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i

THE NEW

SCHAFF-HERZOG

ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE

Editor-in-Chief

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.

Editor-in-Chief

of

Supplementary Volumes

LEFFERTS A. LOETSCHER, Ph.D., D.D.

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF CHURCH HISTORY

PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

BAKER BOOK HOUSE

GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN

ii

iii

THE NEW

SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA

0F

RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE

EDITED BY

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D. (Editor-in-Chief )

WITH THE SOLE ASSISTANCE, AFTER VOLUME VI., OF

GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A. (Associate Editor)

AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D (Department of Systematic Theology)

HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D. (Department of Minor Denominations)

JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.(Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders)

JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.(Department of the Old Testament)

HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.(Department of the New Testament)

ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D. (Department of Church History)

FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)

VOLUME VII

LIUTPRAND - MORALITIES

BAKER BOOK HOUSE

GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN

1953

iv

EXCLUSIVE AMERICAN PUBLICATION RIGHTS

SECURED BY BAKER BOOK HOUSE FROM FUNK AND WAGNALLS

PHOTOLITHOPRINTED BY CUSHING - MALLOY, INC.

ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1953

v

EDITORS

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.

(EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.)

Professor of Church History, New York University.

GEORGE WILLLAM GILMORE, M.A.

(ASSOCIATE EDITOR.)

New York,

Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion,

Bangor Theological Seminary.

DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME VII

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.

(Department of Systematic Theology.)

Professor of Systematic Theology. Chicago Theological Seminary.

HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.

(Department of Minor Denominations.)

Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.

JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.

(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.)

Rector of St. Ambrose's, New York City.

JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.

(Department of the Old Testament.)

Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.

HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.

(Department of the New Testament.)

Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.

ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.

(Department of Church History.)

Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Waco, Tex.

FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.

(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)

Managing Editor of the STANDARD DICTIONARY, etc., New York City.

CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME VII

HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D.,<.b id="i.p2.48">

Professor of Theology, University of Halle.

JEAN GERARD RICHARD ACQUOY (t), D.D.,

Late Professor of Church History and the History of Dogma, University of Leyden:

OTTO WILHELM FERDINAND ALBRECHT, Th.Lic.,

Pastor at Naumburg-on-the-Saale.

JOHN ALEXANDER BAIN, M.A.,

Pastor of the Westport and Newport Presbyterian Churches, County Mayo, Ireland.

EDOUARD BARDE (t), D.D.,

Late Professor of New Testament Exegesis, School of Theology, Geneva.

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.

HEINRICH BEHM, Ph.D.,

Superintendent in Doberan, Mecklenburg.

KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Konigsberg.

IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BENZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.

CARL ALBRECHT BERNOULLI, Th.Lic.,

Author at Arleshelm, near Basel.

CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D.,

Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg.

BERNHARD BESS, Th.Lic.,

Librarian, University of Halle.

WILLIAM LLOYD BEVAN, Ph.D.,

Assistant Editor of The Churchman, New York City.

EDWIN MUNSELL BLISS, D.D.,

Author of Books on Missions, Washington, D. C.

THEODORA CROSBY BLISS,

Writer on Missions.

vi

CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME VII

HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

Professor of Church History, University of Bonn.

HERMANN BOENIG,

Gymnasial Professor in Konigsberg.

AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGUSTE BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris.

GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Gottingen.

FRIEDRICH HEINRICH BRANDES, Th.D.,

Reformed Minister and Chaplain at Buckeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe.

CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D., Litt.D.,

Professor of Theological Encyclopedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.

JAMES MONROE BUCKLEY, D.D., LL.D.,

Editor of The Christian Advocate, New York City.

OSKAR GOTTLIEB RUDOLF BUDDENSIEG (t),Ph.D.,

Late Director of the Teacher's Seminary in Dresden.

FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D.,Th.D.,

Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Copenhagen.

KARL BURGER (t),Th.D.,

Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich.

JACQUES EUGENE CHOISY, Th.D.,

Pastor in Geneva.

JOSEPH BOURNE CLARK, D.D.,

Editorial Secretary of the Congregational Home Missionary Society, New York.

FERDINAND COHRS, Th.Lic.,

Consistorial Councilor, Ilfeld, Germany.

HENRY COWAN, D.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.

AUGUST HERMANN OREMER (t), Th.D.,

Late Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Greifswald.

