493 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA I'°"r°°u I'°°t"r°°
Inner A0U
of it by H. T. Riley in Bohn's
Antiquarian Library
(vol. xxix., London, 1854); also one by J. Steven
son in
Church Historians of England
(vol. iii., Lon
don, 1854).
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
The only early source is Ordericue Vitalis,
Eccl. Hist.
of
England and Normandy,
in
Bohn's Anti
quarian Library, 4
vole., London,
1853-b4.
Consult: F.
Liebermann, in NA, xviii.
225-287, ("
masterly "); T.
Wright,
Biopraphia Britannica literaria, ii. 28-33, ib. 1848;
T. D. Hardy,
Descriptive Catalogue
of
Materiade, ii, b8-84,
128-129,
in
Rolls Series,
no.
28,
ib.
1885;
H. S. English,
Croyland and Burgh,
ib.
1871
(holds to genuineness of the
History); E. A. Freeman,
Norman Conquest, iv. 800-802,
890, Oxford,
1879; O.
Delare, in
Revue das questions
historiquta, xli (1887), 337-381; W. G. Bowie, Inpulf and
the Historia Croylandensia,
Cambridge.
1894;
Gross,
Sources, p. 187; DNB, xxix. 18-17.
INHERITANCE, HEBREW. See FAMmy AND
MARRIAGE RELATIONS, HEBREW.
INNER AUSTRIA, THE REFORMATION IN.
I. The Reformation: Since the fifteenth century
the name " Inner Austria " has been given to the
lands of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. As early
as 1411 they formed an independent administrative
group, with Graz as the seat of government.
Ecclesiastically they belonged to the archbishopric
of Salzburg and the patriarchate of Aquileja.
Medieval opposition to the papacy manifested itself
here at an early time, and humanistic studies were
pursued with especial zeal. The great religious
movement of the sixteenth century had a still
greater effect, a result due to the gross abuses of
the clergy. The monasteries became empty, there
was a general lack of priests, and the Protestant
nobility acquired a considerable part of the eccle
siastical possessions. The Salzburg synod of 1549
furnished proof that Styria, Carinthia, and possibly
also Carniola had been thoroughly penetrated by
Protestantism. While Ferdinand I. used his ut
most powers to preserve the old doctrine, he found
himself compelled to make concessions after the
heavy defeat of Charles V. by Maurice of Saxony.
Ferdinand rrfused to recognize the terms of the
religious peace on the ground that his estates were
not imperial, but he permitted administration of
the Lord's Supper in both kinds. The leader of the
Protestants was Hans Ungnad, governor-general of
Styria. On account of his interest in the Protestant
cause he fell into disgrace and went into exile, first
to Saxony, then to Wtirttemburg, where he carried
on an active propaganda among the southern Slavs.
The best hopes were awakened on the accession of
Maximilian II. (1564), the only representative of
the Hapsburg dynasty who had inclinations toward
the Augsburg Confession, but he subordinated his
religious convictions to his political ambitions,
especially when, after the tragic end of Don Carlos,
the prospect of the possession of Spain opened
itself to the Hapsburg dynasty. His brother,
Charles II., the proper ruler of Inner Austria, ful
filled still less the expectations of the Protestants,
but he was powerless against the growth of the new
religious spirit. The clergy had given up celibacy,
the cup was administered to the laity, and mass
was read in German. The administration of the
country and almost all municipal offices were in
the hands of Protestants, and even the personnel
of the court belonged to the Augsburg Confession.
In the political assemblies the Protestants had a
large majority. In the beginning of the seventies
Charles II. adopted a course more in accord with
the policy of the Jesuits, but his financial difficulties
compelled him, in the treaties of Graz (1572) and
Bruck-on-the-Mur (1578), to make concessions to
the adherents of the Augsburg Confession. He
promised not to use violence, and allowed the
Protestants in Graz and Judenburg, Laibach and
Klagenfurt to build their own churches and schools.
In the capitals, Graz, Klagenfurt, and Laibach,
there was now instituted a special administrative
department of churches and schools. A church
order binding for all Protestants of Inner Austria
was drawn up and, with the concessions of the archduke, was regarded by the Protestants as a charter
which would protect them against all future persecutions. The cathedral school in Graz became
a sort of Protestant university, and the number of
Protestant clergymen was increased.
II. The Counterreformation: With the great concessions of Bruck, Protestantism in Inner Austria
had reached its culminating-point. There was consternation at the papal court when it received the
news of the concessions of the archduke, and it was
feared that the movement would spread into Venetian territory. A nuncio appeared in Graz, the
archduke was put under the ban, and every means
was tried to withdraw the concessions made to the
Protestants. The archduke was not disinclined to
retract, and the courts of Munich, Innsbruck, Salzburg and Prague supported the cause of Romanism.
In Munich there took place in Oct., 1579, a discussion in which the principles for carrying on the
Counterreformation in Inner Austria were laid down.
The reactionary movement proceeded slowly, but
surely. Protestant church-service was at first
abolished in cities and market-towns, an3 Evangelical preachers and teachers were expelled.
Bavarians were sent to the court of Graz, and the
best positions in the ecclesiastical hierarchy were
occupied by Bavarians. After a few years, Styria
presented an entirely changed view. Citizens
emigrated to live according to their faith in Evangelical localities, and a strictly Catholic university
was erected in Graz and delivered to the Jesuits
to suppress the Protestant school. To restrain the
increase of Protestant citizens, the " Catholic
citizens' oath " was required of every candidate for
citizenship. The Protestant citizens in Graz were
prohibited from visiting the Protestant cathedral
church, and whoever allowed his children to be
baptized or married in it was punished. It was in
vain that the entire nobility of all three countries
and the Protestant princes of the empire asked for
the intervention of Emperor Rudolf II. in behalf
of the oppressed citizens.
In 1595 Ferdinand II. (q.v.) succeeded Archduke
Charles in the rule of Inner Austria, and dealt the
final and decisive blow to the Protestants. First
the Pfotestant administrative departments in Graz,
Judenburg, and Laibaeh were abolished, and the
Protestant clergymen were expelled from the
country. Then there was started a campaign
against Protestant citizens and peasants, against
Protestant church, cemeteries, and schools, and