MANNING, HENRY EDWARD: English c:udi nal; b. at Totteridge (12 m. s.w. of Hertford) July

15, 1807; d. in London Jan. 14, 1892. He received his preparatory education at Harrow, and went in

1827 to Balliol College, Oxford. His chief distinction in the university was as a debater, rather than as a scholar. At this period of his life his inter ests were primarily political, but the

Early Life financial losses sustained by his father and Education. rendered a parliamentary career impossible for him, and after graduating with first-class honors in 1830 he ob tained a subordinate position in the colonial office.

Coming under Evangelical influence he resigned in 1832 and returned to Oxford. There he was

162

Iffansel elected a fellow of Merton College and was ordained priest on Dec. 23. He was soon appointed curate to John Sargent, the Evangelical rector of Laving ton, Sussex, and in the following year he was insti tuted to the rectory as Sargent's successor. In this same year (1833) he married a daughter of his late rector, but his wife died four years later. This blow Manning felt keenly, and his sorrow, added to tendencies long at work within him, doubtless pre disposed him still more to the principles of the Oxford Movement (see Tractarianism). At the time of his ordination he believed in the doctrine of bap tismal regeneration, and before long modified his view of the Eucharist and accepted the tenets of apostolic succession and the value of tradition. He was likewise active in the promotion Activity in of a system of education which should the be under religious control, and aided Anglican in the establishment of diocesan boards Church. in cooperation with the National So ciety for Promoting the Education of the Poor. In Dec., 1840, he was appointed arch deacon of Chichester, and two years later select preacher at Oxford. At this period of his life he published his Unity of the Church (London, 1842), in which he ably defended the doctrines of Anglo Catholicism. In 1838 he had visited Rome and had seen Wiseman, but he was still totally out of sympathy with Roman Catholicism. The conversion of W. G. Ward and Newman to Roman Catholicism left Manning at the head of the High church party in the Anglican Church. In 1847, however, he was compelled by illness to take a continental tour, which lasted until July, 1848, and took him through Belgium and Germany to Italy. Most of this time, however, was spent in Rome, and in April and May, 1848, he was received in audience by Pius IX. His doubts concerning the catholicity of the Anglican Church were mean time increasing, although there is no evidence that he seriously contemplated withdrawing from her communion. Events shortly after his return to England, however, turned the tide of his convictions. The consecration of the unorthodox Hamp den to the see of Hereford and the decision in the famous Gorham case seemed to him evidence that the Church of England was not a part Steps Lead- of the Church catholic, and though heing to his presided at a meeting of the Chichester Conversion clergy to protest against the so-called to Roman "Papal Aggression" in the creation Catholicism. of Roman. Catholic dioceses in Eng land in 1850, he resigned his archdea conry and went to London. There he placed him self under the instruction of the Jesuits, and on Passion Sunday, Apr. 6, 1851, was received into the Roman Catholic Church. On the following Sunday he received minor orders, and was ordained priest on June 14. In the following year Manning went to Rome, where he spent the next three years in study at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. Receiving his doctorate from the pope in 1854, he began regular work in England, and three years later was made provost of the chapter of West minster and superior of the Congregation of the Oblates of St. Charles. For eight years he labored with unceasing activity, preaching, writing, and working among the poor. A strong ultramontanist, he was appointed by the pope in 1860 domestic prelate and pronotary apostolic with the title of Monsignor. He consistently objected, therefore, to the welcome accorded Garibaldi on his visit to England in 1864, even though his general ultramontane course aroused the suspicion of a large body of English Roman Catholics.

In 1864 Cardinal Wiseman died, and the pope, ignoring the names submitted to him by the chapter, nominated Manning his successor as archbishop of Westminster, London. He was consecrated at the pro-cathedral of St. Mary's, Moorfields, June 8, received the pallium at Rome on Michaelmas Day, and was enthroned at St. Mary's Nov. 6. A rigid disciplinarian, he spared neither himself nor others, and worked consistently in an ultramontane spirit to advance Roman Catholicism in Eng-

Labors for land, He accordingly opposed New his New man's plan of founding a Roman

Faith. Catholic hall at Oxford, and, believing that the Roman Catholic Church should provide education for its own members, he made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a Roman Catholic university at Kensington, which remained open only from 1874 to 1878. On the other hand, he was more than successful in the promotion of parochial schools, and was unswerving in his opposition to all that was at variance with the teaching of his Church.

He gained additional prominence in 1870 by his advocacy of the doctrine of papal infallibility, and in 1875 replied to Gladstone in his Vatican Decrees

in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance. On Mar. 15 of the same year he was created a cardinal, although he did not receive the hat until Dec. 31, 1877, when he was in Rome. After the death of Pius IX. (Feb.

7, 1878), Manning attended the conclave and, although some of the Italian cardinals were pro pared to vote for him as pope, he cast his ballot for Cardinal Pecei (Leo XIII.). With the new pope, however, he was less in sympathy, and for the remainder of his life his chief interests were social questions, especially total abstinence, for the advancement of which he founded a "League of the Cross," which in 1874 numbered some 30,000

members in London alone. He was

Philan- likewise extremely active in the cause thropic of labor, and his urgent advocacy of

Interests. the claims of the working classes drew upon him the charge of socialism, al though he rightly denied the truth of the assertion.

In 1889 he assisted in settling the strike of the long shoremen, while he was also active in movements for the suppression of the East African slave-trade and Hindu child-marriage, in addition to advoca ting the raising of the minimum age for child labor.

Cardinal Manning was a prolific writer, and his works betoken a man of sincere conviction, earnest faith, and noble character. He was preeminently an ecclesiastic and a diplomat, even though in mat ters of mere intellect he was inferior to certain others of his period. His chief works, written for the most part under the press of manifold ecclesiastical and public duties, are as follows: The Unity of the Church (London, 1842); So-== (4 vols.,

163

1842-50); Sermons Preached before the University of Oxford (Oxford, 1844); The Grounds of Faith (London, 1852); Sermons on Ecclesiastical Subjects (3 vols., Dublin, 1863-73); The Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost (London, 1865); England and Christendom (1867); Petri privilegium (1871); National Education and Parental Rights (1872); The Internal Mission of the Holy Ghost (1875); The Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance (1875); The Infallible Church and the Holy Communion of Christ's Body and Blood (1875); The True Story of the Vatican Council (1877); Miscellanies (3 vols., 1877-88); National Education (1889); and the posthumous Pastimes (1893).

Bibliography: Lives have been written by E. S. Puroell, 2 vols., London, 1895; A. Zimmermann, 1880; A. W. Hutton, London, 1892; J. R. Gasquet, ib. 1895; F. de Pressensd, Paris, 1896, Eng. transl., London, 1897 (reviewed by G. Grabineki, Uno Studio su1 Card. Manning, Florence, 1897); H. M. Hemmer, Paris, 1898; and W. P, Ward, in Ten Personal Studies, New York, 1898. Consult further: J. Lemire, Le Cardinal Manning et son action socials, Paris, 1893; Cardinal Manning: a Character Sketch or Foreshadowinpe. Being Extracts from his earlier Sermons, ed. H. E. H. King, London, 1895; S. Roamer, Cardinal Manning as Presented in his own Letters and Notes, London, 1896; J. A. Nicholson, The Adoration of Christ. A Vindication of the Catholic Doctrine and Refutation of the Heresies taught by Card. Manning in the Devotion to the Sacred Heart, ed. C. E. Roney-Dougal, London, 1897; DNB, :vcavi. 62-68 (the bibliography contains reference to much incidental matter). A noteworthy list of magazine literature is indicated in Richardson, Encyclopaedia, pp. 676-677.