GUSTAV HERMAN DALMAN, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis University of Leipsic, and President of the German Evangelical Archeological Institute, Jerusalem.

SAMUEL MARTIN DEUTSCH (t), Th.D.,

Late Professor of Church History, University of Berlin.

HENRY MARTYN DEXTER (t), D.D.,

Late Editor of The Congregationalist,Boston

MORTON DEXTER, M.A.,

Congregational Clergyman and Author, Boston.

WILHELM DILTHEY, Ph.D.,

Professor of Philosophy, University of Berlin.

PAUL GOTTFRIED DREWS, Th.D.,

Professor of Practical Theology, University of Halle.

JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.,

Pastor of St. Ambrose's Church, New York City.

DUCHEMIN,

Pastor in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

FRIEDRIOH HERMAN CHRISTIAN DUESTERDIECK (t),Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late General Superintendent, Osuabruck, Germany.

EMIL EGLI (t), Th.D.,

Late Professor of Church History, University of Zurich.

RUDOLF EIBACH, Th.D.,

Consistorial Councilor, Dotzheim, near Wiesbaden, Germany.

HUBERT EVANS, Ph.D.,

Member of the Editorial Staff of the Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, New York.

JOHN OLUF EVJEN, Ph.D.,

Professor of Theology in Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, Minn.

HERMANN AUGUST PAUL EWALD,Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis, University of Erlangen.

CHRISTIAN THEODOR, FICKER, Ph.D.,

Emeritus Pastor at Eythra, near Leipsic.

DAVID HAY FLEMING, LL.D.,

Honorary Secretary of the Scottish Historical Society, Edinburgh.

FRITZ FLIEDNER (t), M.D.,

Late German Evangelist in Spain.

GUSTAV WILHELM FRANK (t) Th.D.,

Late Professor of Dogmatics Symbolics , and Christian Ethics, University of Vienna.

GEORG FROBOESS,

Director for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia.

EMANUEL VOGEL GERHART (t), D.D.,

Late Professor of Systematic Theology at Lancaster, Pa.

GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.,

Formerly Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary, Associate Editor of THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA.

FRANZ GOERRES, Ph.D.,

Assistant Librarian, University of Bonn.

WILHELM GOETZ, Ph.D.,

Honorary Professor of Geography, Technical High School, and Professor, Military Academy, Munich.

JOHANNES FRIEDRICH GOTTSCHICK(t), Th.D.,

Late Professor of New Testament Exegesis, Ethics, and Practical Theology, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Tubingen.

CASPAR RENE GREGORY, Ph.D.,Th.D., D.D., LL.D., Dr. Jur.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.

PAUL GRUENBERG, Th.D.,

Pastor In Strasburg.

GEORG GRUETZMACHER, Ph.D., Th. Lic.,

Extraordinary Professor of Church History, University of Heidelberg.

PETER REINHOLD GRUNDEMANN,Ph.D., Th.D.,

Pastor in Morz, near Belzig, Prussia.

EDUARD GUEDER (t), Th.D.,

Late Preacher in Biglen, Canton of Bern, Switzerland.

HERMANN GUTHE, Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.

HEINRICH HAHN, Ph.D.,

Formerly Professor of History and German In the Luisenstadt Realgymnasium, Berlin.

ADOLF HARNACK, Ph.D., Th.D., Dr. Jur., M.D.,

General Director of the Royal Library, Berlin.

vii

CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME VII

ALBERT HAUCK, Ph.D., Th.D., Dr. Jur.,

Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic, Editor-in-Chief of the Hauck-Herzog Realencyklopadie.

HERHMAN HAUPT, Ph.D.,

Professor, and Director of the University Library, Glessen.

JOHANNES HAUSSLEITER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Consistorial Councilor, Professor of New Testament Theology and Exegesis, University of Greifswald.

MAX HEINZE (t), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor of Philosophy, University of Leipsic.

ERNST HENKE (t), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor of Theology, University of Marburg.

WILHELM HEYD (t), Ph.D.,

Late Oberstudienrat, Stuttgart.

KARL HOLL, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Berlin.

LOUISE SEYMOUR HOUGHTON,

Author and Translator.

JOHANN FRIEDRICH IKEN (t),

Late Pastor in Bremen.

HEINRICH FRANZ JACOBSON (t), Ph.D.,

Late Professor of Law, University of Konigsberg.

ALFRED JEREMIAS, Ph.D., Th. Lic.,

Privat-docent for Old Testament Exegesis, Leipsic.

