literary necessity in 1731, edited by J. Lewis preprinted by H. H. Baber, London, 1810, and by Batter, London, 1841; the edition of 1848 is named above). For another version of this period consult the work of a Swedish lady, Anna C. Panes, A Fourteenth Century English Biblical Version (Cambridge, 1904).
The first to translate the New Testament in English from the original Greek was William Tyndale (q.v.). He printed Matthew and Mark
first, somewhere on the Continent, in 3. Tyndale. 1524 and 1525, and then the whole New
Testament in quarto, partly at Cologne at Peter Quentel's before 1526, partly, it seems, at Worms (at Peter SchSffer'sP) in 3,000 copies, and in octavo at Cologne at SchiSffer'a in 3,000 copies. Both editions were in England by about March, 1526 (cf. The First Printed English New Testament Translated by William T yndals. PhotolithograPhed . . . . Edited by E. Arber, London, 1871; The First New Testament Printed in the English Language . . , by William Tyndale. Reproduced in facsimile . . . by F. Fry, Bristol, 1863; James Loring Cheney, The Sources of Tyn dale's New Testament, Halls, 1883, especially pp. 39, 40; W. Sopp, OrthogralOhie urul Aussprache der craters lischert Bibelubersetzurtg von William Tyndale, Marburg, 1889). The hierarchy attacked Tyndale's work violently. The first public burning of the volume appears to . have taken place in the autumn of 1526. William Warham (q.v.), arch bishop of Canterbury, thought in May, 1527, that his agents had bought up all the copies of all three editions. In 1528 the readers of the New Testament had to take their turn at being burned. 'Tyndale published the Pentateuch Jan, 17, 1530 (see Tyrmer.E, Wmrm), Joshua in 1531.William Roye, George Joye (afterward a bitter enemy), Miles Coverdale (q.v.), John Rogers (q.v.), and John Frith (q.v.) were among the friends who from time to time worked with Tyndale. Coverdale completed at Antwerp, Oct. 4, 1535, the printing of his translation of the whole Bible
work. This was the first complete Bible in English; in it the non-canonical books of the Old Testament are in an appendix by themselves, named "Hagiographa." In 1537 the "Matthew" Bible came out, a speculation on the part of the king's printer, although moat of it was perhaps printed in Antwerp; it was a combination of Tyndale and Coverdale, made by John Rogers (alias Matthew) in Antwerp. In 1539 appeared the " Taverner " Bible, a revision of the Matthew Bible by Richard Taverner (q.v.). The " Great " Bible was brought out by Cromwell, Earl of Eases, Thomas Cranmer (q.v.), and Thomas More (q.v.), and a committee of prelates and scholars, and was printed under Coverdale's supervision, partly at Penis, till the Inquisitor-General attacked it Dec. 17, 1538, and then in London, where the volume was finished in Apr., 1539; the second edition(" Gran-
mer's " Bible, 1540) was " apoynted to the vac of the churches"; the Psalter from this Bible still stands in the prayer-book of the English Church. In 1557 William Whittingham published at Geneva an English New Testament with Stephens's verse-division of 1551 (see BIBLE TEST, III, § § 2 -3) and with many corrections of the translation. In 1558 Coverdale began in Geneva a new Bible, but returned to England in 1559, while Whittingham, Anthony Gilby, and Thomas Sampson finished the printing of the handsome edition known as the " Geneva " Bible in Apr., 1560. Archbishop Parker (q.v.) with eleven bishops and four minor prelates began in 1583 a revision of the edition of 1539, which was completed Oct. 5, 1568, as the " Bishops' " Bible; but it was not especially liked; in the churches they used chiefly the Bible of 1539 and at home the Geneva Bible. See BIHLEB, ANNOTATED, AND BIBLE SuMMmuES, II, §§ 1-2.
The Roman Catholic fugitives on the Continent now prepared an English version and published the New Testament at Reims in 1582; the Old Testament followed in two volumes at Douai (q.v.) in 1609-10 (the first edition of the "Douai"
Bible; cf. Gregory Martin, A Dis h. The coo f the Manifold Corruptions of Bieb the Holie Scriptures by the Heretikes o four Dales, etc., Reims, 1582; William Fulke, A Defence of the Sincere and True Translations of the Holie Scriptures . . against . . Gregorie Martin, London, 1583, ed. C. H. Hartsborne for the Parker Society, Cambridge, 1843). [Both works profess to be "faithfully translated out of the authentical Latin, diligently conferred with the Hebrew, Greek, and other editions in divers languages," and are provided with arguments of books and chapters, annotations, and " other helps for the better understanding of the text, and specially for the discovery of the corruptions of divers late translations, and for clearing the controversies in religion of these days." The New Testament was reprinted at Antwerp in 1600; the two Testaments were united by Richard Cha,lloner (q.v.) in a five volume edition published in London, 1749-50. The version was promoted by Cardinal William Allen (q.v.) and the translation was by Gregory Martin, a former fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, revised by Allen, Richard Bristow, fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and probably others. The annotations, tables, etc., for the Old Testament were by Thomas Worthington, a graduate of Oxford (Brasenoee College) and president of Douai College 1599-1813. The long interval between the publication of the two Testa, menta was due to lack of means as the translation of both was completed before 1582. The English of the translation is faulty owing to too clone following of the Vulgate, and from the critical standpoint it possesses the advantages and defects inherent in that Latin version. An elaborate preface of more than twenty pages explains and justifies the translation. The notes are characterized by the controversial spirit of the time in which they were produced. The Douai version became the standard Bible of the English Roman Catholics and, with extensive changes in language and