86 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Gregory VIII.-8. cry died Aug. 22, 1241. He may be called great in his zeal for the Church. That he was blinded by his hatred of Frederick and unscrupulous in his choice of aggressive measures is the blot on his reputation. CARL MrRHT.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Sources for a history are: The Rpistolm, in MGH, Bpist. smc. xiii., i (1883), 261-739; MGH, Log., ii. 1 (1837), 274-276, 299-300; his treaty of peace with Frederick II., in MGH, Leg., i. 1 (1837), 334-337; lu Repistres de Gregoire IX. Recucdl des bullet de cs pope . ed. L. Auvray, Paris, 1890-99; A. Huillard-Bre-

holles, Historia diplomatica Priderici 11., 6 vols., Paris, 1852-61 (a collection of documents, letters, eta.); A. Potthast, Regesta pontifcum Romanorum, i. 880-939, ii. 2099-2110, 2136-37, Berlin, 1874-75; Vita Greporii IX., in L. A. Muratori, Script.. rer. Itai., iii. 1, pp. 575587, 25 vols., Milan, 1723-51, also ad. J. Marx, Berlin, 1889. Pertinent documents are to be found in Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, pp. 240-259, 590-591, and in Reich, Documents, pp. 266-270, 308-318. Consult: E. Winkelmann, Geschichte Kaiser Friedrichs 11. and seiner Reiche, 2 vols., Berlin, 1863-65; A. Pichler, Geschichte der kirchlichen Trennunp e wiechen dam Orient and Occident, i. 323 sqq., Munich, 1864; B. Haurcau, GrAgoire IX. at la philosophic d'Aristote Paris, 1872; P. Balan, Storia di Gregorio IX. a dei suoi tempi, odena, 1872; H. Reuter, Geschichte der religidiaen Aufkl4runp in Mittelalter, vol. ii., Berlin, 1877· W. Felten, Papat Gregor IX., Freiburg, 1886; C. Rodenberg, Kaiser Friedrich 11. and die deutsehe Kirche, in Hiatorische Auf,Uee rum Andenken an G. Waits, pp. 228-248, Hanover, 1886; idem, Die Vorserkandlungen sum Frieden von San Germano, 1889-1030, in NA, xviii (1892), 177-205; E. Michael, in ZKT, ii (1888), 290-301; F. Gregorovius Hint. of the City o/ Rome, r. 142-217, London, 1897; M. Halbe, Friedrich ll. and der apostoliache Stuhl, Berlin, 1896; R. R6hricht, Geechirhte des K6nigreichs Jerusalem 1101-1281, pp. 757-796, Innsbruck, 1898· J. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, pp. 102, 209, 218, New York, 1904; Hefele, Concilienpeschichte, v. 955 sqq.; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 17$--183; Bower. Popes, ii. 557-559; Milman, Latin Christianity, v. 321-452.

For his relation to the crusades consult: J. I. Mom.

bert, Short Hint. of the Crusades, pp. 246 et passim, New York, 1894; T. A. Archer and C. L. Kingsford, The Crusades, pp. 380-383, 386, 428, ib. 1895; J. M. Ludlow, The Age of the Crusade#, p. 300 et passim, ib. 1896.

Gregory %. (Teobaldo Visconti): Pope 1271-76.

He was born in Piacenza in 1210 and was archdea

con of Lidge when he was chosen pope on Sept. 1,

1271. The Roman see had been unoccupied for

nearly three years (since the death of Clement IV.,

Nov. 29, 1268), the cardinals in session at Viterbo,

divided into a French and an Italian party, being

unable to agree until finally they reached a com

promise in the election of Teobaldo Visconti. At

the time he was in the Holy Land as a crusader.

Upon the news of his elevation, he set out from

Acre Nov. 19, arrived at Brindisi Jan. 1, 1272, and,

after stopping awhile at Viterbq, entered Rome on

Mar. 13; he was ordained priest on Mar. 19 and on

Mar. 27 received consecration in St. Peter's as

Gregory X. On Mar. 31 he ordered a general council on May 1, 1274, for the aboli The tion of the Greek schism, and to abate Council of the oppression of the Holy Land by the

Lyons, 1274. Saracens and the corruption of morals

among clergy and laity. It was form

ally decided, on Apr. 13, 1273, that the coun

cil should convene at Lyons. Of the princes in

vited only James I. of Aragon attended in person;

but many ambassadors were present, and about

sixteen hundred prelates, among whom were five

hundred bishops. The first session of the council,

which is usually designated by the Roman Catholic Church as the Fourteenth Ecumenical Council, was opened on May 7, 1274; the sixth and last session was held on July 17.

Gregory cherished peculiar interest for the Holy Land and large resources were obtained from

A Crusade the new patriarch of Jerusalem whom Attempted. Gregory had installed (Archbishop

Thomas of Cosenza) td afford sustenance to the Christian army. Moreover, on the initiative of King Charles of Sicily, a ten years' truce had been concluded in Csesarea between Sultan Bibars and King Hugo of Cyprus-at least as far as Ptolemais and Nazareth were concerned. There shortly ensued, however, all kinds of untoward circumstances. Prince Edward of England left the Holy Land; the new patriarch proved incompetent; and the strife between Hugo of Cyprus and Maria of Antioch over the crown of Jerusalem continued. The council failed to support the operations in the East. The pope contrived, indeed, to have a tithe of the church revenues appropriated for six years to the prospective crusade; but no great or adequate action was taken.

Emperor Michael Paheologas of Byzantium had sent ambassadors to Lyons; and to gain Gregory's assistance against the aggressive designs of Charles of Sicily, he evinced great cordiality toward the pope's ecclesiastical plans. The Byzantine dele-

Union the creed; the primacy of Rome was with the acknowledged in an imperial com- Eastern munication that was read in public; Church. and the logothete took the oath in the

emperor's name that he solemnly abjured all schism. In short, the submission to the Roman see was complete.

The Council of Lyons was also important for Gregory's relations with Germany. When, after the death of Richard of Cornwall (Apr. 2, 1272),

Relations Castile, demanded imperial corona- with tion, the pope held aloof; as he did Germany. with respect to the demand of Philip

of France, which was backed by Charles of Sicily. On the other hand, at the clove of July, 1273, he addressed to the German eleAorr the mandate to hold a new election promptly, and threatened, were this avoided, himself to appoint a king. Count Rudolph of Hapsburg was accordingly elected at Frankfort, Oct. 1, 1273. King Ottoear of Bohemia lodging a protest against tke election it was only after receiving extensive concessions that Gregory gave an affirmative decision in behalf of Rudolph's petition for imperial coroner tion. The pope had no success in. his attempt to move Ottocar of Bohemia to submit to Rudolph; but he succeeded in procuring the renunciation by Alfonso of Castile of all claims to the German empire. Rudolph of Hapsburg was recognized by Gregory in a written proclamation dated Sept. 26, 1274. After further concessions at Lausanne (Oct. 21, 1275), the day for the imperial coronation was set for Feb. 2, 1276.

At least some attempt was also made, although