hierarchy was reestablished in 1853, with a great increase of priests. Many of the priests are engaged in schools and administration. In the reconstituted hierarchy Holland forms one province, divided into five dioceses, namely, the archbishopric of Utrecht, with suffragans at Haarlem, Hertogenbosch, Breda, and Roermond. Each diocese has a chapter, consisting of a dean and eight canons, who are the bishop's council and who meet monthly. In case of vacancies they name three persons, from whom the pope selects the successor. Each diocese has a seminary for priests, under the bishop, who names all the professors.
Ill. The Jansenist Church: For an account of this body the reader is referred to the article JANSENIST CHURCH IN HOLLAND.
IV. The Jews: The number of Jews in Holland was not large until Holland had gained her independence. They came principally from the Iberian Peninsula and Germany. After the Union of Utrecht in 1579 Jews of Spain and Portugal fled to Holland, became strong supporters of the House of Orange, and received from it corresponding protection. The Portuguese Jews in Holland were richer and more refined than the German Jews, but the latter were far more numerous. Between these two bodies there was at first but little intercourse; but the German Jews gradually increased in wealth and culture, while the Portuguese Jews in their affluence either stood still or retrograded. There were also some differences in their ritual and ceremonies, and in the pronunciation of the Hebrew language. These circumstances tended to prevent close relationship at first; but in 1814 a union was effected, and rabbinical vacancies were thenceforth filled from either nationality.
The German Jews incorporated their brethren, who were already settled in the Netherlands, with themselves, and subsequently many other Jewish refugees from eastern Europe. All these collectively now constitute the Netherlandish Israelite Society. The German Jews began to enter Holland in considerable numbers about 1615; and although they were never so highly esteemed nor had enjoyed such privileges as the Portuguese Jews, yet their congregation at Amsterdam, established in 1636, is the central congregation of Jews in Holland. Their petition in 1648 to be allowed to build a synagogue was at first refused. But their ranks were so largely increased during the two or three decades following that permission was granted them, and (in 1671) they erected a great synagogue in Amsterdam, which stands to this day. In this they are all united to form one great congregation. Political equality was not secured by them until 1796. The first decree for the management of their affairs was issued in 1808. This made one supreme consistory over all German Jews in Holland. When the country became a French province in 1813 this consistory was for a time subordinate to the central Jewish consistory at Paris; but in 1816 William I. appointed " A General Commission of Advice " for all Jews in the kingdom. A definite organization was not attained until 1870. The affairs of the Netherlandish Israelite Society are now in the hands of a central board, which meets annually, while a permanent
committee of three sitting in Amsterdam attends to current business. The Portuguese Jews were permitted to build a synagogue at Amsterdam as early as 1597. Others were soon built, including one at The lftague. Their school, established at Amsterdam in 1639, developed into a rabbinical seminary, and still exists. Since 1870 their affairs are managed by a central board. The society at The Hague has one rabbi, while that at Amsterdam has a college with three associates. In 1900 the number of Jews in Holland was 103,988. Of these, 64,748 were Holland Jews, 5,645 were Portuguese Jews.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: General and statistical are: P. H. Wick steed, The Ecclesiastical Institutions of Holland, London, 1875; J. R. Gunning, Het Protestanache Nederland onzer Dapen, Groningen, 1889; M.. W. L. van Alphen, Nieuw Kerkehjk Handboek (annual). For the Protestants consult: G. Brandt, Hist. of the Reformation in and about the Low Countries, 4 vols., London, 1720; J. M. Neale, Hist. of the So-called Janwnist Church of Holland, ib. 1858 J. Knappert, De Nederlandeche Hervmmde Kerk, Leyden, 1883; M. G. Hausen, The Reformed Church in the Netherlands, New York, 1884; G. J. Vos, De tepenwoordipe inricting der Vaderlandache Kerk, Dort, 1884; D. van Pelt, A Church and her Martyrs, New York, 1889; J. L. Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic, and History of the United Netherlands, in his Works 7 vols., New York, 1900; H. J. A. Copeens, Alpemeen Ovxzicht der Kerkgeschiedenis van Noord-Nederland, Utrecht 1902; Hvon' Hoffmann, Das Kirchenverfaseunperecht der niedrl8ndiechen Reformierten bis 1618, Leipsie, 1902; J. Kuiper, Oeschiedenis van hit godedienatip en Kerkehjk Leven van hat Nederlandache Volk, Nijkerk, 1902-03; Nederland8che evanpelisch protestantache Vereenipung, 18631808, The Hague, 1903; C. W. van Boetselser van Dubbeldam, De pereformeerde Kerken in Nederland en de Zending in Oost-India in de dapen der Ooshlndische compagnie, Utrecht, 1906; F. Nippold, Handbuch der neueden Kirchengeschichle, iv. 451-479, Berlin, 1901. For the Catholics and Old Catholics: De Oud-Katholieken in Nederland, The Hague, 1872; Bijdragen voar de geachiedenie der Roomach-Katholieks Kerk in Nederland, Rotterdam 1888; F. A. van Kerkhoff, Ben Terugblik op hit heretel der Hierarchic in Nederland, Vlaardingen, 1893; P. H. Albers, Geachiadenis van hot hratel der Hierarchic in do Nederlanden, 2 vols., Nijmegen, 1903-04; F. Nippold, ut sup., ii. 412430.
HOLLAND, HENRY SCOTT: Church of England; b. at Ledbury (13 m. e. of Hereford), Herefordshire, Jan. 27, 1847. He studied at Balliol College, Oxford, (B.A., 1870), and was senior student at Christ Church, Oxford, from 1870 to 1885, and theological tutor in the same college from 1872 to 1885. In 1883,84 he was honorary canon of St. Petroc in Truro Cathedral and examining chaplain to the bishop of Truro in 1883-1904. He was commissary to the bishop of Brisbane from 1885 to 1903, and has been examining chaplain to the bishop of St. Andrews since 1893, and to the bishop of Oxford since 1901. Since 1884 he has been a canon of St. Paul's Cathedral. In addition to editing Commonwealth since 1899 and contributing Faith to Charles Gore's Lux Mundi (London, 1889), and Church and State to the same theologian's Essays in Aid of the Reform of the Church, (1898), as well as The Obligation of Civil Law to J. E. Hand's Good Citizenship (1899), he has written The Apostolic Fathers (London, 1878); Four Addresses on the Sacrifice of the Cross (1879); Logic and Life, with Other Sermons (1882); Good Friday Addresses at St. Paul's Cathedral (1884); Christ or Ecclesiastes (1887); Creed and Character (1887); On Behalf of