HOORNBEEK, hom'bfk, JOHANNES: Professor of theology in Utrecht and Leyden; b. at Haarlem Nov. 4, 1617; d. at Leyden Sept. 1, 1666. He studied at Leyden and Utrecht, in 1639 became preacher in Mulllheim-on-the-Rhine, in 1644 professor of theology in Utrecht, and in 1645 also preacher. In 1654 he removed to Leyden, where he became the chief opponent of his colleagues Cocceius and Heidanus. He represents the type of an orthodox theologian of the Netherlands, combining with the scholastic method the most earnest zeal for a life of practical piety. He wrote Sociniw

nismus confutatua (3 vols., Utrecht, 1650-64); Summa controversiarum religionis; cum inftdehtrus (Gentilibus, Judacis, Muhammedanis), haretieis (Papistig, Anabaptistis, Enthusiastis et Libertinis, Socinianis'), schismatic (RemonstrantZus, Lutheranis, Brouwnistis, Grwcis) (1653); Inatitutiones theologicte ex optimis audanbus concinnatte (1653); De observando a Christiania prcecepto Decalogi quarto (Leyden, 1659), directed against the abolition of the fourth commandment as advocated by Cocceius; Theologia practices (1663); Dissertatio de consociatione evangelica Reformatorum et Augustance confessionis, give de colloquio Casselano (Amsterdam, 1663).

(E. F. Karl Müller.)

Bibliography: P. Bayle, Dictionary, Historical and Critical,

iii. 483-484, London, 1736; A. J. van der Aa, Biographisch Woordenbook der Nederlanden, viii. 2, pp. 1230 sqq., Haarlem, 1852 sqq. (contains full list of literature).

HOPE: The expectation of joy and welfare in the future. Although requisite as a defense against the ills of life, it is invariably associated in the natural man with doubt and fear, since it is directed toward transitory objects and is exposed to disappointment. Only in revelation is it free from desire and fancy, and made the operation of the Holy Spirit: Hope is a basal component of godly life, and is presupposed in faith, so that hope is faith directed toward the future. The faith of the Old Testament was that God would glorify Israel and the Gentiles through Israel (Isa. xxv. 6-7), and all that faith possesses in the present world is defined as "a shadow of good things to come" (Heb. x. 1). Since belief itself becomes hope in the glorification of the body, the congregation of Christ, and the world, it is based primarily on the resurrection of Christ, and Jesus is accordingly termed "hope" (Col. i. 27; I Tim. i. 1), while Christianity, subjectively considered, may be called hope (I Pet. 'iii. 15). The exaltation of Christ to the priesthood after the order of Melchizedec ushered in a better hope than could exist in the Old Testament (Heb. vii. 19), and the hope of the New Testament is summed up in the faithful expectation of the second coming of the glorified Christ.

This coacept of hope implies that those without Christ have no hope (Eph. ii. 12) and that it is by nature a quality which brings no reproach with it (Rom. v. 5). Nor is it something adventitious to faith, but hope is faith, and faith "is the substance of things hoped for" (Heb. xi. 1), while love is said to "hope all things" (I Cor. xiii. 7). Thus faith, love, and hope are closely associated as proofs of Christian life (I Thess. i. 3, v. 8), and they remain after all gifts are withdrawn (I Cor. xiii. 13). Such hope is not diminished by tribulation, but, on the contrary, is strengthened by it (Rom. v. 3-4), and it is, accordingly, termed a helmet (I Thess. v. 8). Since hope is laid up in Heaven (Col. i. 5), it is a potent incentive to holiness, especially of, the body (Col. iii. 1-2; I John iii. 3).

(Carl von Buchrucker†.)

Bibliography: H. Schultz, O. T. Theology, i. 325, ii. 368- 369, Edinburgh, 1892; W. Beyschlag, N. T. Theology, i. 254, 342, ib. 1896; H. J. Holtamann, Lehrbuch der neu testamentlichen Theologie, ii. 162-163, 305-306, 310-311, Freiburg, 1897; G. B. Stevens, Theology of N. T., pp. 520, 521, New York, 1899; B. Weiss, Lehrbuch der bibti when Theologie des N. T., 4$ 50, 82, 96, 101, 108, 125, 127,

363

Hopitine

157, Stuttgart, 1903; P. Wernle, Bepinnima of Christianity, L 279, 303-313, ii. 297-313, New York, 1903-04; DC(7. i. 747-748.