MAROT, ma"ro', CLEMENT: French poet and Protestant leader; b. at Cahors (60 m. n. of Toulouse) c. 1497; d. at Turin in Aug., 1544. In 1518 he entered the service of the Princess Margaret of Orléans-AngoulAme, better known as Margaret of Navarre (q.v.), and thus came into contact with Protestant teachings. In 1525 he accompanied Francis I. to Italy, and was wounded and taken prisoner with him at Pavia. When he returned to France he began to attack the abuses of the Roman Catholic system, and was imprisoned. On his release in Nov., 1527, he openly declared his adhesion to Protestantism. In 1530 he published a collection of his early poems, some of which were by no means edifying, under the title L'Adoleacence clfentine. Accused of heresy, he escaped by the protection of the king and his sister. Believing that Francis was inclined to favor the Evangelical doctrines, he wrote for him a poem on the fundamental principles of the New Testament (Sermon du bon pasteur et du mauvais). At this time he also began to translate the Psalms into verse. But in Oct., 1534, when the a, ffaire des Placards brought on a severe persecution of the Protestants, he fled to Ferram, where he remained under the protection of Rends, daughter of Louis XII. of France (see Renee of France). In 1536 he renounced Protestantism at Lyons, went back to the court, and worked at his poetical version

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of the Psalms from the Latin version of Vatable, thus rendering a valuable service to the French Protestant churches, which were in need of a hymn-book. The first Calvinistic hymn-book (Strasburg, 1539) contains eighteen psalms, twelve of which are Marot's. In 1542 he published thirty psalms with a dedication to the king; but the general adoption of them by the Protestants compelled him once more to seek safety in flight, reaching Geneva at the end of the year and remaining there a twelvemonth. Calvin induced him to translate twenty more psalms, which he published with the others in 1543, under the title Cinquante pseaumes. He was unable, however, to submit to the ecclesiastical discipline of Geneva, and went to Turin. His version of the Psahns is accurate and renders admirably the beauties of the Hebrew text. Its success was remarkable. In 1562 the French Protestant hymn-book was completed by the addition of 101 psalms translated by Beza to forty-nine of Marot's. Between 1562 and 1565 not less than sixty-two editions were printed; and it was ultimately translated into twenty-two languages.

Eugene Choisy.

Bibliography: The one edition of the tEuvres to be con- sulted is by G. Guiffrey, vols. ii.-R, Paris, 1875-81. Consult: F. Bovet, Hist. du paautier des lplises rkforntiee, Paris, 1872; O. Douen, Clkmenl Marot et Is psautier hu guenot, 2 vols., ib.1878-79 (cf. T. Dufour, in Revue critique, Jan. 31 and Feb. 7, 1881); E. Doumergue, Jean Calvin, i. 233 sqq., 585 sqq., Lausanne, 1899. Consult also: Julian, Hymnology, p. 714; Lichtenberger, ESR, viii. 734-737.