LOTZ, lats, WILHELM PHILIPP FRIEDRICH FERDINAND: German Lutheran; b. at Cassel Apr. 12, 1853. He was educated at the universities of Leipsic (Ph.D., 1879; lie. theol., 1883) and Göttingen, and in 1883 became privet-docent at the former institution. In the same year he went to Erlangen as privet-docent and tutor, but in 1884 accepted a call to Vienna as associate professor of Old-Testament exegesis in the Evangelical theological faculty. He was promoted to a full professorship there in 1884, a position which he held until 1897, when he was appointed to his present post of professor of Old-Testament exegesis at Erlangen. He has written: Die Iraschriftcn Tiglathpilener'a 1. in tranaadiberlem aaayriachem Grundtext mit Ueberaetzung und Ifomme>bEar (Leipsic, 1880); Quaationea de historia sab6ati (1883); Gesch"te and O,$'erebarung im Alten Testament (1891); Die Bundest«le (1901); Dan Alts Testament trnd die Wiaaerrschaft (190b); Die biblische UrgeacTiichle in ihreTn Verhdltnia zu den Urzeitaagen anderer V blker, zu den israelitisclMn Volkserzdhlungen uad zum Ganzert der Heiligen Schrift (1907); and Heiirdische Sprachlehre (1908).

LOTZE, let'se, RUDOLF HERMANN: German philosopher; b. at Bautaen (31 m. e.n.e. of Dresden), Saxony, May 21, 1817; d. at Berlin July 1, 1881. He studied philosophy and medicine at the University of Leipsic, taking degrees in both subjects, and became extraordinary professor of philosophy there in 1842. He was called to Göttingen in 1844, and to Berlin in 1881, but here he was able to lecture only a part of one semester. Lotze was one of the moat influential philosophers of the second half of the nineteenth century, and he has many followers, particularly among theo-

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logians. This is explained by the fact that in his speculation ethical and religious needs come into their full rights. His philosophy represents a re action against the ideological pantheism of Hegel, which seemed to sacrifice all individuality and va riety in existence to a formal and abstract scheme of development. Lotze characterized his philo sophical standpoint as teleological idealism, and he regarded ethics as the starting-point of metaphys ics. While enforcing the mechanical view of nature, he sought to show that mechanism, the relation of cause and effect, is incomprehensible, except as the realization of a world of moral ideas. Thus, each causal series becomes at the same time a teleological series. Lotze worked out this recon ciliation of mechanism and teleology by com bining with the monads of Leibnitz (q.v., § 2) the absolute substance of Spinoza (q.v.), in which in dividual things (monads) are grounded, and through whose all-inclusive unity interrelation is possible. Some of Lotze's more important works are: Meta Phys2:k (Leipsic, 1841); Logik (1843); Medizinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele (1852); Mikrokosmus. Ideen zur Naturgeschichte und Geschichte der Menschheit (3 vols., 1856-64; Eng. transl., 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1885), his principal work; Geschichte der Aesthetik in Deutschland (Munich, 1868); and the unfinished System der Philosophie (vol, i., Logik, Leipsic, 1874; vol. ii., Metaphysi,(c, 1879; Eng. transl. of both, 2 parts, Oxford, 1884). After Lotze's death appeared Diktats, notes from his lectures on the various philosophical disciplines (8 parts, Leipsic, 1882-$4; Eng. transl. by G. T. Ladd, Outlines, 6 vols., Boston, 1884-1887); also Kleine Schriften (3 vols., Leipsic, 1885-1894).

Hubert Evans.

Bibliography: An excellent bibliography, including ref erences to material which appeared in periodical literature, is in J. M, Baldwin, Dictionary oJ!Philosophy and Psychology, III., i. 347-350. Consult: E. von Hart mann, Lotu's Philosophie, Leipsic, 1888; L. $tAhlin, Karat, Lobe and Ritschl, ib. 1888, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1889; G. Vorbrodt, Prineipien der Elhik und der Re lipionaphilosophie Lotus, Dessau, 1891; H. Jones, A Critical Account of the Philosophy 0j 1441 WOW, 1686; g. C. Ring, An Outline of the Microcoamua of Hermann Lotze, Oberlin, 1895; G. T. Ladd, Lotus Influence on Theology, in The. New World, iv (1895), 401-421; A. Tienee, LoEze'a Gedanken zu den PrinzipienJragen der Ethik, Heidelberg, 1898; W. Wallace, Lectures and Ea eaya on Natural Theology and Ethics, Oxford, 1898; G. Page, Lotze'a religtoae Weltanschauung, Erlangen, 1599; V. F. Moors, Ethical Aspects of Lotu's Metaphysics, New York, 1901.