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Jngeainm THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 202 which contained no orthodox utterances on the " operations and wills " of Christ; therefore the monks of Rome, fearing the invasion of hetero doxy, protested, and clergy and people took their aide. Eugenius was forced to promise to repel the approaches of Constantinople, and the hope of reconciliation was frustrated. He died June 2 or 3, 657. (H. 136HmER.)

Bn3rroaaerax: Libor pontihcalis, ed. Duchesne, i. 34, Paris, 1888, ad. Mommeen, in MGH, Geat. pant. Rom., i (1898), 185; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der P6pate von Gregor 1., i. 177-178, Elherfeld, 1888; J. Langen, Geachichte der rtimiachen Kirche bia Leo 1., i. 358-359, Bonn, 1881; Mann, Popes, L, i. 408-412; Hefele, Conciliengeachichte, iii. 238 eqq.; DCB, ii. 270; Bower, Popes, i. 457458: Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 281.

Eugenics 17.: Pope 824-827. After the death of Paschalis I. the people of Rome chose as their candidate for the vacancy the deacon Laurentius. But the nobility finally gained the victory, and their choice, Eugenics, archpriest of Santa Sabina, was consecrated and enthroned as Eugenics II. June 6, 824. The emperor Louis acknowledged him, and sent his son Lothair to Rome to settle existing difficulties. The points settled between Lothair and the pope were, in the main, four: (i) the annulment of illegal confiscations which had taken place under the late popes; (2) regulation of the administration of justice and suppression of brigandage; (3) regulation of the relation of subjects to the Frankish empire; (4) regulation of papal elections. The political supremacy of the emperor over Rome was emphasized by Lotheir in every respect. Each newly elected pope had to avow his faithfulness to the emperor before consecration. Nevertheless, Lothair considered the wishes of all parties, the people, the nobility, and the papal court, as far as possible and thus his mission had the desired success; peace and justice were secured for a number of years in Rome. But while the young Lothair tried to emphasize the Frankish supremacy, the old emperor yielded to the pope the general administration of ecclesiastical affairs. In the controversy concerning pictures in the church (824-826) which was initiated by Emperor Michael II. of Byzantium, the Frankish emperor conceded all authority to the pope. At a synod in Rome, in 826, it was manifest that the papacy had now seized the reins of church government. The pontificate of Eugenics II. makes, at least ecclesiastically, an important advance in the emancipation of the papacy from the

Frankish empire. (H. BtSaxER.)

BIBLIOQBAPaY: Li6er pontifccal%a, ed. Ducheane, ii. 89, Paris, 1894; Annalta Einhardi, ad. G. H. Parts, MGH, Script., i (1828), 135-218; Thegsnus, Vita HZudourici, ed. G. H. Ports, MGH, Script., ii (1829). 585-803; Jaff_, Regeata, i. 322 aqq.; R. Baxmann, Die Potit%k der Pupate, i. 331-339, Elberfeld 1888; J. Langen, Geachichte der rbmiachen Kirche yore Leo L, pp. 809-815, Bonn, 1885; Hauck, KD, ii. 444 eqq.. 489; Bower, .Popes, ii. 202-208.

Eugenics III.: Pope 1145-53. He was a Pisan by birth, Bernard by name, had studied under the great Bernard at Clairvaux, and was-appointed by him abbot of the Cistercian monastery of St. Athanasius near Rome; he was also a cardinal. When Pope Lucius II. died suddenly, Feb. 15, 1145, in the midst of his struggle with the Roman Senate

(see Lucius IL), the cardinals immediately elected Bernard his successor, and he was enthroned in the Lateran as Eugenius Ill., all on the same day. Two days later the senatorial party compelled him to leave the city. A sentence of excommunication pronounced by him against the patrician Pierleone had no effect, and Bernard of Clairvaux, who interceded for him, was unable to pacify

Disorders the Romans; nor yet could the pope in Rome. induce King Conrad III. of Germany to take arms against the insurgent Romans. Not until Christmas, was Eugenius able to reenter Rome, after concluding a treaty of peace with the senatorial party, wherein he recog nized the Roman Republic under that party's au thority. A few weeks later, however, he was com pelled once again to forsake the Lateran. At this time Eugenics succeeded in assuming the leadership in a matter which concerned all Western Christendom. In consequence of the con quest of Edessa by the Emir Zengi of Mosul, (Christ mas, 1144), the Christian seigniories in te East were gravely imperiled, while from Jerusalem itself there came urgent appeals for held; furthermore an Armenian embassy opened up some prospect of a submission of the Armenian Church to the Ro man See. The interest of Eugenics III. in behalf of the East was so strongly aroused that on Dec. 1, 1145, he issued the encyclical Quantum prcede cessares summoning the king, the nobility and the people of France to take up the cross, and assuring them of ecclesiastical rewards the same The Second as on the First Crusade. This appeal Crusade. had a brilliant sequel. Louis VII. of France, who had long projected a pil grimage to the Holy Land, was promptly ready; and even Conrad III. of Germany promised, at the Imperial Diet of Speyer, Dec. 27, 1146, to support the cross. That the appeal resulted so effectually was really due to Bernard of Clairvaux (q.v.). But the pope profited by it, as is manifest above all in connection with the synod convened at Reims on Mar. 21, 1148, and attended by more than four hun dred bishops. Among the notable measures then passed (the acts are not preserved) is the declaration of the invalidity of consecration by Anacletus IL, and of marriages contracted by priests; as well as the imposition of the interdict upon the residence of an excommunicated person. Eugenics felt his position to be so strengthened that he ventured to suspend the archbishops of Cologne and Mainz, and came near excommunicating King Stephen of England; envoys of King Henry of Germany re quested of him a brief to the German clerics ex horting them to stand loyally by his side in his father's absence. While this synod was yet in session the pope received news of the discomfiture of the German and French crusaders; whereupon he hastily returned to Italy.

Not very favorable conditions awaited him here. Arnold of Brescia (q.v.), who had been received again into the communion of the Church by Eugenics at the beginning of his pontificate, had remained quiet at-first; but during the Pope's long absence from Rome, he had resumed his reformatory efforts. By his espousal of magnificent plans