HIRSCH, EMIL GUSTAV: Jewish rabbi; b. at Luxemburg, Germany, May 22, 1852. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania (B.A., 1872), the universities of Berlin (1872-76) and Leipsic (Ph.D., 1876), and the Hochechule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, Berlin (1872-76). Returning to the United States, he was rabbi of Har Sinai Congregation, Baltimore, Md. (1877-78), and Adas Israel Congregation, Louisville, Ky. (1878-80), and since 1880 has been rabbi of Sinai Congregation, Chicago. He has been professor of rabbinical literature and philosophy'in the University of Chicago since 1892, and in 1902 was Percy Turnbull Lecturer in Johns Hopkins University. He was one of the founders of the Jewish Manual Training School, Chicago, the Associated Jewish Charities, the Civic Federation, and other similar movements. He is well known as an orator, and in theology belongs to the advanced wing of Reformed Judaism. He has edited Der Zeitgeist (Milwaukee, 1880--83); Hebraica (in collaboration with W. R. and R. F. Harper and I. M. Price, Chicago, 1892-95); The Reformer (New York, 1886-92); and The Reform Advocate (Chicago, since 1892); besides being editor of the Biblical department of The Jewish Encyclopedia.

HIRSCHAU (HIRSAU):

Earlier History. Abbot William and his Reform.

A Benedictine monastery, once famous, now in ruins, in the Black Forest district of Württemberg, 2 m. n. of Calw. For its reputed foundation in 645, by a widow Helicena, there is no evidence prior to a German document of 1534. Opinions are also at variance on the second founding of the monastery in 830; but it is erroneous to deny the existence of a monastery at Hirschau before 1065, since the fact is attested by the imperial brief of sanction, dated Oct. 9, 1075, by the papal bull of Urban II., Mar. 8, 1095, and by the Hirshau Traditionenkodex; and because excavations made in 1892. discovered the foundation walls of a church traceable to the Carolingian era. Of this foundation, however, nothing is known except that Count Erlafrid of Calm, in 830, built a church in honor of St. Peter and the Armenian bishop Aurelius (d. 383), and filled the monastery with monks from Fulda. The new founding of the monastery emanated from a visit of Pope Leo IX., in 1049, to his nephew, Count Adalbert II. of Calw. In 1065 the first monks arrived from Einsiedeln, with Abbot Frederick as superior, who, in 1069 was deposed by Count Adalbert upon accusations by the monks. He was succeeded by William (1069-91), who'had acquired a scholastic education in the monastery of St. Emmeram at Regensburg. His foremost aim at Hirschau was to emancipate the monastery from the patronage of Count Adalbert, and change the latter's relation to it into one purely protective. He gained both points in 1075. Thoroughly convinced of the need of a reform of the Benedictine Order in Germany, William devised his Constitution" Hirsaugienses after the pattern of the Cluniac institutions. With the new n.anastic customs the monks now wore white robes, and instead of the old upper cloak (the cuculla), they donned the Cluny froccus, a woolen garment with wide sleeves, and, under it, a second garment, the ancient scapulare. For the severe winters of the Black Forest, William introduced the stamineum, a woolen shirt, and the pellicium, a sheepskin, worn under the outer garment. The monks also wore baeeches (femoralia). The broad tonsure, as in vogue at Chilly, distinguished the Hirschau monks from the unreformed Benedictines. Strict silence was observed in the cloister. William also applied himself to the organization of lay brothers, who lived under the oversight of a special magiater, and were subject to the cloistral discipline except that they observed an abridged office. The reform was not restricted to Hirschau. Along with the Swabian monastery of St. Blasien, Hirschau .became a center of monastic reform, and many monasteries were founded as offshoots from Hirschau, or furnished with monks and abbots or reconstructed by it. Bishop Otto of Bamberg reformed the monasteries of his diocese with monks of Hirschau. The Consuetudines Hirsatiugieses were widely introduced through northern Germany. Yet William did not succeed in establishing upon German soil a congregation after the type of Cluny. The sole bond of union that endured permanently was that of the confraternities, by means of which persons pledged themselves to common prayer for living and deceased members of the several monasteries.

His Part in the Contest between Emperor and Pope.

William of Hirechau was also concerned in the conflict between emperor and pope. He belonged to the most loyal adherents of the Gregorian party of Germany. Likely enough, he had been won over to Gregory's cause on the occasion of his visit to Rome in 1075. In 1077 the opposition king, Rudolph of Rheinfelden, was at Hirschau; and in 1081 Gregory VII. turned to Bishop Altmann of Passau (q.v.) and William of Hirechau, to promote the election of a king devoted to the Apostolic See. The strictly moral and zealously devout

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abbot was moved to side with Gregory by interest in church reform and in the battle against licentiousness and simony, not because he desired the empire to be subjected to the world-rule of the papacy. Accordingly he did not hesitate, in a letter to the opposition king, Hermann of Luxemburg, to reproach in the severest terms the antiimperial bishops of Saxony, who were allied with the pope for political interests, on account of their ecclesiastical deportment, which was inconsistent with the reformatory requirements.

