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is the author of My Missionary Apprenticeship (New York, 1884); Missionary Sermons (1888); India and Malaysia (1893); The Deaconess and her Vocation (1893); Light in the East (1894); The Chrisdess Nations (1895); The Church of Pentecost (1899); Life of Isabella Thoburn (1903); The Christian Conquest of India (1906); and India and Southern Asia (1907).

THOLUCK, to'luk, FRIEDRICH AUGUST GOTTREU: German divine and pulpit orator; b. at Breslau Mar. 30, 1799; d. at Halle June 10, 1877. Descended from very humble parentage, he first learned a trade, but by the assistance of friends attended the gymnasium of his native city, and the university of Berlin. When he left college, he delivered an address on " The Superiority of the Oriental World over the Christian," which was chiefly a eulogy on Mohammedanism. But during his university course he was thoroughly converted from his pantheism and skepticism, under the influence of the lectures of Schleiermacher and Neander, and more especially by personal intercourse with Baron Ernst von Kottwitz, a member of the Moravian brotherhood, who combined high social standing and culture with an amiable type of piety. In 1821 he was graduated as licentiate of theology, and began to deliver lectures as privat-docent; in 1824 he was appointed extraordinary professor of oriental literature. In 1825 he made a literary journey to Holland and England at the expense of the Prussian government, and in 1826 was called to the university of Halle as ordinary professor of theology, which position he occupied till his death, with the exception of a brief period (1827-29), which he spent in Rome as chaplain of the Prussian embassy. In Halle he had at first to suffer much opposition and reproach from the prevailing rationalism of his colleagues (Gesenius and `Vegscheider), but succeeded in effecting a radical change; and the whole theological faculty of Halle later became decidedly Evangelical. On Dec. 2, 1870, his friends celebrated the jubilee of his professorship. The university and magistrate of Halle and delegates of several universities and of all schools of theology took part in it; and his pupils in Europe and America founded a seminary adjoining his own home, for beneficiary students of theology, as a perpetual memorial of his devotion to students. He was always in delicate health, but by strict temperance and great regularity of habits he managed to do an unusual amount of work till within the last years of his life. He was incessant in his lectures, preached regularly as university chaplain, and found time to write many books.

His principal works are as follows: Die Lehre van der Siinde and dem Versohner, oiler die toahre Weihe des Zweiflers (Berlin, 1823, and often; Eng. transl., Guido and Julius. The Doctrine of Sin and the Propitiator, London, 1836; and The Two Students, Guido and Julius, 1855), written in answer to De Wette's Theodor, oiler des Zweiflers Weihe (Berlin, 1822); BtiithensamrnLung ans der morgentandisclaen Mystik (1825), a collection of translations from the mystic poets of the East; Commentary on

Romans (1825; Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1834-36, 1848), the first exegetical fruit of the new Evangelical theology; on John's Gospel (Hamburg, 1827; Eng. transl. Edinburgh, 1836, Philadelphia, 1859), less thorough and permanent, but more popular, and better adapted for students, than his other commentaries; on the Sermon on the Mount (1835; Eng. transls., 2 vole., Edinburgh 1834-37, 1860), his most learned, elaborate, and valuable exegetical production; on Hebrews (1836; Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1842); and on Psalms (1843; Eng. transl., Philadelphia, 1858); Die Glaubwurdigkeit der evangelischen Geschichte (1837), a vindication of the Gospels against the mythical theory of Strauss; and Stunden christlichen Andacht (1840; several Eng. transls., Hours of Devotion, London, 1853, 1870, Edinburgh, 1873), containing several original hymns. In this book he pours out his fervent Evangelical piety with all the charm of fresh enthusiasm. He was one of the most eloquent German preachers of his day, and published a series of university sermons (collected in 5 vols., 3d ed., Gotha, 1863-64, Eng. transl. of one volume, Light from the Cross, Sermons on the Passion of our Lord, Philadelphia, 1858). He issued also two very interesting vols. of " Miscellaneous Essays " (1839). His last works were contributions to German church history since the Reformation, derived in part from manuscript sources; namely, Znutherische Theologen Wittenbergs im 17. Jahrhundert (Hamburg, 1852), Das akademisehe Leben des 17. Jahrhundert (2 vols., Hamburg, 1852, 1854), and Geschichte des Rationalismus (part i., Berlin, 1865, never finished). A complete edition of his works appeared 1863-72, in 11 vole. He also republished the commentaries of Calvin on the Gospels and Epistles, and his Institutio Christiance religionis. He conducted for several years a literary periodical, and contributed largely to the first edition of the Realencyklopadie fur protestantisehe Theologie and Kirche of Herzog.

Tholuck was one of the most fruitful and influential German theologians and authors during the second and third quarters of the nineteenth century, and better known in England and America than any other. He was original, fresh, brilliant, suggestive, eloquent, and full of poetry, wit, and humor. He can not be classed with any school. He was influenced by Pietism, Moravianism, Schleiermacher, Neander, and even Hegel. His elastic mind was ever open to new light; and his heart was always right, and never shaken from faith and love to Christ. He had an extraordinary talent for languages, studied nineteen foreign tongues before he was seventeen, and spoke English, French, Italian, Greek, Arabic, and several other tongues, ancient and modern, almost like a native. His learning was extensive rather than thorough and exhaustive. He was one of the regenerators of German theology, leading it from rationalism to the Scriptures and the literature of the Reformation. His commentaries broke a new path. His personal influence was as great and good as that exerted by his works, and yields only to that of Neander among his contemporaries. He was gifted with personal magnetism, and brilliant powers of conversation. Having no children, he devoted all his paternal affection to his