed to the Love of our Neighbour 277
118 That by Divine Law men are obliged to a Right Faith 278
119 That by certain Sensible Rites our mind is directed to God 279
120 That the Worship of Latria is to be paid to God alone 280
121 That the Divine Law directs man to a Rational Use of Corporeal and Sensible Things 282
122 Of the reason for which Simple Fornication is a Sin by Divine Law, and of the Natural Institution of Marriage 283
123 That Marriage ought to be Indissoluble 285
xviii124 That Marriage ought to be between one Man and one Woman 287
125 That Marriage ought not to take place between Kindred 288
126 That not all Sexual Intercourse is Sin 289
127 That of no Food is the Use Sinful in itself 289
128 How the Law of God relates a man to his Neighbour 291
129 That the things commanded by the Divine Law are Right, not only because the Law enacts them, but also according to Nature 291
130 That the Divine Government of Men is after the manner of Paternal Government 293
131 Of the Counsels that are given in the Divine Law 297
132, 135 Arguments against Voluntary Poverty, with Replies 298
133, 136 Of various Modes of Living adopted by the Votaries of Voluntary Poverty 300
134 In what the Good of Poverty consists 305
137 Arguments against Perpetual Continence, with Replies 306
139 Against those who find fault with Vows 307
140 That neither all Good Works nor all Sins are Equal 309
141 That a Man’s Acts are punished or rewarded by God 311
142 Of the Difference and Order of Punishments 312
143 That not all Punishments nor all Rewards are Equal 313
144 Of the Punishment due to Mortal and Venial Sins respectively in regard to the Last End 314
145 That the Punishment whereby one is deprived of his Last End is Interminable 315
146 That Sins are punished also by the experience of something Painful 317
147 That it is Lawful for judges to inflict Punishments 317
148 That Man stands in need of Divine Grace for the Gaining of Happiness 318
149 That the Divine Assistance does not compel a Man to Virtue 319
150 That Man cannot merit beforehand the said Assistance 320
151 That the aforesaid Assistance is called ‘Grace,’ and what is the meaning of ‘Grace constituting a State of Grace’ 321
152 That the Grace which constitutes the State of Grace causes in us the Love of God 322
153 That Divine Grace causes in us Faith 323
154 That Divine Grace causes in us a Hope of future Blessedness 324
155 Of Graces given gratuitously 324
156 That Man needs the Assistance of Divine Grace to Persevere in Good 326
157 That he who falls from Grace by Sin may be recovered again by Grace 327
158 That Man cannot be delivered from Sin except by Grace 328
159 How Man is delivered from Sin 329
160 That it is reasonably reckoned a Man’s own Fault if he be not converted to God, although he cannot be converted without Grace 330
xix161 That a Man already in Mortal Sin cannot avoid more Mortal Sin without Grace 331
162 That some Men God delivers from Sin, and some He leaves in Sin 332
163 That God is Cause of Sin to no Man 333
164 Of Predestination, Reprobation, and Divine Election 334
Book IV
Of God in His Revelation
1 Preface 337
2 Of Generation, Paternity, and Sonship in God 340
3 That the Son of God is God 340
4, 9 The Opinion of Photinus touching the Son of God and its Rejection 341
5 Rejection of the Opinion of Sabellius concerning the Son of God 343
6 Of the Opinion of Arius concerning the Son of God 344
7 Rejection of Arius’s Position 344
8 Explanation of the Texts which Arius used to allege for himself 346
12 How the Son of God is called the Wisdom of God 349
17 That the Holy Ghost is true God 349
18 That the Holy Ghost is a Subsistent Person 351
20 Of the Effects which the Scriptures attribute to the Holy Ghost in respect of the whole Creation 351
21 Of the Effects attributed to the Holy Ghost in Scripture in the way of Gifts bestowed on the Rational Creature 352
22 Of the Effects attributed to the Holy Ghost in the attraction of the Rational Creature to God 353
