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Fersaeon THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 302 Ferrari He then studied at the (Congregational) Glasgow Theological Academy under Ralph Wardlaw until 1844, when, with eight other students, he was ex pelled for not believing in the doctrine of uncon ditional election and the special and irresistible influence of the Holy Spirit. His studies were completed in the Theological Hall of the Evan gelical Union (q.v.) under James Morison (q.v.), and he was ordained pastor of a newly formed church of the Evangelical Union in Glasgow in Mar., 1845. The church grew under Ferguson's ministration and a new building was twice found necessary. He became a leader of his denomination and was professor of New Testament exegesis and literature in the Theological Hall. His preaching was popular and he was honored as one of the most useful citizens of Glasgow. For some years he edited the Evangelical Repository and he published many popular volumes, including Bible Election (Glasgow, 1854); Letters on the Principal Points of a Calvinistic Controversy (1854); A Treatise on Peace with God (1856); Holiness; or what we should be and do (1862); Sacred Scenes; Notes of Travel in Egypt and the Holy Land (London, 1864); The History o f the Evangelical Union (1876; A Popular Life of Christ (1878); From. Glasgow to Missouri and Back (Glasgow, 1878); The Character of God (London, 1881); The Patriarchs (1882). WILLIAM ADAMSON. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Life by William Adamson, London, 1900. FERGUSON, SAMUEL DAVID: Protestant Epis copal missionary bishop of Cape Palmas and parts adjacent; b., of African descent, at Charlestown, S. C., Jan. 1, 1842. At the age of six he was taken by his parents to Liberia, where he was educated in the church mission schools and received his theo logical training from the mission clergy. He was ordered deacon in 1865 and priested two years later, afte! which he was rector of St. Mark's, Harper, Liberia, until 1885, being also a teacher in the boys' boarding-school at Cavalla 1862-63 and mas ter of Mount Vaughan high school 1863-73. In 1885 he was consecrated missionary bishop of Cape Palmas and parts adjacent, and was the first negro to be elevated to the Protestant Episcopal episco pate. FERMENTARII (FERMENTTACEI). See AzY MITEB. FERRAR, NICHOLAS: English clergyman;. b. in London Feb. 22, 1592; d. at Little Gidding (10 m. n.w. of Huntingdon), Huntingdonshire, Dec. 4, 1637. He studied at Clare Hall, Cambridge (B.A., 1610; M.A., 1613). From 1613 to 1618 he traveled and studied in Germany, Italy, France, and Spain, and on his return to England devoted himself till 1623 to the affairs of the Virginia Company, in which his family was interested. In 1624 he was elected to Parliament, and took part in the im peachment of the Earl of Middlesex. But he soon tired of public life, and, shrinking from the impend ing political disorders, with his widowed mother, and the families of his brother and his brother-in-law, John Collet he settled at Little Gidding, and es tablished there what the Puritans called his Prot estant nunnery. In 1626 he was ordained deacon

by Laud, but would never consent to take priest's orders, and the most flattering offers of valuable benefices were not sufficient to tempt him from his life of religious devotion. Matins and evensong were said daily by Ferrar in the church of Little Gidding, the other canonical hours being said in the manor house. One room was set apart as an oratory for general devotions, and there were two separate oratories for the men and women at night. Vigils were kept throughout the night; and Ferrar himself, who slept on the floor, arose at one o'clock in the morning for religious meditation. Everything was done by rule, and there was some definite occupation for every hour. It was Ferrar's theory that everybody should learn a trade; and bookbinding was taught in his institution. Numerous elaborate volumes bound here are still extant, including a copy of Ferrar's Harmony of the Gospels (1635) made for Charles I., who held Ferrar in great veneration and visited him in 1642, and again in 1646. Ferrar also provided a free school for the children of the neighborhood, and served himself as teacher. The institution soon attracted the enmity of Puritanism. In 1641 it was unjustly attacked in a pamphlet entitled The Arminian Nunnery; and early in 1647 the manor and the church at Little Gidding were sacked by the Parliamentary army. The church was carefully restored in 1853.

BIRmOORAPH7: Two lives, by his brother John Ferrar and Dr. Jebb, are reproduced in Cambridge in the 17th Cen tury, ed. J. E. B. Mayor, Cambridge, 1855; F. Turner, Brief Memoirs of Nicholas Perrar, London, 1837; P. Peckard, Memoirs o/ Nicholas Perrar, Cambridge, 1790, abridged London, 1852; T. T. Carter, Nicholas Perrar; his Household and his Friends, ib. 1892; DNB, xviii. 377380.

FERRAR, ROBERT: Bishop of St. David's; b. near Halifax (14 m. w.s.w. of Leeds), Yorkshire, before 1509; burned at Carmarthen, Wales, Mar. 30, 1555. He probably studied at Cambridge, afterward at Oxford (B.D., 1533), where he became a canon regular of the order of St. Augustine and a member of the priory of St. Mary's. He read Luther's works, became a Reformer, and in 1528 was compelled to recant. Later he aided Henry VIII. in suppressing the monasteries, and in 1540, a pension of eighty pounds a year was bestowed upon him, a large amount for those times. During the reign of Edward VI. he enjoyed the patronage of the Duke of Somerset, who employed him in carrying on the Reformation. He was elevated to the see of St. David's in 1548; but on his arrival in his diocese in 1549 he found serious difficulties awaiting him. Technical flaws were found in his commission, false charges were trumped up against him. Somerset, now in the Tower, could do nothing for him, and in 1551 Ferrar was thrown into prison and kept there till the accession of Queen Mary. He was deprived of his bishopric in Mar., 1554, condemned as a heretic a year later, and was burned at Carniarthen on Mar. 30, 1505. To a bystander who commiserated him he remarked, " If you see me once to stir while I suffer the pains of burning, then give no credit to those doctrines for which I die." He made good his assertion, for lie did not move till a blow on the head felled him in the midst of the flames.