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487 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tooreneabergen Tossanus are devoted to the vindication of curialism, though they include, as well, an exposition of the Psalms (Rome, 1476; Mainz, 1478), and QueaEionea spiri tuales super evangelic folios anni (Rome, 1477; Brisen, 1498; and often). K. BENRATH. Bcsnrooxerar: For exact knowledge of Torquemada's wri tings use N. Antonio, Bibliotheca Hiapana value, ii. 288 293, Rome, 1696. Consult further: S. Lederer, Dar spanische Kardinal Johann von Torquemada, Freiburg, 1879; J. Quetif and J. Echard, Scriptores ordinia pradicw forum, i. 837-843, Paris, 1719; H. C. Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition of Spain, vole. i.-iii., New York, 1908-07; H. Gaultier de Saint-Amand, Torquemada. Essai sur l'inquf sition d'Espagne en 11,83, St. Denis, 1910; Pastor, Popes, vole. iii.-iv.: Creighton, Papacy, iii. 48-85; KL, xi. 1883 1885; Schaff, Christian Church, v. 2, passim; and literature under INGm6I170N. TORQUEMADA, TOMAS DE: Spanish inquis itor; b. at Valladolid 1420; d. in a monastery at Avila (53 m. n.w. of Madrid) Sept. 16, 1498. He belonged to the Dominican order, was prior of the cloister at Segovia for twenty-two years, and gave himself up wholly to the organization of the Spanish Inquisition, introduced in 1478 (see INQUISITION, IL, § 5). In 1483 the pope appointed him general or grand inquisitor of Castile and Aragon. He set up four tribunals at Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and Villa Real (later removed to Toledo), and the laws and methods pursued there were his work. The laws were published under the title, CoPilacion de las in strueiones dal officio de la Santa inquisition, heehas par el muy reverendo senor Fray Thomas de Torq2eemada (Madrid, 1576). At his instance Ferdinand and Isabella issued, Oct. 31, 1492, an edict by which all Jews who refused Christianity were to leave Spain. Many professed conversion but secretly practised their old religion, and the inquisition long directed its operations against these " Maranos." Equal sternness was manifested against all others who were mistrusted of lack of fidelity to the Church. Naturally Torquemada's name became a byword among opponents of the inquisition, and stood for fanatical persecution. Toward the end of his life Torquemada retired to the monastery near Avila, where he died. TORREY, CHARLES CUTLER: Congregation alist; b. at East Hardwick, Vt., Dec. 20, 1863. He was educated at Bowdoin College (A.B., 1884), where he was tutor in Latin in 1885-86; he studied also at Andover Theological Seminary (1889), and for three years at the University of Strasburg (Ph.D., 1892). He was instructor in Semitic lan guages at Andover Theological Seminary (1892 1900), and since 1900 has been professor of the same subject in Yale University. He was director of the American School of Oriental Research in Pales tine in 1900-01, and since 1900 has been associate editor of the Journal of the American Oriental So ciety. He has written The Commercial-Theological Terms in the Koran (Leyden, 1892); The Composi tion and historical Value of Ezra-Nehemiah (Giessen, 1896); a translation of Ibn `Abd-al-Hakim's "Mo hammedan Conquest of Egypt and North Africa, in the Years 643 to 705 A.D." in Biblical and Semitic Studies (New York, 1901); and Ezra Studies (Chicago, 1910).

TORREY, JOSEPH: American Congregationalist; b. at Rowley, Mass., Feb. 2, 1797; d. at Burlington, Vt., Nov. 26, 1887. He was graduated from Dartmouth College, 1816, and from Andover Theological Seminary, 1819; preached for a time as a missionary; was pastor at Royalton, Vt,, 1819-27; professor of Latin and Greek in the University of Vermont, 1827--42; of intellectual and moral philosophy, 18427; and president of the university, 1862-66. He edited with memoirs, the Remains of President James Marsh (1843); and the Select Sermons of President Worthington Smith (Andover, 1861); wrote A Theory of Fine Art (lectures, New York, 1874); and finished a masterly translation of Neander's General History of the Christian Religion and Church (9 vole., Edinburgh, 1847-55; 12th ed., 6 vole., Boston, 1881-82).

TORREY, REUBEN ARCHER: Congregationalist, evangelist; b. at Hoboken, N. J., Jan. 28, 1856. He was graduated from Yale University (B.A., 1875) and from the theological department there (B.D., 1878), and studied at the universities of Leipsic and Erlangen. He was pastor of the Congregational Church, Garretsville, 0. (1878-82), Open Door Church, Minneapolis (1883-86); superintendent of the Minneapolis City Missionary Society (1886-$9); pastor of People's Church, Minneapolis (1887-89); superintendent of Chicago Evangelizar tion Society and Moody Bible Institute (1889-1908), having meanwhile been pastor of the Chicago Avenue Church, Chicago (1894-1905); and since Dec., 1901, has been engaged in evangelistic work, part of the time in a tour of the world, preaching in China, Japan, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, India, Germany, in the United Kingdom, and at home. He holds to the divine origin and absolute inerrancy of the Scriptures, to the virgin birth and bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ, to the doctrine that men are saved only through the atoning death of Christ and on condition of faith in him, to the resurrection of the body at the second coming of Christ, to the endless blessed consciousness of those who accept Christ in this life and the endless conscious misery of those who in this life reject Christ. He has written among other works How 1 Bring Men to Christ (New York, 1893); Baptism with the Holy Spirit (1895); How to Study the Bible with Greatest Profit (1896); What the Bible Teaches (1898); Divine Origin of the Bible (1899); How to Promote and Conduct a Successful Revival (1901); How to Work for Christ (1901); Revival Addresses (1903); Talks to Men (1904); Anecdotes and Illustrations (1907); Studies in the Life and Teachings of our Lord (1909); The Person and Work of the Holy Spirit as Revealed in the Scriptures and Personal Experience (1910); and commentaries and helps on the International Lessons Series.

Bisncoaxerar: G. T. B. Davis, Torrey and Alexander; the

Story of a World-wide Revival, New York, 1905; J. K. Maclean, Triumphant Evangelism, London, 1905.

TORTOSA. See PHENICIA, PHENICIANS, L, § 9. TOSEPHTA. See TetmuD. TOSSANUS. See TOV6sAIN.