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8anhedrin

the Holy Mount (New York, 1869); Memorial Tributes (1883); The Story of Saint Patrick (1895) ; and Man's Seal to God's Word (1902).

SANDYS, EDWIN:. Church of England, archbishop of York; b. near Hswkshead (24 m. n.w. of Lancaster), Lancashire, 1516; d. at York July 10, 1588. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge; was converted to Protestantism; elected master of Catherine Hall, 1547; became vicar of Caversham, 1548; canon of Peterborough, 1549; prebendary of Carlisle, 1552; and vice-chancellor of Cambridge, 1553. He was imprisoned in the Tower for espousing the cause of Lady Jane Grey, escaped, and went into voluntary exile until Elizabeth's accession; became bishop of Worcester, 1559; of London, 1570; and archbishop of York, 1576. He took part in the preparation of the Bishops' Bible (see BIBLE VER$IONs, B, IV., § 4) in 1565; translated Hosea, Joel, Amos, and Malachi in the version of 1572; and assisted in the revision of the Liturgy, 1559. A volume of Sermons (London, 1585; 1616) contains in its newer issue (by T. Whitaker, 1812) a life; this volume was reedited with life for the Parker Society by J. Ayre (Cambridge, 1841).

BxsmroosArar: William Thomas, Survey of the CathedralChurch of Worcester; with an Account of the Bishops, pp. 210-214, London, 1736; C. H. and T. Cooper, Athena Cantabrigienaes, ii. 24, 543, ib. 1861; F. G. Lee, The Church under Queen Elizabeth, ib. 1896; W. Clark, The Anglican Reformation, New York, 1897; W. H. Frere, The English Church . . . (1668-1625), London, 1904; H. N. Birt, The Elizabethan Religious Settlement, ib. 1907; DNB, 1. 283-286.

SANDYS, GEORGE: English poet and pars, phrast; b. at Bishopthorpe (2 m. s. of York) Mar. 2, 1577-78; d. at Boxley (32 m. s.e. of London), Kent, Mar., 1644. He was educated at Oxford; traveled in the East, 1610-12; was in Virginia, 1621-24, as colonial treasurer; nominated to the colonial council, 1624, 1626, and 1628, building there "the first water-mill, the first iron-works, and the first ship," but, involved in quarrels and disappointed in not securing the appointment of secretary in 1631, returned to England; and was for some years an attendant of Charles I., and ended life in scholarly retirement. He published a much-valued Relation of a Journey (London 1615) ; translated Ovid's Metamorphoses (1626), partly at Jamestown, Va.; and G. Grotius' Christ's Passion (1640); and paraphrased the Psalms, Job, Canticles, Ecclesiastes, and Lamentation (1636-11). In James Montgomery's opinion "his psalms are incomparably the most poetical in the English language, and yet they are scarcely known." Fragments of one or two of them may be found in some of the hymn-books. The paraphrases were nearly inaccessible until H. J. Todd's Selections from the Metrical Paraphrases on the Psalms and Other Portions of Holy Scripture by G. Sandys with a Memoir (1839) appeared. The Complete Poetical Works (1872) was published with Memoir by R. Hooper in Library of Old Authors (London, 1856-72).

BYBLIOGRAFHY: Besides the Memoirs named in the text, consult: Julian, Hymnology, pp. 918, 994; DNB, 1. 290293.

SANFORD, ELIAS BENJAMIN: Congregationalist; b. at Westbrook, Conn., June 6, 1843. He received his education at Wesleyan University (A.B., 1865; A.M., 1869) and Yale Divinity School; served as pastor at Cornwall (1869-71), Thomaston (1873-81), and Westbrook, all in Connecticut (18821895), during this period being a contributor to religious publications on subjects of importance; he was corresponding secretary of the Open and Institutional Church League (1895-1900); was the organizer of the National Federation of Churches (see CHuRcH FEDERATION) and general secretary of the same since its founding (1900). At his suggestion this organization took action that secured the appointment of delegates from the highest judicatories and national conferences of thirty denominations representing the larger part of the Evangelical church membership of the United States. These delegates came together in an inter-church conference held in New York, Nov. 8-15, 1905, and adopted the plan of federation described in the article referred to above. Since 1903 Dr. Sanford as corresponding secretary has had in charge the correspondence and office details, under direction of the executive committee, of the several conferences. He is the author of History of Connecticut (Hartford, 1881); Concise Cyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1890); Church Federation. Report of Inter-Church Conference on Federation (New York, 1905); and Federal Council of the Churches. Report of the First Meeting of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America (Philadelphia, 1908).

SANHEDRIN, san'he-drin, SANHEDRIM: The term usually applied to the highest Jewish judicatory in Jerusalem at the time of Christ. The New Testament in the Greek usually employs the term synedrion to designate the court in which the judicial process against Jesus Christ was carried on (Matt. xxvi. 59; Mark xiv. 55, xv. 1; Luke xxii. 66), before which the apostles (Acts v. 21, 27, 34, 41), especially Peter and John (Acts iv. 15), Stephen (Acts vi. 12, 15), and Paul (Acts xxii. 30, xxiii. passim, xxiv. 20), had to answer for their faith in the Risen One. In John xi. 47 the term is applied to a session of this court. [In the English version the term "council" is usually applied to this court, and generally with additional phrases, such as "elders, scribes and the whole council," "° elders, chief priests, and scribes," "council and senate."] In the passages cited above the reference is to one court alone. But the plural form in Matt. x. 17; Mark xiii. 9; cf. Matt. v. 22, refers to smaller judicatories. These bodies had the right to make arrests (Matt. xxvi. 47 sqq.; Mark xiv. 43 sqq.; cf. Acts v. 18, ix. 2), to pronounce decision and to punish, except that capital punishment required the confirmation of the Roman procurator, by whom it seems to have been executed (John xviii. 31); the only case of capital punishment mentioned in connection with this judicatory in the New Testament is that of Jesus. Acts ix. 2 indicates that the mandates of the great sanhedrin was recognized wherever Jews dwelt-the high priest's directions reached at any rate to Damascus. The great sanhedrin was composed of elders (see ELDERS IN ISRAEL), Scribes