Caedmon THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 332
Csesariue of Arles
of Israel from Egypt and their entrance into the
land of promise; the incarnation, passion, resurrec
tion, and ascension of Christ; the descent of the
Holy Ghost and the preaching of the apostles;
the terror of future judgment, the horror of hell,
and tile blessedness of heaven; and many other
things by which he sought to lead men from the
love of the world and to the choice of a good life.
He was a very religious man and the manner of his
death was in complete accord with his devout and
tranquil life. Beds was born before Caedmon's
death and lived not far from his monastery; hence
his account is worthy of belief. The attempt of
Sir Francis Palgrave to show that the story is a
mere monk's tale is to be rejected. No doubt a
monk named Caedmon lived at Streanaeshalch
and wrote poetry there, and evidently he was of
low origin and unlearned. Several poems from
a manuscript now in the Bodleian Library-a
paraphrase of Genesis of more than 2,900 lines;
Exodus, about 600 lines; Daniel, about 800 lines;
and portions of the New Testament, including
the lament of the fallen angels, Christ's visit to
hell, and the temptation of Christ, formerly known
as the Christ and Satan-were published by Fran
ciscus Junius (Frangois du Jon) at Amsterdam
in 1655 and attributed to Caedmon. At present
it is conceded that only .the first of these poems
has any claim to be considered the production of
Cwdmon, and that even this has been transmitted
in an interpolated and much modified form (see
HELIAND, THE, AND THE OLD-SAXON GENESIS);
many
think that it contains no work of Caedmon's at all.
The hymn mentioned by Bede, however, is pre
served in the Northumbrian dialect (Caedmon's
own) by a Cambridge manuscript of the Historic
ecclesiastics and is the oldest extant Christian poem
in a Germanic tongue. (R.
WLILKER.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Besides the edition of Junius, the poems of
the Bodleian manuscript have been published by the
Society of Antiquaries of London-C(rdmon's
Metrical
Paraphrase
of
Parts
of
the Holy Scripture
in
Anglo-Saxon,
with
an
English Translation, Notes, and a verbal Index by
B. Thorpe,
London, 1832. The same society also pub
lished in their
ArchceoZopia, xxiv.
(1832), fifty-two plates
illustrative of the manuscript, including the illumina
tions, reissued separately London, 1833. Later editions
are by K. W. Bouterwek, 2 vole., Giitersloh, 1849-54,
and
C. W. M.
Grein, in his
BibZiothek der arlpels5cltaiachen
Poeaie, ii.
318-562, new ed. by R. Wulker, Leipsic, 1894.
Grein has also furnished a German translation in allitera
tive verse in
Dichtunpen der AnpeZaachaen ataLreimend
tiberaetzt,
Gbttingen, 1863. Consult further: Sir Francis
Palgrave, in
Archa'o7ogin, xxiv.
(1832) 341-343, reprinted
by Cook, pp. 1-2-13 (see below); W. H. F. Bosanquet,
The Pall
of
Man or Paradise Lost
of
Ca'dmon Translated
in Verse,
London, 1880;
E.
Sievers,
Der Heliand unit die
angela8chaiache Genesis,
Halls, 1875;
R. S.
Watson, Cerd
mon, the First English Poet,
London, 1875; B. ten
Brink,
Geschichte der engZiscken Litteratur, i.,
2d ed.,
Strasburg, 1899, Eng. transl., London, 1883; J. Earls,
Anglo-Saxon Literature,
London, 1884;
R.
Wiilker,
Grundrias zur Geschichte der angeZa&chaiachen Litteratur,
Lelpeie, 1885; Idem
Geschichte der englischen Litteratur,
Leipaie, 1898; A. Ebert,
Allgemeine Geschichte der Lib
teratur des Mittelaltera vol.
iii., Leipeie, 1887; A.
S.
Cook,
in the
Publications
of
the Modern Language Association
of
America, vol. vi.,
part
1, pp
9-28, Baltimore, 1891;
Plummer's
Bede, ii
. 248-258, Oxford, 1896;
W.