GUSTAV ADOLF JUELICHER, Ph.D.,Th.D.,

Professor of Church History and New Testament Exegesis, University of Marburg.

ADOLF HERMANN HEINRICH KAMPHAUSEN.(t), Th.D.,

Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Bonn.

FERDINAND FRIEDRICH WILHELM KATTENBUSCH, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Dogmatics, University of Halle.

PETER GUSTAV KAWERAU, Th.D.,

Consistorial Councilor, Professor of Practical Theology, and University Preacher, University of Breslau.

KONRAD KESSLER (t), Ph.D.,

Late Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Greifswald.

OTTO KIRN, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Dogmatics, University of Leipsic.

RUDOLF KITTEL, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.

FRIEDRICH EDUARD KOENIG, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Bonn.

HEINRICH ADOLF KOESTLIN (t),Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Privy Councilor in Cannstadt, formerly Professor of Theology, University of Glessen.

JULIUS KOESTLIN (t), Ph.D., Th.D.,Dr. Jur.,

Late Professor of Theology, University of Halle.

THEODOR FRIEDRICH HERMANN KOLDE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Erlangen.

RICHARD KRAETZSCHMAR, (t), Th.D.,

Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Marburg.

HERMANN'GUSTAV EDUARD KRUEGER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Glessen.

JOHANNES WILHELM KUNZE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology, University of Greifswald.

GEORG RITTER VON LAUBMANN (t), Ph.D.,

Late Director of the Royal State Library in Munich.

WILLIAM LEE (t), D.D.,

Late Professor of Church History, University of Glasgow.

FRIEDRICH LEZIUS, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Konigsberg.

RUDOLF LIECHTENHAN, Th. Lic.,

Pastor In Buch, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland.

FRIEDRICH LIST (t), Ph.D.,

Late Studiendirektor, Munich.

FRIEDRICH ARMIN LOOFS, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Halle.

JOHANN LOSERTH, Ph.D.,

Professor of History, University of Graz.

JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.

PEDER MADSEN, Th.D.,

Professor of Theology, University of Copenhagen.

WILHELM JULIUS MANGOLD (t),Th.D.,

Late Professor of Theology, University of Bonn.

THEODOR MEINHOLD,

Superintendent in Barth, Prussia.

JOHANNES MERZ, Ph.D.,

Consistorial Councilor, Stuttgart.

PHILIPP MEYER, Th.D.,

Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Hanover.

GEROLD MEYER VON KNONAU, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of History, University of Zurich.

CARL THEODOR MIRBT, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Marburg.

WILHELM ERNST MOELLER (t), Th.D.,

Late Professor of Theology in Kiel.

RICHARD CARY MORSE, M.A.,

General Secretary of the International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations.

GEORG MUELLER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Inspector of Schools, Leipsic.

CHRISTOF EBERHARD NESTLE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor in the Theological Seminary, Maulbronn, Wurttemberg.

ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Waco, Texas.

CONRAD VON ORELLI, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and History of Religion, University of Basel.

MARGARET BLOODGOOD PEEKE (t),

Late Inspectress-General of the Martinist Order for America.

viii

CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME VII

CARL PFENDER,

Pastor of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Paris.

ERWIN PREUSCHEN, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Pastor at Hirschhorn-on-the-Neckar, Germany.

GOTTHILF PAUL EMIL LEOPOLD FRIEDRICH RANKE, Th.D.,

Head Pastor and Senior at Lubeck.

GEORG CHRISTIAN RIETSCHEL, Th.D.,

University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, University of Leipsic.

ROBERT WILLIAM ROGERS, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D.,

Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, New Jersey.

FERDINAND SANDER,

Councilor for Schools in Bremen, Germany.

DAVID SCHLEY SCHAFF, D.D.,

Professor of Church History, Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.

PHILIP SCHAFF (t), D.D., LL.D.,

Late Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York, and Edior of the Original SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA.

REINHOLD SCHMID, Th. Lic.,

Pastor in Oberholzheim, Wurttemberg.

CARL WILHELM SCHOELL (t), Ph.D., D.D.,

Late Pastor of the Savoy Church, London.

THEODOR FRIEDRICH SCHOTT (t), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Librarian and Professor of Theology, University of Stuttgart.

JOHANN FRIEDRICH RITTER VON SCHULTE, Dr. Jur.,

Professor of Law, University of Bonn.

