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147 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Nall$hteaatsnb Ennodlns learned classes, but among the great masses of the population. But as its principles were embraced by members of the higher clergy and by the theo logical faculties, it became in turn conservative. Slowly, however, the inherent contradiction be tween its principles and the theological dualism of reason and revelation came to the front. With time the germ of dissolution entered into the body of dogma and the new spirit of the times attacked both the logical substructure and the imposed superstructure of doctrine. The followers of Wolff had attempted a compromise without departing from the paths of orthodoxy, but the Neologues, under the influence of the popular philosophy, broke entirely with dogma and sought to restrict revelation to the Bible, whose contents seemed more in harmony with natural theology than the scholastic subtleties of the Church. Only at the end of the century, however, and primarily under the inspiration of Kent's Religion innerhalb der Grerezett der blossen Yernun f t (1793) did the more radical theologians advance to the position of identifying completely the religion of ethical rationalism with Biblical revelation, though still with purely apolo getic purposes. But through this apologetic lit erature the subjective, analytic, and utilitarian spirit of the Enlightenment penetrated to the very heart of Christian belief, and inevitably led to reactionary movements which made common cause with other forms of reaction aroused by the spirit of the Enlightenment. The theology of the Enlight enment was, therefore, a thoroughly apologetic compromise on the basis of the principles of the Enlightenment. It was a question of the suprem acy of the dogma of reason, of the dogma of revelation, or of the identification of the two, and it was the last solution that theology was driven to adopt. The end of the period of the Enlightenment began in different countries at different times. The mightiest influences that contributed toward its downfall were the political reac :a. Close tions amused in England by the of the American Revolution and that in Period. Europe by the French Revolution. At the same time the revolutionary movement finally destroyed the political structure of the medieval ages and cleared the ground for s new political and social organization. The wars of the Revolution called into being a new factor, the principle of nationality, which came into oppo sition both with the spirit of enlightened cosmo politanism and with the spirit of enlightened absolutism of the preceding period. There entered into play at the same time the influence of the new German culture which emancipated itself from the ideas of the Enlightenment in literature, philosophy, and science, created a new attitude toward life, and soon came to cooperate with similar tendencies in other countries. Fancy and sentiment, a love for the humane culture, sympathy for all that is psychologically real, characterized this new con ception of life which was at one with the Enlighten ment in its opposition to supernaturalism, but differed from it m its positive appreciation of the worth of things. Science, too, lost its character of abstract subjectivism and militant reform, and restricted itself to the interpretation of reality. Finally reaction entered also the field of economic thought, destroying the individualistic principles of the Enlightenment. Nevertheless the Enlight enment has remained an appreciable influence to the present day, to a minor degree in Germany, to an important extent in France and the Anglo Saxon world, where the separation between En lightenment and supernaturalism is as sharp as it was a century ago. (E. TROELTBCH.)
Biarcooasrav: E. B. Pussy, Historical Enquiry into . . the Rationalist Character . . . in the Theology of Germany, London, 1828; B. Dauer, Geachichta der Podilik, Rudtur and Aufklttrrsng lea 18. Jahrhunderfa, Charlottenburg, 1843-44; F. A. 8aintee, Critical History of Rationalism in Germany, London, 1849; L. Noaek, hreidsnker in der Religion, Bern, 185355; A. F. Gfrarer, Geachichte lea 18. Jahrhundarte, Schaffhausen, 1862-84; F. C. Schlosser, Gaachichte lea 18. Jahrhunderta, 8 vole., Heidelberg, 18b8-1884; K. R. Aagenbaeh, German Rationalism in its Rise, Progress and Decline, Edinburgh, 1865; H. T. Buckle, Hilt. of Civilization is England, London, 1878 (ef. L. ttienne, Le Positivism Bans l'Aiatoirs, Paris, 186$, a criticism of Buckle); J. Tulloch, Rational Theology .
in England in i7th Century, Edinburgh, 1872; Kohn, Aufk1drunoaP, Potsdam, 1873; J. W. Draper, Hiet, of the Conflict between Religion and Science, New York, 1874; idem, Haet, o/ the Intellectual Development o/ Europe, 2 vole., ib., 1876; J. Cairns, Unbelief in 18th Century, London, 1881; L. Stephen, Hist. of English Thought in 18th Cenhsry, ib., 1881; A. Sorel, L'Europa at to rEroolotion, Paris, 1886-92; R. Eueken, Gruri$s der Gepenwart, Leipei0. 1893; A. D. White, HiaR of the Warfare of Science udt1W'heolopy, New York, 1898; W. E. H. Lecky, HisE. of Rise and In$uerice of the Spirit of Ratianaiiarrv in Europe, London, 1899; 3. F. Hurst, H%at, of Rationalism, New York, 1901; R. Qtto, Naturadistiache and redigilke Weltanaieht, TVbinQen, 1904, Eng. transl., Naturalism and Religion, New York, 1907.
EP7IODIUS, MAGNUS FELIX: Latin author and bishop of Padua; b. at Arles 473 or 474; d. at Padua July 17, 521. His life, until he reached manhood, was secular, and his education was classical. After becoming a convert to Christianity, he delayed making an open profession of faith until attacked by serious illness. With his wife's consent, he separated from her to enter the religious life, and was ordained deacon by Epiphaniua of Ticinum at some date previous to 494. In 498 Ennodius went to Milan, where he took an active part in the schism which then convulsed the Church (see ANesmwslus IL). In connection with this arse the controversy of Pope Symmachue with the antipope Laurentius (see Sxnsmaclws), in the course of which Ennodius defended the pope in his Libellue adversus ear qui contra
I synodum scribers prcesumpserunt, basing the papal power on the privileges of Peter. Remaining at
I Milan as deacon until 512, he was appointed bishop of Padua in 514. He had already accompanied I~ his predecessor on a mission of Theodoric to the~~ Burgundian king Gundobad, and in 515 and 517 he was sent by Pope Hormisdas to the court of the Byzantine emperor Anastaeius in an unsuccessful endeavor to reconcile the Eastern and the Western Churches.
As an author Ennodius represents Latin literature in its period of decline. In theology he was a Semi-Pelagian, and made no attempt to conceal his antipathy to Augustine. In addition to the works already noted, special mention may be