Decline after William's Death.

No sooner was Abbot William dead than the soclesiastical and political influence of Hirschau began to decline. His successor, Gebhard (1091-1105), completely abandoned the thought of establishing a congregation; and Hirschau now ceased to be the opposition's headquarters in the investiture strife. Gebhard (d. 1107) received from the hand of the Emperor Henry V. the diocese of Speyer, and achieved a bad repute as bishop.on account of his treatment of the dead body of the banished emperor, Henry IV. The period of the monastery's. moral and economic degeneracy began after the death of Abbot Mangold (1157-65). In 1215 Emperor Frederick II. assumed the patronal administration of the monastery, which was vested thenceforth in the reigning emperor.

Second Period of Prosperity. The Protestant Reformation.

Not until Abbot Wolfram's day (1428-60) was Hirschau revived by his introduction of the Bursfelde rules (see Bursfelde, Congregation of) in 1457. The monastery now enjoyed a second season of prosperity, until in 1534 it was reformed along Protestant lines; when, as during the times of Abbot William, it again sent its reforming colonies to other monasteries. Abbot John II. (1524-56) suffered in the Peasants' War, in 1525, when the monastery was stormed and severely damaged. The same abbot had to endure an Evangelical "reading-master," sent to Hirschau in 1535, the same as to other monasteries. After proclamation of the interim (July 22, 1548) Roman monks again returned; but after the victory by Maurice of Saxony over the emperor, Duke Christopher, on June 11, 1552, gave orders to his abbots forbidding the reception of novices, and prohibiting Roman worship- By his monastery deem in 1556, he instituted at Hirechau one of the four higher cloister schools of his territory, for the education of Evangelical clergymen.

Later History.

In the Thirty Years' War the monastery was occupied, in 1630, by the imperial troops, and the Protestant abbot, Albrecht Bauhof, had to yield. From 1630 to 1631 the monastery was occupied by the Ro man Catholic abbot, Andreas Geist; and after the battle near Nördlingen, in 1634, the Catholics were able to hold the monastery till 1648. The last of the Catholic abbots, Wunibald Zomher (1637-48), refused to acknowledge the duke of W ihttemberg as territorial sovereign, and claimed for his monastery immediate dependency oh the empire. From the Peace of Westphalia (1648) Hirschau fulfilled its new and richly favored appointment as Evangelical cloister school till, on Sept. 20, 1692, the French general, Melac, burned the buildings. The cloister school was thereupon, removed to Denkendorf. Only the transept of the monastery, a tower of St. Peter's Church of the eleventh century, and the Lady Chapel built in 1516 are still preserved.

G. Grützmacher..

BrHLjoa$ABHY: Sources are: Haymo, Vita of the Abbot Wilhelm of Hirechau, ed. W. Wattenbach, in MGH. Script., :rii (18M), 209-225; Mist, monasterii Hirxiupisnsis, ed. G. Waits, in MGH. Supt.. my (1883), 264-286; Constitutiones et constuetudines monachorum Hirsaupiensium, (n Hergott, Vatus disciplina monaetioa, pp. 37-132, Paris, 1728; J. Trithemius, Chronicon insigne Hirsaupiense, Basel, 1659; Annales Hirsaupienses, 2 vols., St. Gall, 1890. Consult: M. Berker, WOW= der Selipe, AN su Hirachau, Tübingen, 1883; C. D. Christmann, Geschichte des %loaters Hirsdu,u, ib. 1782; B. Albers, Hirsdiau und seine GrUndungen, Freiburg, 1837; F. Steek, Dos %loster Hirsduou, Calw, 1844; A. Helmed6rfer, Forschungen sur Geed"" des . . . WAsbma con Hirschau, Göttingen, 1874; P. Giseke, Ausbreitung der Hiraduau-Repel, Halle, 1877; idem, Die Hirechauer wdhrend des inroeatituratrsan. Gotha, 1883; P. F. Stalin, GeschieIVA Wrirtumberpa, i. 12, Gotha, 1882-87; B. Maiber. Kloster Hirsrhau, Tübingen, 1888; M. Witten, Der *digs Wiuwm At son, Hirsdou, Bonn, 1890; D. Hafner, in Studien and mitwIn aus den Benediktiner- and Ciatersienserordsn, .xfi. 244 sqq., riii. 84 sqq., gv. 74 sqq., xv. 82 sqq., xv. 54 M.l Hauck, KD, ii. 599, 801, iii. 380. 813, 888 sqq.