LUDWIG THEODOR SCHULZE, Ph.D., 'i'h.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Rostock.

REINHOLD SEEBERG, Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Berlin.

EMIL SEHLING, Dr. Jur.,

Professor of Ecclesiastical and Commercial Law, University of Erlangen.

EDUARD SIMONS, Th.D.,

Extraordinary Professor of Practical Theology, University of Berlin.

PHILIPP FRIEDRICH ADOLPH THEODOR SPAETH, D.D., LL.D.,

Professor in the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Mt. Airy, Philadelphia.

GEORG EDUARD STEITZ (t), Th.D.,

Late Pastor in Frankfort-on-the-Main.

HERMANN LEBERECHT STRACK, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Extraordinary Professor of Old Testament Exegeals and Semitic Languages, University of Berlin.

ERNST PETER WILHELM TROELTSCH, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Heidelberg.

JOHANN GERHARD WILHELM UHLHORN (t), Th,D.,

Late Abbot of Lokkum, Germany.

SIETSE DOUWES VAN VEEN, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History and Christian Archeology, University of Utrecht.

JOHN VIENOT, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris.

JOHN VINSON,

Founder of the Church of the Living God.

WILHELM VOLCK (t), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Rostock.

GUSTAV WARNECK, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Formerly Honorary Professor of the Science of Missions, Halle.

JOHANNES WEISS, Th.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Heidelberg.

EDWARD ELIHU WHITFIELD, M.A.,

Retired Public Schoolmaster, London.

ALBERT EDMUND WILLIAMSON,

Pastor in Brooklyn, N. Y.

OTTO ZOECKLER (t), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Professor of Church History and Apologetics, University of Greifswald.

SAMUEL MARINUS ZWEMER,

Formerly Missionary in Arabia.

ix

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX-VOLS. I-VII

The following list of books is supplementary to the bibliographies given at the end of the articles contained in vols. I.-VII., and brings the literature down to March, 1910. In this list each title entry is printed in capital letters. It is to be noted that, throughout the work, in the articles as a rule only first editions are given. In the bibliographies the aim is to give either the best or the latest edition, and in case the book is published both in America and in some other country, the American place of issue is usually given the preference.

ABRAHAM A SANCTA CLARA: Werke in Auslese, ed. H. Strigl, 6 vols., Vienna, 1904-07.

ADAM OF BREMEN: P. W. Kohlmann, Adam von Bremen, Leipsic, 1909.

ADENEY, W. F.: See below, GOD.

AFRICA: S. A. Donaldson, Church Life and Thought in North Africa, A.D. 200, London, 1909.

J. C. Lambert, Missionary Heroes in Africa, Philadelphia, 1909. AGRICULTURE, HEBREW: F. Lundgreen, Die Benutzung der Pflanzenwelt in der alttestamentlichen, Religion, Giessen, 1908.

AINGER, A.: E. Sichel, The Life and Letters of Alfred Ainger, London, 1910.

ALEANDRO, G.: J. Paquier, Lettres familieres de Jerome Aleandro 1510-40), Paris, 1909.

AMORITES: A. T. Clay, Amurru, the Home of the Northern Semites; a Study showing that the Religion and Culture of Israel are not of Babylonian Origin, Philadelphia, 1910.

ANDERSON, G.: Hitherto Untold, New York, 1910.

ANDREWES, L.: An edition of his Manual for the Sick is published, New York, 1909.

ANGELS: T. Laval, Le Monde invisible, ou traite dogmatique et ascetique des anges, Paris, 1909.

ANGELUS: The Angelus and the Regina Coeli; with a few short Notes, explanatory and historical, New York, 1910.

APOCRYPHA: H. M. Hughes, The Ethics of Jewish Apocryphal Literature, London, 1909.

APOLOGETICS: E. Boutraux, Science and Religion in Contemporary Philosophy, London, 1909.

H. C. King, Letters on the Greatness and Simplicity of the Christian Faith, Boston, 1909.

A. S. Peake, Christianity: its Nature and its Truth, New York, 1909.

W. S. Turton, The Truth of Christianity. Being an Examination of the more important Arguments for and against Believing in Christianity, New York, 1909.

C. D. Williams, A Valid Christianity for To-day, ib., 1909.

ARABIA: O. Weber, Eduard Glaser's Forschungsreisen in Sudarabien, Leipsic, 1909.

ARIANISM: D. H. von Schubert, Das alteste germanische Christentum, oder der sogenannten "Arianismus" der Germanen, Tubingen, 1909.

