GRACE, TERM OF. See Terminism.

GRADUAL: 1. In the canon of the mass (no. ix.) the chant of two verses (occasionally more) taken, as a rule, from the Psalms and sung after the reading of the Epistle; properly as a responsory by one or several voices, or by a portion of the choir; then repeated by another voice, or by the choir collectively. In the stricter sense, "gradual" in the Roman missal denotes only the first couplet of verses, the second member being termed "verse." The name is from the gradus, or steps, on which the precentor stood. The gradual originated from the singing of entire Psalms occurring, in the primitive Church, between the lessons.

Luther, in his Formula missce, permitted the use of the gradual, but preferred to assign the longer graduals of the lenten season to family worship. Accordingly he substituted, in the German mass, a German hymn, to be sung by the full choir. Although the gradual is mentioned by some liturgies of the sixteenth century, it soon lapsed in the Lutheran Church. Latterly, however, it is coming to be restored, or at least, favored, especially on festivals, either in the forms of a congregational hymn, or choral song, or the two combined.

2. In the Roman Church, "gradual" also sig nifies the book containing all the chant, of the mass, in distinction from the Antiphonarium, which con tains the chants proper to the offices of prayer. As first uniformly arranged by Palestrina and Gio vanni Guidetti, it appeared in 1614-15; subse quently, as revised and enlarged in an edition pronounced authentic, in 1872 (folio) and 1877 (octavo).

Georg Rietschel.

Bibliography: E. Martbne De antiquie ecclesi® ritibua, I., iv. 12, § 1, Antwerp, 1736-37; M. Gerbert, De cantu et musica sacra, i. 398 sqq., San Blas, 1774; W. Maskell, Mouumenta rilualia eccleaiee Anplicano, i. 39, London, 1846; L. aeh6berlein, Schatz den liturgischen Chor- and Gemeiudepeeanpe, i. 198 sqq., Göttingen, 1865; v. Thal hofer, Haudbuch den kalholischen Liturgik, ii. 9 sqq., Freiburg, 1893; DCA, i. 746-748; BL, v. 981-983.

GRAFE, grd'fe, EDUARD: German Protestant; b. at Elberfeld (16 m. e.n.e. of Düsseldorf) Mar. 12, 1855. He was educated at the universities of Bonn (1873-74), Leipsic (1874-76, 1878-79), Tübingen

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(1876-77; Ph.D., 1880), and Berlin (1877-78), and became privat-docent at the last-named university in 1884. Two years later he was appointed asso ciate professor of New Testament exegesis at Halle; whence he went to Kiel in 1888 as full professor of the same subject. Since 1890 he has been pro fessor at Bonn, and has written Ueber Veranlassung and Zweck den Romerbriefs (Freiburg, 1881); Die paulinische Lehre vom Genets (1884); and Die Std lung and Bedeutung den Jakobusbriefes in der Ent wicklung den Urchridentums (Tübingen, 1904).