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419 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Thirty-Nine Articles Thobura Danish peninsula was flooded with imperial troops; and the peace of Liibeck, May 22, 1629, made an end of the direct participation of Denmark in the war. In June, 1630, Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, landed in Germany; and in a very short time conquered Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Gus tavus Adolphus was a Christian hero, a great general, and a great statesman. The hope of conquest, of making the Baltic a Swedish sea, was, no doubt, one of his motives in taking up the cause of the Protes tants in Germany, but his conviction of the justice of that cause was as surely another, and perhaps the stronger one. His army was a model of an army, infinitely superior in moral character to the armies of Tilly and Wallenstein. The Swedish soldiers of Gustavus Adolphus resembled the Iron sides of Cromwell. Tilly was defeated at Brietenfeld, and on the Lech. In the latter battle he was killed and his army scattered. But Ferdinand charged Wallenstein with the formation of a new army, which encountered that of Gustavus Adolphus at Lutzen. Wallenstein was defeated; but Gustavus Adolphus fell, and the emperor found breathing room again. Though Wallenstein remained inactive in Bohemia, where he finally was assassinated at Eger, Feb. 25, 1634, the standard of the Swedish army rapidly sunk after the death of Gustavus Adolphus; and the Protestant army suffered a severe defeat at Nordlingen, Sept. 6, 1634, after which the electors of Brandenburg and Saxony deserted the Protestant cause, made peace with the emperor, and turned against the Swedes. Nevertheless, the position of the emperor con tinued to be very critical, and his prospects of, final success were very small. Richelieu, whose whole foreign policy turned upon the humiliation of the house of Austria as its true pivot, and who for that very reason had subsidized the Swedes from the very beginning, now took the army of Duke Bern hardt of Saxe-Weimar into the French service; and the war against Austria and her allies was carried on with a fierceness and cruelty hitherto unheard of. In 1646 no less than a hundred villages were burned down in Bavaria, and the inhabitants driven away. And at the same time the Swedish general Torstenson developed an activity which seemed to threaten the very existence of the Hapsburg dynasty. He defeated one Austrian army under Piccolomini at Brietenfeld, Nov. 2, 1642, and another, under Hatzfeld, at Jankow, Mar. 6, 1645; and he actually approached Vienna in order to form a connection with Prince Rakoczy of Transylvania, and laid siege to the city. The immediate danger drifted away by the somewhat peculiar proceedings of Rakoczy. But Austria was completely exhausted and the peace of Westphalia (see WESTPHALIA, PEACE oF), Oct. 24, 1648, was as necessary to her as it was welcome to Germany, which lay prostrate, and cruelly devastated from one end to the other. Bxsrrocxarax: The best bibliography is that in Dahlmann Waitz, Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte, 7th ed. by E. Brandenburg, Leipsic, 1905-06. On the bibliography consult B. Erdmannsdorfer, in Historische Zeitschrift, xiv (1865). Note also the very extensive clsasified list in Cambridge Modern History, iv. 801-953, New York, 1906. The moat important collection of sources is Briefs

