GUIBERT OF RAVENNA: Archbishop of that city and antipope (Clement III.) 1080-1100; b. in Parma c. 1025; d. at Civita Castellana (19 m. s.e. of Viterbo) Sept. 8, 1100. He was the descendant of a noble Italian family, and entered political service as chancellor for Italy, officiating from 105710&3. After the death of Nicholas II. in 1061 he openly separated from the curial party and induced the bishops of Lombardy to protest against the election of Alexander II. and to ally themselves with the secular court. The election of Bishop Cadalus of Parma as antipope at Basel, Oct. 1061, took place probably in his presence and corresponded to his conception of the situation. The resolution of the Synod of Augsburg which led to the acknowledgment of Alexander II. did not have his consent, and probably for this reason he resigned his chancellor ship after that synod. For the next ten years he seems to have lived in Parma. Though his name was not prominent during this period, the German court did not lose sight of him. In 1072, at the intercession of the empress, Henry IV. made him archbishop of Ravenna. In the beginning of the p6ntificate of Gregory VII. Guibert seems to have cooperated with the pope, but probably as early as 1074 he took the side of the opposition. As he absented himself from the synod of 1075, Gregory VII. suspended him from his office. In 1080 the imperial party elected him antipope, but it was not till Mar. 24, 1084, that he reached Rome and was enthroned in the Lateran Church. The German episcopate acknowledged him as pope at the Synod of Mainz, April, 1085; but his elevation did not bring to the emperor that increase of power which he expected.

Personally Guibert was respected by friend and foe, but he lacked the initiative necessary for a champion of the imperial cause. He remained faithful to Henry IV., and on March 31, 1084, crowned him king, but was never able to exercise a decisive influence upon the condition of the Church.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: Jaffé, Regesta, 1. 649-655; O. Köhneke, Wibert won Ravenna, Leipsic, 1888; Schaff, Christian Church, v. i, pp. 41, 61 sqq., 73, 75; Milman, Latin Christianity, vol. iii. passim, iv. 87; Bower, Popes, ii, 397-427.

GUIDO, gi'dö, OF AREZZO: Benedictine; b. at Arezzo (55 m. s.e. of Florence) between 990 and 1000; d. about 1050. In the early part of the eleventh oeutury he became a monk in the monastery of Pomposa, but the success of his method of teaching singing aroused such jealousy that he was expelled. He found refuge with the bishop of Arezzo, and at the invitation of John XIX. went to Rome. His abbot then urged him to return to Pomposa, but whether he did so or whether he is to be identified with the Prior Guido who died at the Camaldolite monastery of Avellana in 1050, is uncertain.

95

He applied the famous syllables "ut re mi fa sol la" to the notes of the scale, these being the initial syllables of the hemistichs of a hymn on John the Baptist. He improved the system which already existed by the use of additional lines and by availing himself of the spaces between them. The signs which he placed on and between the lines were not notes, but the old neumes. In addition to the works enumerated in the bibliography, he was probably the author of a letter against simony, addressed to Heribert, archbishop of Milan.

(R. Schmid.)

Bibliography: Guido's works on music, genuine and doubtful, were edited by Gerhart in Script. eaT. de musim sacra, vol. ii., St. Blas, 1784, in MPL, cxh., and in C. E. H. de Couseemaker, Scriptonsm de muaica . . . novus series, vol. ii., Paris. 1865. Consult: R. G. Siesewetter, Guido von Armzo, Leipsic, 1840; H. Niemann, Studien zur Geschichte der NotenaehriA ib. 1878; idem, Musik lexaon, ib. 1895.