The chief literary production of Ratzeberger was his Historia Lutheri (first edited completely by C. G. Neudeeker, Die handschrifaiche Gesch%chte Ratzeberger8 fiber Luther and seine Zeit, Jena, 1850). The first part of this work contains a biography of Luther, but its meager and anecdotic character is disappointing, considering that it was written by one who had associated so long and so closely with the Reformer. The second portion is devoted to the Schmalkald War and similar matters. The rancor displayed toward the advisers of the elector, and toward the Wittenberg theologians, especially Melanchthon, renders Ratzeberger's work valueless as history, although it is important for its data on the Gnesio-Lutherans, and, despite its partizanship, for
the controversies of the Interim.(T. KOLDE.)BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. Poach, Vom christtichen Abachied . . du . . . M. Ratseberpera, Jena, 1559; G. T. Strobel, Matthdi Raaeberpers tpeacAiehte. Altdorf, 1775.
RATZEBITRG, rat'ee-bra", BISHOPRIC OF:A German diocese founded by Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg, who consecrated as its first bishop a Greek named Aristo (between 1062 and 1066). The uprising of the Wends, however, put an end to Christianity in their territory, and it was not until they had been subdued by Henry the Lion that the diocese could be reestablished. The first bishop of the revived see was Evermod, who had formerly been prior of St. Mary-in Magdeburg, and as he was a Premonstratensian, the chapter of the diocese was filled with members from that order. The bishopric was bounded on the north by the Baltic, on the south by the Elbe, on the east by the Elde, and on the west by the Bills. In 1167 the diocese was somewhat diminished by the annexation of Schwerin to Mecklenburg. [The diocese came to an end in 1554, when the bishop, Chriatoph von dem Schulenburg, resigned and became a Lutheran.] (A. HAUCB.)
B:araooswray: Sources are: Mekienburpiachea Urkundenbuch, 12 vole., Schwerin, 1883 sqq.; 8chieewtp-Holateinlauenburpiache Repeater and Urkunden, ed. P. Hasse, 3 vole., Hamburg, 1888 aqq. Consult: C. F. L. Arndt, Das ZebntenrepiMer des Biatuma Ratzcbusp, $ehbnberg, 1833 G. M. C. Maeeh, (#eschichEe des Biatuma Ratzeburp, Lflbeck, 1835; G. Dehio, Oeschiclde des Erxbiatuma Hamburg-Bremen, 2 vols, Berlin, 1878; M. Schmidt, Beachreibung and Chronik der 3iadt Ratzeburp, Ratsebuxg, 1882; A. Rudloff, Oeachichte Meckdenburga, Berlin, 1901; Game, Series epiacoporum, p. 304; Hauck, AD, vole.. iii.-iv.
RAUCH, raua, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS: German Reformed educator; b. at Kirchbracht, HesaeDarmstadt, July 27, 1806; d. at Mercersburg, Pa. Mar. 2, 1841. He entered the University of Marburg in 1824, and studied philosophy and theology at Giessen and Heidelberg; was extraordinary professor of philosophy at Giessen one year and was appointed ordinary professor at Heidelberg; but on account of some political utterance which evoked the displeasure of the government he fled to America in 1831. He obtained a livelihood for a while by giving lessons on the pianoforte at Easton, Pa.; but was soon made professor of German in Lafayette College. In 1832 he assumed charge of a classical academy established by the German Reformed Church at York, Pa., and a few months later was ordained and appointed professor of Biblical literature in the theological seminary, while retaining charge of the academy, which in 1835 was transferred to Mercereburg sad in 1836 transformed to Mercersburg College, of which he was the first president, 1836-41. Rauch was an eminent scholar in classical literature, mental and moral science, sad esthetics; and it was his ambition to organize upon American soil an Anglo-German system of thought. He published only Psychology, or a View of the Human Soul, including Anthropology (New York, 1840; 3d ed.,1844); his Inner Life of the Christian appeared posthumously (ed. E. V. Gerhart, Philadelphia, 1856).
BrsntoaeerHY: A eulogy by J W Nevin is in Merceraburp Review, xi (1859), 458 sqq. Consult also J. H. Dubbs, in American Church History Series, viii. 855, 357 eqq., 304388, New York, 189b.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. de Ponlevoy, Vie du R. P. Xavier de Ravignan, 2 vols., Paris, 1860, Eng. transl., Life of Father Ravignan, New York, 1869; J. Poujoulat, Le Pere Ravignan, Paris, 1859.
RAWLINSON, re'lin-sun, GEORGE: Church of England, commentator and orientalist; b. at Chadlington (14 m. n.w. of Oxford), Oxfordshire, Nov. 23, 1812; d. at Canterbury Oct. 6,1902. He entered Trinity College, Oxford (B.A., 1838; M.A., Exeter College, 1841); was ordained deacon 1841, and priest 1842; was fellow of Exeter College, 1840-46; tutor, 1842 1846; sub-rector, 1844-15; curate of Merton, Oxfordshire, 1846-17; classical moderator at Oxford, 1852-54; public examiner, 1855-57, 1868-69, 1875-79; Bampton lecturer, 1859; Camden professor of ancient history, Oxford, 1861-89; proctor for the chapter in convocation of Canterbury, 1873-1898; after 1872 canon of Canterbury; and after 1888 rector of All Hallows, Lombard Street.