and Akten zur Geschichte des dreisaipj&hrigen Krieps, begun in Munich in 1873, the 2d aeries issued at Leipsio sad Munich (vole. viii. and xi., 1910). The beat book for the English reader is the volume in the Cambridge Modern History already referred to. Consult further: A. W. Ward. The Thirty Years' War, London, 1869 (popular); S. R. Gardiner, The Thirty Years' War, ib. 1874 (admirable summary); E. Shebek, Die Lssung der Wallenateinfrage, Berlin, 1881; F. Des Robert, Campagnes de Charles IV., duo de Lorraine, 2 vole., Paris, 1883; J. W. De Peyster, The Thirty Years' War. With Reference to the Operations of the Swedes. Philadelphia, 1884; A. Gindely, Illustrirte Geschichte des dreissigjkhrigen Krieges, 3 vole., Prague, 1884, Eng, trawls., History of the Thirty Years' War, 2 vole., London, 1885 (based on original documents); G. B. Malleson, Battlefields of Germany from the Outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, London, 1884; J. C. F. von Schiller, HisEoire de la guerre de trente ans, Paris, 1884; J. Buehring, Venedig, Gustav Adolf and Rohan, Halle, 1885; A. Gaedeke, Wallensteins Verhandlunyen mit den Schweden, Frankfort, 1885; T. V. Bilek, Beitrtiye zur Geschichte Waldsteins, Prague, 1886; R. C. Trench, Gustavus Adolphus in Germany, London, 1886 (gives social aspects); A. C. Hennequin, Tilly, 1618 a. Ifi3,??, Lille, 1887; G. Droysen, Das Zeitalter des dreissigj&kriyen Krieges, Berlin, 1888; A. Ledieu, Esquissea de la guerre de trente ans, Lille, 1888; M. Ritter, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Gegenreformotion and des dreisxigjilhrigen Krieges, 3 vole., Stuttgart, 1889-1908 (authoritative); A. Weskamp, Das Heer der Lisa in Westfalen, 16Q2-23, Munster, 1891; O. Klopp, Der dreissigjahrige Krieg bis zum Tode Gustav Adolfs, 1682, 3 vole., Paderborn, 1891-96; G. Winter, Geschichte des dreissigj63erfgen Krieyes, Berlin, 1893; W. Leinung and R. Stumvoll, Axes Magdeburps Sage and Geschiehte, Magdeburg, 1894; W. Struck, Johann Georg u»d Oxenatierna. Von dem Tode Gustav Adolfs, Now. 1632, bia 1633, Stralsund, 1899; G. Egelhaaf, Gustav Adolf in Deutschland, 1630-3.z, Halle, 1901; F. Lippert, Geschichte der Gegenreformation im OberpfaLz-Kurpfalz zur Zeit des dreiasigjahrigen Kriepes, Freiburg, 1901; J. Wagner, Die Chronik des J. Wagner fiber die Zeit der schwedischen Okkupation in Augsburg, 163Q-36, Augsburg, 1902; C. Jahnel, Der dreissigjahrige Krieg in. Aussiy, Prague, 1903; C. Jacob, Von Liitzen each NSrdlingen 1633-34, Strasburg, 1904; W. Stubbs (Bp. of Oxford), Lectures on European History. Europe during the Thirty Years' War, London, 1904; H. Teitga, Die Frage each dem Urheber der Zerat6rung Mapdeburps 1631, Halle, 1904; J. B. Mehler, General Tilly, der Siegreiche, Munich, 1905; F. Pieth, Die Feldzilge des Herzogs Rohan im VelElin and in Graubunden 1636-37, Bern, 1905; E. Noel, Gustav Adolf, King of Sweden. London, 1905.

THISTED, WALDEMAR ADOLPH: Danish poet; b. in Aarhus (100 m. n.w. of Copenhagen), Denmark, Feb. 28, 1815; d. in Copenhagen Oct. 14, 1887. He became a teacher in 1845; a minister in Sleawick, 1855; and, in 1862, in TSmmerup, Zealand. His romances and stories were very popular; he was the author, under pseudonym of Rowel, of Breve fro Helvede (Copenhagen, 1866; English translation, Letters from Hell, 2 vole., London, 1866; 1 vol., New York, 1885) ; and, under the pseudonyms of Em. Saint Hermidad and Herodion, of many other publications.

THOBURN, JAMES MILLS: Methodist Episcopal bishop; b. at St. Clairsville, 0., Mar. 7, 1836. He was educated at Alleghany College, Meadville, Pa. (A.B., 1857); was circuit preacher in Ohio (18571859) ; went to India as a missionary, being stationed successively at Naini Tal, Pauri, Moradabad, Lucknow, Calcutta, and Simla from 1859 to 1886. He was then presiding elder of the Indian conference in the United States (1886-88), and in 1888 was elected missionary bishop of his church, with residence at Calcutta until 1896 and subsequently at Bombay. His jurisdiction extends over the Philippines. He