GUITMUND, gwit'mund, CHRISTIAN: Bishop of Aversa (13 m. n.n.w. of Naples); b. in Normandy, probably c. 1020; d. about 1095. He was instructed by Lanfranc at Bec. Later he was a monk in the monastery of La-Croix Saint-Leufroi in the diocese of Evreux (department of Eure, between Gaillon and Evreux). Thence William the Conqueror called him to~England after the battle of Senlac (Oct. 14, 1066), with the intention of offering him later an English bishopric, but he could not induce Guitmund to remain. At the beginning of 1077 he was in Rome, where he entered a monastery under the name of Christianus. He soon gained great influence at the papal court. In an account of the events in Rome in Dec., 1083, he appears as the leader of the Gregorian party. After the death of Gregory he vehemently opposed the election of Victor III. (pope 1086-87), but was more favorably inclined toward Urban 11. (1088-99). To him he owed his election as bishop of Avers&, about July, 1088.

Guitmund's fame rests upon his attack on Berengar of Tours and his formulation of the common doctrine of the Lord's Supper in his Ltbri tree de corpords et sanguinis Domini writate in euchmmristia. The work originated between 1073 and 1078, probably in La-Croix-Saint-Leufroi, and aims to refute Berengar's book Des acra cans. Guitmund tries (1) to prove from the conception of divine omnipotence the possibility of the "essential" change; (2) to confute the esthetic objection to the idea of

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a "chewing" of Christ. In this connection he argues (3) that in every paitide of the elements the whole Christ is partaken, and (4) that the special manner of the change which takes place in the Lord's Supper corresponds exactly to the special manner . of generation in the birth of Christ, and is as difficult to be understood by the intellect as it is easy to be grasped by faith. In the second book he refutes (5) the objection of Berengar that the incorruptible body of the heavenly Christ is, according to the doctrine of the Church, considered sub ject to the process of digestion, and tries (6) to invalidate Berengar's proofs from the Fathers.:In the third book he attempts (7) to prove from the Fathers that the doctrine of transubstantiation is in accordance with the doctrine of the Church, and (8) to confute :three similar heterodox views on the Lord's Supper that had originated with Berengar. Besides his principal work, Guitmund wrote also on the Trinity-ConfesSio de sancta trinitate, Christi humanitate carpawiaque ac Sanguinis Domini nostri veritate, and Epistola ad Erfastum of which only a fragment is preserved.

(H. Böhmer.)

Bibliography: The oditio princapa of his work on the Eucharist was published by Erasmus, Bawl, 1530; that and the Confessio were issued by Ulimmier, LSwen, 1561; these two and the Epietola are in MPL, exlix. His life is in Orderieus Vitalis, Hist. eccl., iv. 8. Consult: Histoire littéraire de la France, viii. 553-572; J. Bach, DogmenpeerhicW des Afiuelalters, i. 586-587, Vienna 1873; A. Seeberg, Lehrbuch den Dogmengeschichte, ii. 60, Leipsic, 1898; Harnack, Dogma, vi. 52; KL, v. 1359-60; Ceillier, Auteurs sacrés, ix. 759-760, xiii. 131, 175, 516-525.