1873,84 traveled in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. He was secretary of the Jewish community at Budapest from 1876 to 1905 and in 1894 was appointed professor of Semitic philology in the University of Budapest, while since 1900 he has been lecturer on the philosophy of religion in the Jewish Theological Seminary of the same city. He served as one of the members of the foreign board of consulting editors of the Jewish Encyclopedia, to which he also contributed (1901-05). He is particularly known for his researches in Mohammedanism. In theology he adheres to the critical method in all problems. He has written Sttudim caber Tanchum jerusehalmi (Leipsie, 1870); Der Mythos bei den Hebretem and seine geschichtliche Entudcklung (1876; Eng. transl., Hebrew Mythology, by R. Martineau, London, 1877); Az Iszldm (Budapest, 1881); Die z4hiriten, ihr Lehrsystem and ihre Geschichte (Leipsie, 1884); Muhammedanische Studim (2 vols., Halle, 18891890); Der Diwdn des Garwal ben Aus Al-Hufej'a (Leipsie, 1893); Abhandlungen zur arabisehen Philologie (2 vols., Leyden, .1896-99); Le Livre de Mohammed tZn Toumert, Mahdi des Almohades (Algiers, 1903); and A Buddismua hatdsa az 1szldmra (Budapest, 1903); and has edited Kitab ma ani al-nafs (Gdttingen, 1907).

German Protestant; b. at Langenbruck (16 m. s.e. of Basel), Switzerland, July 31, 1870. He was educated at the universities of Berlin, Halle, and Bonn (lic. theol., Berlin, 1893), was vicar at Fehrbellin (1895-96), and pastor at Deyelsdorf, Pommerania (1898-1902). In 1902 he became privat-docent for practical theology at the University of Berlin, where he still remains. He has written Das Gebet in der dltesten Christenheit (Leipsic, 1901); Reisebilder am dem griechischrturkischen Orient (Halle, 1902); and Der Dienat der Frau in der christlichen $irehe (Potsdam' 1905); Athanasiua de Virginitate (Leipsie, 1905); and Tisehgebete and Abendmahlgebete in der allchristlwhen uttd griechischen Kirche (1905).

tirung fiber die bevorstehende General-Synode (Bielefeld, 1874-75).

GOMARUS (GOMAR), FRANCISCUS: Leader of the strict Calvinistic party in Holland in the Arminian controversy; b. at Bruges, in Flanders, Jan. 30, 1563; d. at Groningen Jan. 11, 1641. He devoted himself to humanistic studies under Johann Sturm at Strasburg, and, beginning in 1580, studied theology at Neustadt under Ursinus, Zanchius, and Tossanus, then successively at Oxford, Cambridge, and Heidelberg. From 1587 he was pastor of the Netherlandish congregation in Frankfort-on-theMain. In 1594 he became professor of theology in Leyden. His strict Calvinism involved him in severe controversies with Arminius when he became his colleague in 1603. The chief point of dispute was the doctrine of predestination. The controversy soon became general. Colloquies arranged for the purpose of reconciling the opponents were without success. When Arminius died in 1609, Konrad Vorst (q.v.), a man of still more heterodox tendencies, became his successor, and Gomarus resigned in 1611 and became preacher of the Reformed congregation in Middelburg, where he also lectured on theology and Hebrew. In 1614 be went to Sampur as professor of theology, and four years later to Groningen. He took a prominent part in the Synod of Dort (1618-19), and was one of the chief opponents of Arminianism in that assembly. Thenceforth he lived a lonely life at Groningen. In 1633 he took part in the revision of the translation of the Bible at Leyden. He was of a polemical nature, but faithful and conscientious in the discharge of duty. His collected works, mostly polemical, appeared in one volume folio, Amsterdam, 1645. See ARnsamus, JAconus, ARMIxIAmsM;

(S. D. VAN VEEN.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: B. Glasius, Godgeleerd Nederland, i. 537, 546, Hertogenbosch, 1851; C. Sepp, Het godpeleerd Omderwijs in Nederland i. 101-120, 167-170, Leyden, 1873. Consult also A. Schweizer, Die protestantiachen Centraldogmen in ihrer Entwickelunp, ii. 31-224, Zurich, 1856.

Polish antitrinitarian; b. at Goniadz (32 m. n.w. of Bielostok) c. 1525; place and date of death unknown. By his opposition to the anti-Catholic teachings of Francesco Stancaro at Cracow he attracted the attention of the bishop and clergy of Samogitia, who sent him abroad to complete his education. During the following years he resided in Germany (especially at Wittenberg), Switzerland (including Geneva), and probably Italy. His association with Italian antitrinitarians in Switzerland and his study of the writings of Servetus seem to have inspired him with heretical doctrines concerning the Trinity, while from the Moravian Anabaptists he received the teaching that the Christian can neither accept office nor engage in war, and took a hostile attitude toward infant baptism. At a synod held at Secymin Jan. 22-23, 1556, Gonesius boldly polendzed against the doctrine of the Trinity, accepting the Apostles' Creed, but rejecting the Nicene and Athanasian Symbols. The Father alone