His publications were, commentaries on Joshua, I and II Kings, I and II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther (London, 1873), in The Bible (Speaker's) Commentary; on Exodus (1882) in An Old Testament Commentary by C. J. Ellicott; and on Exodus (1882), II Kings (1889), Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther (1880), Job (1892), Isaiah (1886-87), and Psalms (1896), in The Pulpit Commentary . He was the editor of History of Herodotus, with copious notes and appendices, in collaboration with Henry Rawlinson and J. G. Wilkinson (4 vols., London, 1858-80; with notes abridged by A. J. Grant, 2 vols., 1897); The Historical Evidences of the Truth of the Scripture Records (Bampton lectures for 1859; 1859); The Contrasts of Christianity with Heathen and Jewish Systems (1861); The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World (4 vols., 1862-87); The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy (1873), The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy (1876), the last three frequently republished and reprinted collectively under the title The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World; A Manual of Ancient History (e. g., New York, 1889); Historical Illustrations of the Old Testament (London, 1871); St. Paul in Damascus and Arabia (1877); The History of Ancient Egypt (2 vols., 1881); The Religions of the Ancient World (1882); Egypt and Babylon from Scripture and Profane Sources (1884); Bible Topography (1886); Ancient Egypt (1887); Phamicia (1889), and Parthia (1893), in The Story of the Nations series; Ancient History (1887); Moses, His Life and Times (1887), The Kings of Israel and Judah (1889), Isaac and Jacob (1890), and Ezra and Nehemiah (1891), in The Men of the Bible series; and The History of Phoenicia (1889).
RAWNSLEY, rons'li, HARDWICKE DRUMMOND: Church of England; b. at Henley-on-Thames (23 m. s.e. of Oxford) Sept. 28, 1850. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1875), and was ordered deacon in 1875 and ordained priest two years later. He was curate of St. Barnabas, Bristol (1875-78); vicar of Low Wray, Lancaster shire (1878-83); vicar of Crosthwaite, Keswick, Cumberland (since 1883); and has also been rural dean of Keswick and honorary canon of Carlisle since 1893. He has written Book of Bristol Sonnets (London, 1877); Sonnets at the English Lakes (1881); Sonnets round the Coast (1887); Edward Thring, Teacher and Poet (1889); Poems, Ballads, and Bucolics (1890); St. Kentigern of Crosthwaite and St. Herbert of Derwentwater (3d ed., Keswick, 1892); Notes for the Nile: Hymns of Ancient Egypt (1892); Valete Tennyson, and other Poems (1893); Idylls and Lyrics of the Nile (1894); Literary Associations the English Lakes (2 vols., 1894) ; Ballads of Brave Deeds (1896); Harvey Goodwin, Bishop of Carlisle: A Biographical Memoir (1896); Henry Whitehead, 1826-96: Memorial Sketch (Glasgow, 1897); Sayings of Jesus: Six Village Sermons on the Papyrus Fragment (1897); Life and Nature at the English Lakes (1899); Sonnets in Switzerland and Italy (London, 1899); Ballads of the War (1900); Memories of the Tennysons (Glasgow, 1900); Buskin and the English Lakes (1901); A Rambler's Note-Book at the English Lakes (1902); Lake Country Sketches (1903); Flower-Time in the Oberland (1904); Venerable Bede, his Life and Work (London, 1904); Sermons on the Logia (2 series, 1905); Months at the Lakes (1906); A Sonnet Chronicle, 1900-05 (1906); Round the Lake Country (1909); and Poems at Home and Abroad (1909). He also edited a collection of sermons under the title of Christ for To-Day (London, 1885).
RAYMOND, MARTINI: Spanish Dominican and rabbinical scholar of the thirteenth century. He was a native of Catalonia, and was in 1250 one of eight monks appointed to make a study of oriental languages with the purpose of carrying on a mission to Jews and Moors. In 1264 he was one of the company appointed by the king of Aragon to examine Jewish manuscripts in order to strike out from them any matter assailing Christianity. He worked in Spain as a missionary, and also for a short time in Tunis. A document bearing his signature and dated July, 1284, shows that he was at that time still living.
Raymond's refutation of the Koran is lost. There
is at Bologna a manuscript of his
Capistrum Judaeorum,
aimed at the errors of the Jews; and at
Tortosa a manuscript containing,
Explanatio simboli
apostolorum ad institutionem fidelium
has a marginal
note that it was edited by
" a fratre Ro Martini de
ordine predicatorum."
The great work with which
Raymond's name is associated is his Pugio fidei,
on which he was still at work in 1278. This work was
used by Hieronymus de Sancta Fide in his
Hebraeomastix
and elsewhere, was plagiarized by Petrus
Galatinus, and was one of the credited sources of
Victor Porchet's
Victoria adversus impios Ebreos
(Paris, 1520). About 1620 Bishop Bosquet
discovered in the Collegium Fuxense a manuscript of
the Pugio,
and from this and three other manuscripts
Joseph de Voisin edited the work with numerous
learned annotations (Paris, 1651; edited again with
introduction by J. B. Carpzov, Leipsic, 1687). The
first part treats of God and divine omniscience,
creation, immortality, and resurrection from the
dead; the second and third parts are devoted to
refutation of the Jews. The second and third parts
are still of value for missions, and also for science
since there are numerous correctly cited quotations
from the Talmud, Midrashic works, and other early
Jewish literature. Among these cited works is the
Bereshith Rabba major
or magna,
a work in part derived from the
Yesodh
of Moses ha-Darshan. In
his use of this work the only charge that can be
BIBwOVBAPH7: J. M. Reinkens, Joseph Hubert Reinkens, Gotha, 1908; F. Rolert, Biechof Reinkena and seine Helfer, Leipsic, 1888; W. Beyschlag, BiwAof Reinkens and der deutwhs Altkotholieiemus, Berlin, 1898; F. Nippold, Erinnerunpen an Biadlwf Reinkene, Leipsic, 1898; and the literature under OLD CATBowca.