burg, 1881; Ward, in DwUin Reoieta, zmii. 1879; J. Langan, Gidhts der romuehen Kiaahe, ii, 507-680, Bonn, 1885; Mann. Popes, i. 304-345 (luminous); H. Grisar, Analeda Romana, no. ix-, Rome, 1899; B Platina, Lirow of Are Popes, i. 145 eqq, London n.d.; Chapman. Condemnation of Pope Hononus, i b., 1907; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 289; Bower, Popes, i. 432438.; and literature under MoxoTBzLrr$s.

Honorius IL (Cadalus) : Antipope 1081-84. After Alexander II. had been elected and enthroned as the successor of Nicholas II., an assembly of German and Lombard bishops, convened at Basel by the empress Agnes, elected (Oct. 28, 1081) as antipope Bishop Cadalus of Parma, who bore the name of Honorius II. The status of Cadalus was irregular from the very outset; and the empress was unable to compel recognition of him. After some agitation in his behalf by Bishop Benso of Alba, as imperial envoy to Rome, Cadalus could advance as far as Sutri, and he even scored a victory over Alexander's troops before the gates of Rome. But at this juncture Duke Godfrey of Lorraine took part in the strife (May, 1081) and induced both rivals to submit the matter to the king's decision. Pending the outcome they returned to their dioceses. Inasmuch as the German king happened to be under the power of the imperial administrator, to refer the decision to him as umpire was only to refer the whole issue to Anno of Cologne. The matter came up for discussion at the Synod of Augsburg in Oct., 1082, which practically decided against Honorius; but it was agreed that a German bishop should first be sent to Rome to investigate charges of simony that had been urged against Alexander. This responsible office was assigned to Anno's nephew, Burchard of Halberstadt. The result was that Alexander was conducted to Rome by Duke Godfrey in Mar., 1063. Cadalus still proceeded aggressively, even advancing upon Rome, and, contriving to secure himself at Castle Angelo; but he was obliged to leave Rome again. The council at Mantua, May 31, 1064, decreed the definitive recognition of his opponent. Cadalus died as the year 1071 lapsed into 1072. See ALEXANDER II.; and

BIBLIOGaAPHY: W. Martens, Besedzunp des p4pstlichen Stuhlea unter den Kaisers Heinrich III. and IV., pp. 118 oqq., Freiburg, 1888; G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrbacher des

Leipsio, 189084; J. Langan, Gewhichts der r6mischari %irche, Vol. iii., Bonn, 1892; C. Mirbt, Die Publizietik im Zeitalter tlregors VII., Leipsie, 1894 Hauck, KD, Vol. F. Gregorovius, Hist. of City of Rome, iv. 130 eqq.,

Honorius II. (Lambert di Fagnano): Pope 11241130. He was elevated by Paschal II. as cardinal bishop of Ostia, and was one of the electors of Gelasius II., with whom he shared exile in France. As one of the six cardinals who, in France, elected Calixtus II. as successor to Gelasius II., he stood on very close terms with this pope, and was employed in the most difficult missions. It was he who concluded with the emperor Henry V. the socalled Concordat of Worms (see CONCORDATS AND DELIMITING BUL1$, I., § 1). He was consecrated Dec. 21, 1124, by the Frangipani, contrary to the wish of the cardinals of the Leoni party, who had already proclaimed their colleague Theobald as Pope Celestine II., though subsequently they ac-

Bn3LI0a8AP87: Sources are the letters from and to Hono· rius, found in MPL, clzvi. 1217-1320, in Bouquet, Rscuail, xv. 258-289, and in Jaff6, Repeats, i. 824-839, ii. 755; the Vita by Pandulph, in J. M. Wstteriah, Vita. ponriJlcum Romanorum, ii. 167-158, Leipsia, 1882 and that by Boeo, also in Watterioh, ii. 168-169 Consult: W. Bernheim, Zur (luchichts des Wormser %nkordates, pp. 42 eqq. Gottingen, 1878 W. Bernhardi, Lothar won RuPPUnburp. PP. 45 eqq., 289 eq4.. LeiPsia, 1879; J. Langan, (hschichte der rSmischan %irehs iii. 305 eqq. Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hiet. of the City of Rome, iv. 408-410, London, 1898; B. Plating, Lives of the Popes, ii. 38-39, ib. n.d.; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 144 e99.; Bower, Popes, ii. 481-484.

Hoaorius III. (Cencio Savelli): Pope 1218-27. He came of a race of possibly German origin which took its name from the fortress of Sabellum, near Albano, was educated for the Church, and became a canon of Santa Maria. Maggiore. Under Clement III. and Cslestine III. he was treasurer of the Roman Church. Celestine III. made him a cardinal deacon before Mar. 5, 1193; Innocent III. raised him to the rank of a cardinal priest before Mar. 13, 1198; and on July 18, 1216, he was elected pope at Perugia. He took up with special interest the idea of the crusade and strove to unite the princes of Europe in its interest. Far-reaching prospects seemed to open before him when he was able to set the crown of the Greek empire upon the head of Pierre de Courtenay (Apr., 1217); but the new emperor was captured on his eastward journey and died in confinement. Honorius then looked to Frederick II. for help and urged him to come to Rome and be crowned as a preliminary to setting out-for the East. But Frederick hung back, and Honorius repeatedly put off the date for the beginning of the expedition. Frederick had promised before Innocent's death that as soon as he should receive the imperial crown he would resign the crown of Sicily to his young eon Henry; but at the end of 1218 he summoned Henry from Sicily, and later withdrew from him the title of king of Sicily, assuming it himself. In Apr., 1220, he was elected emperor, and wrote to the pope requesting confirmation. At last he appeared in Rome, and mutual compromise seemed to bind him and Honorius closer. The crusade was again postponed until Aug., 1221; and on Nov. 22, 1220, Frederick was crowned in Rome. The advantage seemed by no means all on his side; the power of the Church