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Gerbert Gerhardt

near Amiens. In 1676 his Miroir de la pi& chr& tienne appeared at Brussels, a work which several archbishops and writers criticized as a renewal of the five condemned sentences of Jansen; Gerberon defended his work in Le Miroir sans tache (Paris, 1680). The Jesuits and their partizans in his congregation denounced him in Paris for taking the part of the pope against the king in the disputes concerning the royal prerogative. Gerberon was threatened with arrest, but fled with the consent of his superior to the Spanish Netherlands. The Jansenist clergy called him to Holland, but owing to his attacks on the Protestants he was compelled to return to Brussels in 1690. In 1703 he was arrested, forced to sign the condemnation of the five sentences of Jansen, and delivered to his superiors for punishment; until 1707 he was kept a prisoner in Amiens. After he had given his signature, the pope allowed him to read mass. In Vincennes he was treated with greater severity; being stricken with paralysis, Cardinal Archbishop Noailles threatened to let him die " like a dog," without the Eucharist, if he did not sign certain further propositions expressing the cardinal's opinion. In 1710 he was handed over to his congregation. As soon as he learned that his signature was interpreted as a recantation of his doctrine, he wrote Le Vain Triomphe des Josuitm, but his superiors prevented its publication. On his death-bed he recalled all declarations, " wrested from his weakness by cunning and force," except the condemnation of the five sentences. Besides the works mentioned, he wrote Apologia pro Ruperto abbate Tiutense (Paris, 1669) against the Calvinistic doctrine of the Lord's Supper, Defense de l1glise romaine eontre lee calomnies des `protestants (Cologne, 1688, 1691), and many other works, said to number 111 in all.

(C. PFENDER.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Supplhnent au n&rolope de 1'abbaye . . . de Port-Royal-dea-Champs, i. 498 eqq., Amsterdam, 1735; R. P. Tasein, Getehrtengeschichte der Congregation roan St. Maur, i. 505 eqq., Frankfort, 1773; KL, v. 350-353; Lichtenberger, ESN, v. 539-540.

GERBERT, gAr'bart, MARTIN: Abbot of St. Blasien (St. Blaise) in the southern part of the Black Forest (20 m. s.e. of Freiburg), and one of the most learned ecclesiastics of the eighteenth century; b. at Horb-on-the-Neckar (31 m. s.w. of Stuttgart) Aug. 13, 1720; d. at his monastery May 3, 1793. He was educated at the Jesuit college of Freiburg, at Klingnau in Switzerland, and at the abbey of St. Blasien, where he was ordained priest in 1744, and chosen abbot in 1764. From 1759 to 17112 he traveled in Germany, Italy, and France, an-1 published a Latin account of his travels (St. Blasien, 1765; Germ. tranel., Ulm, 1767). He was a zealous investigator of the history of monasteries, esoecially in the Black Forest, and his Historia nilroe sylvte ordinis S. Benedicti (3 vols., Cologne, 1783,88) contains much valuable information on this subject. He published also a Codex epistolaris Rudolphi 1. (St. Blasien, 1772), and completed the Taphographia principum Austrim, begun by Rustenus Heer, a former member of the chapter of St. Blasien (vol. iv. of Herrgott's Monuments domus Austriacm, Vienna, 1752). His favorite study, how-

THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG

ever, was the theory and history of music, and he enriched this field of literature with many valuable works: De canto et muaica sacra (2 vole., St. Blasien, 1774); Monuments veteris liturgice A'Iemannicee (2 vole., 1777-79); and Scriptures eccleaiaatici de muaica sacra (3 vole., 1784). He wrote also several theological and ascetical treatises, one of which was directed against Jansenism.

(K. KL$PFELt.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. Bader, Fitrsfaht Martin Gerbert van St. Biaeien, Freiburg, 1875; RL, v. 363-3b8; ADB, viii. 725.

GERDES, gRr'dea, DANIEL: Professor of dog matics and church history at the University of Groningen; b. at Bremen Apr. 16, 1698; d. at Groningen Feb. 11, 1765. He was the son of a respected merchant, studied theology in his native city and then in Utrecht under F. A. Lamps. In 1724 he became preacher at Wageningen in Hol land, in 1726 professor of theology in Duisburg. From 1736 until his death he was professor at Groningen. His extensive scholarship and, his piety made him the mgt distinguished personal ity of the university. In his Doctr<:na gratice live compendium theologize dogmaticir (Duisburg, 1734; Groningen, 1744) he shows himself a very moderate disciple of Cocceius. His real importance lay in the sphere of church history. He presented the growth of the Evangelical faith, especially of the Reformed faith, in his Introductio in historiam Evcangelii seculo X V I. passim per Europam renovati doctrinaque reformatte (4 vole., Groningen, 1744 1752) and Scrinium antiquarium live miscellanea Groningana nova ad historiam re(ormationis ecclesi asticam prmcipue spedantia. (8 vole., Groningen and Bremen, 1761-85), and wrote also about the Refor mation in Italy, in the diocese of Salzburg, and in Bremen. Many important documents are given in these works. (E. F. KARL M~VVLLER.)

BISLIOnaAraY: A abort autobiography e:tists in his Mieultanea Duiaberpaneia, i. 128 eqq., 1732 eqq. E. Hollebeek treated of his life in the Preface to Gerdes, Specimen Italia reformatos, Leyden, 1765; A. J. Van der As, Biopraphisch Woordenboek roan der Nederlanden, vii. 123 eqq.; ADB, viii. 730-731.

GEREOIP, SAM. See THEBAN LEGION. GERGESEftES. See GERA6ENE8.

GERHARD, g8r'htlrt, JOHAIf1Y: Lutheran dog

matician; b. at Quedlinburg (34 m. n.w. of Magde

burg), of distinguished family, Oct. 17, 1582; d. at

Jena Aug. 17, 163?. At the age of fifteen he was

afflicted with a serious illness and vowed to devote

his life to the ministry if be should recover. Johann

Arndt (q.v.), who preached at this time in Quedlin

burg, took kindly to him and assisted

Life. him with his counsel. In 1599 he went

to the University of Wittenberg and

devoted himself to the study of philosophy and

theology. Complying with the wish of a relative

and contrary to his vow, he took up the study of

medicine, but after the death of the relative re

sumed theology. He removed to Jena, but prof

ited less from the lectures of the professors there

than from private study of the Bible and the Church

Fathers. In 1803 he became master of arts. At this

time the fame of the theological faculty at Marburg