vatiosn THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 144

ous sources. The notes of Vatabius on the Psalms, incorporated in the Triber Psalmorum Davidis printed by Stephens in 1557, were reedited, with the notes of Hugo Grotius, by G. J. L. Vogel in his Francisei Vatabli annotationes in Psalmos (Halls, 1767). The Sorbonne sharply assailed the Stephens edition of 1545 as heretical and inclining toward Lutheranism; while the Salamanca theologians, on the contrary, esteemed the work so highly that they issued a re· vision of it in their Latin Bible of 1584.



BiBrroaneray: A. Cahnet, BsblioEhBque sacrie, iv. 1 eqq.,
 Paris, 1730; G. G. JBCher, Allpemeines GeZelarten-Lesikon,
 iv. 1486, 10 parts, Leipsio, 175P-1819; Biographic unC-
 oeraelle, lavii. 589 sqq.; Liohtenberger, BSR, mi. 307.



The name Vatican is applied both to the palace of the pope at Rome, and to the papal administration in its official relations with temporal powers. The term is derived from the situation of the palace on the Vatican Hill (on the right bank of the Tiber), which, even as late as the time of Aurelian, formed no part of the city of Rome. During the classical period it was notoriously insalubrious (Tacitus, Hist., ii. 93), and even its wine was regarded as poisonous. Nevertheless, Caligula commenced the building of a circus there, and Nero

z. Outline completed it. Here occurred the mar-
 Hiatory. tyrdom of many early Christians, and
 here, according to t;edition, St. Peter
 himself suffered crucifixion; to this is due the selec
 tion of the Vatican as the residence of the succes
 sors of St. Peter. The earliest traces of the Vatican
 palace thus far known were comprised in an epis
 copia erected by Symmachus (498-514), and suc
 cessive pontiffs added to the structures until Nicho
 las III. (1277-80), who was the founder of the
 Vatican in its historic form. It had been a resi
 dence of the popes since the pontificate of Leo IV.
 (847-855), who enclosed it with strong walls; and
 after the exile at Avignon (1308-78), during which
 the older palace of the Lateran had been burned, the
 Vatican became the chief papal palace. Pope after
 pope added to the buildings, or substituted new for
 old, until the result was marvelous. To Nicholas V.
 (1447-55) is due the foundation of the famous Vat
 ican Library; Sixtus IV. (1471-84) built the re
 nowned Sistine Chapel, with Michelangelo's frescoes
 of the Prophets and the Last Judgment; Julius II.
 (1503-13) commenced the celebrated Vatican
 Museum; Leo X. (1513-21) employed the services
 of Raffael, and Paul III. (1534-49) and Julius III.
 (1550-55) of Michelangelo. The real palace of the
 popes was built by Sixtus V. (1585-90), though it
 was not completed until the pontificate of Clement
 VIII. (1592-1605); and among other noteworthy
 popes to whom important pares of the present Vat
 ican are due were Urban VIII. (1623-44), Pius VI.
 (1775-99), and Pius VII. (1800-23). The most
 ancient portion, however, is not in the Vatican

itself, but in the old crypt of St. Peter's, where are portions of the basilica erected by Constantine the Great, as well as the oldest monument of all, the tomb of St. Peter, constructed by popes Linus and Anacletus (67-86).

The Vatican palace itself is a congeries of buildings measuring, according to the usual estimates, some 1,151 feet long by 767 broad (though these figures are probably under the true dimensions), and covering an area of 131 acres. The number of apartments is enormous, and must be at least 1,000. though some estimates run as high as 12,500. Within the palace precincts are twenty courtyards, of which the most important are the Cortile di San Damaso, at the main entrance to the

z. Papal Vatican, and the Cortile dells Sentinel-
 and other la, architecturally one of the most
 Official impressively medieval portions of the
 Apartments. entire Vatican. Besides some 200
 minor stairways, there are eight grand
 flights, the most noteworthy being the Scale Pis
 (forming the main approach to the palace) and the
 Scale Regia, or state stairway, commenced by Urban
 VIII. (1623-44) and completed in the pontificate of
 Alexander VII. (1655-67). The actual apartments
 of the pope are on the east side of the Cortile de
 San Damaso, and are only some twenty=two in num
 ber. This portion of the palace includes the pope's
 library, study, bedroom, private reception room,
 and chapel, the Hall of the Grooms (Sale dei Pala
 frenieri), the Sala Clementine (where a detachment
 of the famous Swiss Guards is stationed), the Sala
 dei Bussolanti (a sort of cloak-room for those ad
 mitted to a papal audience), the Anticamera d'On
 ore (where, on the papal throne, the pontiff receives
 important bodies of visitors and hears the Lenten
 and Advent sermons), and the Anticamera Segreta
 (which only privy councilors and cardinals may
 enter). On the west of the same court are the Borgia
 Apartments, forming the official residence of the
 cardinal secretary of state, and comprising the Sale
 dei Pontifici, the Sale dei Misteri, the Camera dells
 Vita dei Santi, and the Camera dells Arti a Science
 (where the cardinal secretary holds his audiences).
 These rooms, which were built at the command of
 Alexander VI. (1492-1503) and adorned with ex
 quisite frescoes by Pinturicchio (notably the An
 nunciation, Resurrection, and Disputation of St.
 Catherine), have beyond them the study of the car
 dinal secretary (the Sala dello Credo, so called from
 the frescoes of the twelve apostles, each holding a
 scroll bearing his portion of the Apostles' Creed),
 and above them are four rooms frescoed mainly by
 Raffael, while to their right is the exquisite chapel
 of Nicholas V., which contains the masterpieces of
 Fra Angelico, executed by him between 1450 and
 1455. Running left from the Borgia Apartments
 are the Sala del Papagello, where the pope is vested
 before pontificating at St. Peter's, and the Sale dei
 Paramenti, the robing-room of the cardinals before
 great functions; while, still to the left, and sepa
 rated from the Borgia Apartments by the Cortile
 del Papagello, are the Sala Duoale and the Sale
 Regia, from the latter of which access is gained to
 the famous Sistine Chapel, as well as to the Capella
 Paolina, with two fine frescoes by Michelangelo--