Bright,
Early English Church History, pp,
311-318, Oxford, 1897;
R. T.
Gaskin
Cadmon, the First English Poet,
London,
1902. For the striking resemblance between parts of the
Genesis and Milton's Paradise Lost, consult I. Disraeli,
Amenities
of.
Literature, pp.
37-50, ed. B. Disraeli, London, 1875;
S.
H. Gurteen,
The Epic
of
the Fall
of
Man, a
Comparative Study o/ Cadmon, Dante, and Milton,
London,
1898 (gives reduced facsimiles of the illuminations of the
Bodleian manuscript).
CAELESTIUS. See
PELAGIUS, PELAGIANISM.
ClERULARIUS, MICHAEL: Patriarch of Con
stantinople 1043-58. The exact date and place
both of his birth and death are unknown, and few
details of 'his life are certain. During the reign
of Michael the Paphlagonian (1034-41) he was
banished for conspiracy, but he was raised to the
patriarchate by Constantine Monomachus, -who
hoped to find in him a firm ally. Caerularius,
however, strenuously defended the rights of the
Church, and his chief importance is due to the fact
that his course resulted in the complete cleavage
between the Greek and Roman Churches. At
the very time when the Norman War gave the
Byzantine court and the pope an opportunity to
draw more closely together, the patriarch violently
suppressed the Latin ritual observed in many
cloisters and churches, and renewed the ancient
charges of Photius (q.v.)
in
a letter to the bishop
of Trani in Apulia, reserving his special attack for'
the Roman use of unleavened bread in the Sacra
ment, which he condemned -as Jewish. Leo IX.
replied with a haughty defense of the primacy of
Rome, and at Constantine's request an embassy
was sent to Constantinople, headed by the Cardinal
Bishop Humbert. Their letters were intended to
win over the emperor and humble the patriarch,
and the feeble Constantine,. overawed by Hum
bert's attacks on the Greek Church, had neither
the courage to protect Caerularius nor to oppose
him openly. The patriarch, however, refused to
yield, and on July 16, 1054, the embassy excom
municated him and all his adherents. After the
departure of the envoys, Caerularius regained his
prestige with Constantine, and maintained it during
the reign of Theodora. Isaac Comnenus, on the
other hand, banished him on account of his arro
gance in 1058, and he seems to have died shortly
afterward. In addition to the letters already
mentioned, Cxrularius was the author of some
deeretals
(De episcoporum jtediciis, De nttPtiis in
septimo gradxt non controhendis, De sacerdotis uxore
adulterio pollutes;
edited by Rhalles and Potlis,
" Collection of Canons," v. 40-47) and a few writings
still preserved in manuscript
(De misses,
Opus
contra
Latinos;
listed by Fabricius,
Bibliotheca Grceca,
ed.
Harlea, Xi. 195-197).
(PHILIPP MEYER.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY: C.
Will, Acta et scripts. , . , de conlroveraia
eccleaice . ., Marburg, 1861; J. Hergenr5ther, Photina,
vol. iii., Regensburg, 1889 (rich in original matter); A.
Pichler, Geschichte der kirchlichen Trennung zvriachen dem
Orient and Occident, 2 vole., Munich, 1884-65; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der P&pate, vol. ii., Elberfeld, 18889;
W. Fischer, Studien zur byzantiniachen Geschichte des eZften Jahrhunderta, Plauen, 1883; K. Krumbaeher, Geachichte der byzantiniachen Litteratur, passim, Munich,
1897.
C&SARIUS OF ARLES: Bishop of Arles; b. at
Chalon-cur-SaBne (33 m, n. of MScon) 469 or 470;
d. 'at Arles (44 m. n.w. of Marseilles) Aug. 27, 542.
Little is known of his life before his eighteenth year,
but at the age of twenty he went to the famous
cloister on the island of Urina, although it was now