281 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Vows
 Wackernagel
WACE, HENRY: Church of England; b. in Lon
 don Dec. 10, 1836. He was educated at Brasenose
 College, Oxford (B.A., 1860); was ordered deacon
 (1861) and ordained priest (1862); was curate of St.
 Luke's, Berwick Street, London (1861-63), and of
 St. James', Westminster (1863-69), and lecturer of
 Grosvenor Chapel (1870-72); chaplain (1872-80)
 and preacher (1880-96) of Lincoln's Inn, London;
 rector of St. Michael's, Cornhill (1896-1903), and
 since 1903 has been dean of Canterbury. He was
 Boyle Lecturer (1874-75), professor of ecclesiastical
 history in King's College, London (1875-83), and
 principal of the same institution (1883-96); select
 preacher at Cambridge in 1878, 1890, and 1901, and
 at Oxford in 1880-82, Bampton Lecturer at the lat
 ter university in 1879, examining chaplain to the
 archbishop of Canterbury in 1883-1903, honorary
 chaplain to the queen in 1884-89, and chaplain-in-or
 dinary in 1889-1901, and honorary chaplain to the
 king in 1901-03, prebendary of Consumpta-per
 Mare in St. Paul's Cathedral in 1881-1903, rural
 dean of the East City in 1900-03, and dean of Can
 terbury since 1903. Besides editing A Dictionary
 of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doc
 trines, from the time of the Apostles to the Age of Charle
 magne (in collaboration with Sir William Smith; 4
 vols., London, 1880-86; in part rewritten, re
 vised, and reissued in one volume as A Dictionary
 of Christian Biography and'Literature to the End of
 the Sixth Century, London and Boston, 1911, in col
 laboration with W. C. Pierey); The First Principles
 of the Reformation; or, The Primary Works of Luther
 (in collaboration with C. A. Buchheim; 1884); The
 Speaker's Commentary on the Apocrypha (2 vols.,
 1886); and the second series of Nicene and Post-Ni
 cene Fathers (in collaboration with P. Schaff; 14
 vols., New York, 1890-1900), he has written Chris
 tianity and Morality (Boyle lectures; London,
 1876); The Foundations of Faith (Bampton lectures;
 1880); The Gospel and its Witnesses (1883); The Stu
 dents' Manual of the Evidences of Christianity (1886);
 Some Central Points of Our Lord's Ministry (1890);
 Christianity and Agnosticism; Reviews of some recent
 Attacks on the Christian Faith (1895); The Sacrifice
 of Christ (1898); Confession and Absolution (1902);
 Criticism Criticised (1902); The Bible and Modern
 Investigation (1903); Appeal to the First Six Cen
 turies (1905); Principles of the Reformation (1910);
 and Prophecy, Jewish and Christian (1911).
 WACKERNAGEL, vnc'ker-nd"gel, KARL ED
 UARD PHILIPP: Hymnologist and educator; b.
 in Berlin June 28, 1800; d. at Dresden June 20,
 1877. He studied at Berlin and Breslau, devoting
 himself especially to mineralogy and crystallog
 raphy. He also entered upon his hymnological
 studies. He became involved in the political troubles
 of the time, and had to leave Breslau for Halle and
 Halle for Nuremberg (in 1823), where he taught in a
 private school until it was closed for lack of support.
 In 1829 he obtained his doctor's degree and was
 called to Berlin as teacher in the Technical School.

In 1839 he went to Stetten in Wiirttemberg as teacher, in 1845 to Wiesbaden as professor in the Realgymnasium, and in 1849 to Elberfeld as director of the Realschule. In 1861 he resigned and lived thenceforth in retirement in Dresden, occupied with literary work and hymnological studies, so far as his strength permitted. He was one of the prominent founders of the German Evangelical Church Diet (see CHURCH DIET). Wackernagel's work and achievements in the domain of pedagogy, as well as in mathematics and the natural sciences, especially crystallography, were important. As an advocate of a Christian national education he opposed the rationalistic pedagogy, and published a series of " German Reading Books," which were much used, and a significant treatise, Ueber den Unterricht in der deutschen Muttersprache (Stuttgart, 1843), in support of his views. In like manner he held that in. the field of the sciences everything is " spiritually ordered," and he had no sympathy with the empirical point of view which notes only sensuous phenomena. From his youth a deep interest in the poetry and song of the people led him to comprehensive studies in German history and literature. His religious bent forbade his passing over the pearls of German folk-songs-the hymns. In this field no one before him had made so far-reaching, thorough, and methodic investigation, and no one had brought greater natural gifts to the undertaking. The first ripe fruit of his labors was Das deutsche Kirehenlied von Martin Luther bis auf Nicolaus Herman and Ambrosius Blaurer (Stuttgart, 1841), a collection of 850 hymns from the oldest and best texts, and a treatise on the sources whence they were derived. In the preface a history of hymnology is attempted on broad lines, and the principles on which it should be studied and written are discussed. Further study brought so much new material to light that Wackernagel determined on a complete recasting of his work. After thirteen years' preparation he published Bibliographic zur Gesehichte des deutsehen Kirchenliedes im 16. Jahrhundert (Frankfort, 1855), in which he described. 1,148 song-books and sheets (against 187 in the first edition; the number was augmented by 620 more in a supplement in 1877). The second part, under the title Das Kirchenlied von der altesten Zeit bis zu Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts, mit Beriicksichtigung der deutschen kirchlichen Liederdichtung im weiteren Sinne and der lateinischen von Hilarius bis Georg Fabricizcs uzzd Wolfgang Ammonius, followed in five volumes (Leipsic,1864-77). It presents 6,783 hymns. Wackernagel also published Die Lieder Paul Gerhards (Stuttgart, 1843); a new edition of Luther's hymns (1848); Johann Hermanns geistliche Lieder (1856); Gesangbuch fur Kirehe, Sehule, and Hazes (1860); and Beitrage zur niederlkndisehen Hymnologie (Frankfort, 1867).




BIBLIOGRAPHY: L. Schulze, Philipp Wachernagel nach seinem Leben and Wirken, Leipsic, 1819; R. W'ackernagel, Wii-

helm IVackernageh Jugendjahre 1806-33, Basel, 1885;
 ADB, vol. xl.



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