23 Replies to Arguments alleged against the Divinity of the Holy Ghost 354
24 That the Holy Ghost Proceeds from the Son 356
26 That there are only Three Persons in the Godhead, Father and Son and Holy Ghost 358
27 Of the Incarnation of the Word according to the Tradition of Holy Scripture 359
28 Of the Error of Photinus concerning the Incarnation 360
29 Of the Error of the Manicheans concerning the Incarnation 360
32, 33 Of the Error of Arius and Apollinaris concerning the Soul of Christ 362
34 Of the Error of Theodore of Mopsuestia concerning the Union of the Word with Man 362
35 Against the Error of Eutyches 366
36 Of the Error of Macarius of Antioch, who posited one Operation only and one Will only in Christ 367
xx39 The Doctrine of Catholic Faith concerning the Incarnation 369
41 Some further Elucidation of the Incarnation 369
40, 49 Objections against the Faith of the Incarnation, with Replies 371
44 That the Human Nature, assumed by the Word, was perfect in Soul and Body in the instant of Conception 373
45 That Christ was born of a Virgin without prejudice to His true and natural Humanity 374
46, 47 That Christ was conceived by the Holy Ghost 374
54 Of the Incarnation as part of the Fitness of Things 374
55 Points of Reply to Difficulties touching the Economy of the Incarnation 376
50 That Original Sin is transmitted from our First Parent to his Posterity 379
51, 52 Arguments against Original Sin, with Replies 380
56 Of the Need of Sacraments 383
57 Of the Difference between the Sacraments of the Old and of the New Law 383
58 Of the Number of the Sacraments of the New Law 384
59 Of Baptism 385
60 Of Confirmation 386
61 Of the Eucharist 386
63 Of the Conversion of Bread into the Body of Christ 387
64 An Answer to Difficulties raised in respect of Place 388
65 The Difficulty of the Accidents remaining 389
66 What happens when the Sacramental Species pass away 390
67 Answer to the Difficulty raised in respect of the Breaking of the Host 390
68 The Explanation of a Text 391
69 Of the kind of Bread and Wine that ought to be used for the Consecration of this Sacrament 391
70 That it is possible for a man to sin after receiving Sacramental Grace 392
71 That a man who sins after the Grace of the Sacraments may be converted to Grace 393
72 Of the need of the Sacrament of Penance, and of the Parts thereof 393
73 Of the Sacrament of Extreme Unction 396
74 Of the Sacrament of Order 397
75 Of the Distinction of Orders 399
76 Of the Episcopal Dignity, and that therein one Bishop is Supreme 399
77 That Sacraments can be administered even by Wicked Ministers 401
78 Of the Sacrament of Matrimony 402
79 That through Christ the Resurrection of our Bodies will take place 403
81 Some Points of Reply to Difficulties on the Resurrection 404
82 That Men shall rise again Immortal 406
83 That in the Resurrection there will be no use of Food or Intercourse of the Sexes 406
84 That Risen Bodies shall be of the same Nature as before 408
xxi85 That the Bodies of the Risen shall be otherwise organised than before 408
86 Of the Qualities of Glorified Bodies 409
88 Of Sex and Age in the Resurrection 411
89 Of the Quality of Risen Bodies in the Lost 412
90 How Incorporeal Subsistent Spirits suffer from Corporeal Fire, and are befittingly punished with Corporeal Punishments 413
91 That Souls enter upon Punishment or Reward immediately after their Separation from their Bodies 414
92 That the Souls of the Saints after Death have their Will immutably fixed on Good 415
93 That the Souls of the Wicked after Death have their Will immutably fixed on Evil 416
94 Of the Immutability of the Will of Souls detained in Purgatory 417
95 Of the General Cause of Immutability in all Souls after their Separation from the Body 417
96 Of the Last judgement 419
97 Of the State of the World after the Judgement 419
INDEX 421
xxii1
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