ARISTOTLE: The Works of Aristotle are to be translated into English under the editorship of J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross; of this series there have appeared the Parva naturalis, De lineus insecobilibus, Metaphysica.

I. Bywater, Aristotle on the Art of Poetry (Text, Introduction, Transl.), London, 1908-1909.

ARNOLD, T.: H. M. Butler, Ten Great and Good Men, New York, 1909.

ART AND CHURCH: L. von Sybel, Christliche Antike. Einfuhrung in die altchristliche Kunst, vol. ii., Plastik, Architektur, und Malerei, Marburg, 1909.

ASBURY, F.: G. P. Mains, Francis Asbury, London, 1910.

ATHANASIAN CREED: W. Hay, The Athanasian Creed, London, 1909.

ATONEMENT: E. DeW. Burton, and J. M. P. and G. B. Smith, Biblical Ideas of Atonement, Chicago, 1909.

AUGUSTINE: Scnpta contra Donatistas, pars iii., ed. M. Petschenig, Vienna, 1910.

BAALBEK: K. Maurer, Baalbek, Darmstadt, 1909.

BACON, B. W.: See below, JOHN THE APOSTLE.

BACON, R: Liber primus Communium naturalium; Partes prima et secunda ed. R. Steele, New York, 1909, also Metaphysica, de viciis contractis in studio, ib., 1909.

BANKS, L. A.: The Problems of Youth; A Series of Discourses for Young People on Themes of the Book of Proverbs, New York, 1909.

BARNABAS: J. M. Heer, Die versio Latina des Barnabasbriefes und ihr Verhaltnis zur altlateinischen Bibel, Freiburg, 1908.

BELLARMINE: J. de la Serviere, La Theologie de Bellarmine, Paris, 1909.

BIBLE TEXT: Der Codex Boernerianus der Briefe des Apostels Paulus in Lidhtdruck nachgebildet, Leipsic, 1909. BIBLE VERSIONS: H. von Soden, Das lateinische Neue Testament in Afrika zur Zeit Cyprians, in TU, xxxiii., Leipsic, 1909.

Die aramaischen Bibel-Versionen (Targumim); Targum Jonatan ben Uzziel und Targum Jerusalem, Text, Umschrift, and Uebersetzung ... von M. Altschuler, vol. i., Genesis, Vienna, 1909.

x

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX-VOLUMES I-VII

The Octateuch in Ethiopic, According to the Text of the Paris Codex, With the Variants of Five Other MSS., ed. J. O. Boyd, part i., Genesis, in Bibliotheca Abessinica, ed. E. Littmann, Leyden, 1909.

S. Feist, Etymologisches Worterbuch der gotischen Sprache, mit Einschluss der sogenannien Krimgotischen, part ii., Halle, 1909.

BIBLICAL CRITICISM: P. Fiebig, Aufgaben der neutestamentlichen Forschung in der Gegenwart, Leipsic, 1909.

BIBLICAL THEOLOGY: A. Schlatter, Die Theologie des Neuen Testaments, Vol. i., Das Wort Jesu, Stuttgart, 1908.

S. E. Keeble, The Social Teaching of the Bible, New York, 1909.

F. S. Schenck, The Sociology of the Bible, ib., 1909.

M. Dibelius, Die Geisterwelt im Glauben des Paulus, Gottingen, 1909.

J. Adams, Israel's Ideal; or Studies in O. T. Theology, Edinburgh, 1910.

BOTTOME, MARGARET: Heart to Heart Letters; being Extracts from the Letters of Margaret Bottome to a Son, New York, 1910.

BOURIGNON DE LA PORTE, A.: A. R. Macewen, Antoinette Bourignon, Quietist, London, 1909.

BUDDHISM: H. Hackmann, Buddhism as a Religion; its Historical Development and present Conditions, London, 1909.

BURIAL: S. KIein, Tod und Begrubnis in Paldstina zur Zeit der Tannaiter, Berlin, 1909.

BUTLER, H. M.: Ten Great and Good Men. Lectures, New York, 1909.

CABALA: Sepher ha-Zohar. Le Livre de la splendeur. Doctrine esoterique des Israelites, Paris, 1909.

CALVIN J.: A. Ruegg, Die Beziehungen Calvins zu Heinrich Bullinger und der von ihm geleiteten zurcherischen Kirche, Zurich, 1909.

CAMPBELL, A.: J. Egbert, Alexander Campbell and Christian Liberty, St. Louis, 1909.

CAMPION, E.: Works, ed. P. Vivian, Oxford, 1909.

CEMETERIES: J. Wilpert, Die Papstgraber und die Caciliengruft in der Katakombe des heiligen Kallistus, Freiburg, 1909.

CHASE, F. H.: Confirmation in the Apostolic Age, London, 1909.

CHINA: See below, KOREA.

S. P. Conger, Letters from China, London, 1909.

J. J. M. Degroot, The Religion of the Chinese, New York, 1910.

Feng-Shen-Yen-I. Die Metamorphosen der Gotter. Aus dem, Chinesischen . . . by W. Grube, vol. i., Leyden, 1909.

CHRISTMAS: R. Beck, Das heilige Weihnachtsfest, Regensburg, 1909.

CHRISTOLOGY: J. C. Granbery, Outline of N. T. Christology, Chicago, 1909.

CHURCH: A. M. Fairbairn, Studies in Religion and Theology; The Church in Idea and in History, London and New York, 1910.

CHURCH HISTORY: S. A. Donaldson. See above, AFRICA.

K. Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, 2d half, 2d division, Aufklarung. Neueste Zeit, Tubingen, 1909.

A. C. Flick, The Rise of the Medieval Church, London, 1909.

CLEMENT VII: C. F. Young, The Medici, i. 436-493, London, 1909.

CLEMENT OF ROME: H. Hemmer, Clement de Rome, epure aux Corinthiens. Homelie du ii. siecle, Paris, 1909.

COLENSO, J. W.: A. T. Wirgman, Life of James Green, London; 1909. (Dr. James Green was the archopponent of Colenso; and this book in dealing with Green throws much light on Colenso.

COMPARATIVE RELIGION: W. S. Lilly, Many Mansions; being Studies in Ancient Religions and Modern Thought, London, 1907.

F. B. Jevons, An Introduction to the Study of Comparative Religion, New York,1908.

W. O. E. Oesterly, The Evolution of the Messianic Idea. A Study in Comparative Religion, London, 1908.

G. Galloway, The Principles of Religious Development, ib., 1909.

R. R. Marett, The Threshold of Religion, ib., 1909.

E. Mogk, Die Menschenopfer bei den Germanen, in the Abhandlungen of the Royal Saxon Academy, Philological-historical class, Vol. xxxvii., no. 17, 1909.

F. Cumont, Les Religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, 2d ed., Paris, 1909.

W. St. C. Tisdall, Comparative Religion, London, 1909.

CONDER, C. R.: The City of Jerusalem, London, 1909.

CONFIRMATION. See above, CHASE.

CONFUCIUS: L. H. Schutz, Die hohe Lehre des Confucius, Frankfort, 1909.

CONSCIENCE: G. Hughes, Conscience and Criticism, London, 1909.

CONSTANTINOPLE: E. M. Antoniadi, Beschreibung der Hagia Sophia in Konstantinopel, vol. i., Paris, 1909.

CONWELL, R. H.: He Goeth before you, Cleveland, 1910.

COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES: The Christian Topography of Cosmas . . . , ed. with Geographical Notes /i>by E. O. Winstedt, Cambridge, 1910.

COUNClLS: C. J. Hefele, New French transl. of the Conciliengeschichte, Histoire des conciles, augmented with notes, vols. i. . . . iii. 1, Paris, 1907-09.

CREATION: W. F. Warren, The Earliest Cosmologies, New York, 1909.

CREIGHTON, M.: Lessons from the Cross, London, 1910.

DANTE: W. H. V. Reade, The Moral System of Dante's Inferno, New York, 1909.

P. Toynbee, Dante in English Literature from Chaucer to Cary, 2 vols., ib., 1909.

Quastio de aqua et terra, ed. and transl. C. L. Shadwell, ib., 1910.

DEACONESS: W. M. Tippy, The Socialized Church, New York, 1909.

DIVORCE: J. P. Lichtenberger Divorce; a Study in Social Causation, New York, 1909.

DOBSCHUTZ, E. VON: The Apostolic Age, London, 1909.

DOCTRINE, HISTORY OF: O. Pfleiderer, The Development of Theology in Germany since Kant, New York, 1909.

DODS, M.: Christ and Man, ed. H. R. Mackintosh, London, 1909.

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