over marriage; the discipline of the clergy; the right of patronage; ecclesiastical
penalties inflicted on the laity; seizing of ecclesiastical property; and
the internal administration of religious orders. The State retained control
of marriage in its civil aspect, the civic position of the clergy, and
the right to punish them. An agreement between Church and State was necessary
for the creation or alteration of dioceses, parishes, and other benefices,
the collation to livings and ecclesiastical offices, the appointment of
professors of theology, catechists, the inspectors of schools, the introduction
of orders and religious congregations, and the expenditure of religious
funds.
<p><b>2. Effects of the Concordat.&nbsp; </b>The results of the concordat,
though it was actually enforced in but few points, were especially noteworthy
in two phases of public life. The marriage laws hitherto prevailing were
subjected to a rigid scrutiny, and by the imperial patent of Oct. 8,1856,
the Roman Catholics received a new law corresponding in all respects to
the decrees of the Council of Trent, placing divorce under the control
of the newly created episcopal divorce court. Seminaries for boys were
established in all dioceses,. and received children of lawful birth immediately
after they left the public schools, giving them, in addition to their gymnasium
traiping, preparation for later theological studies, thus forming places
of education for the future clergy. The expenses of these seminaries were
partly covered by ecclesiastical funds and partly by the income&nbsp; from
benefices. The influence of the State was limited to the supervision of
their financial relations and the superintendence of instruction so far
as it concerned the State. The result was an increase in the number of
Roman Catholic theological students from 1,804 in 1861 to 3,286 in 1868,
after which began a period of decline, due especially to the law of Dec.
5, 1868, which abrogated the previous exemption of theological students
from military service, an additional factor being the school laws of 1868
and 1869, which made admission to study in a faculty conditional on the
possession of a diploma from a gymnasium. The breach with the concordat
widened steadily, and the law of May 25, 1868, repealed the imperial patent
of Oct. 8, 1856. The former regulations concerning marriage were again
enforced, divorces being referred to state tribunals and civil marriage
being again permitted. Finally, by a despatch of July 30,1870, Austria
abrogated the concordat altogether.
<p><b>3. Theological Education.&nbsp; </b>The theological training of the
Roman Catholic clergy is given partly by the faculties of the various universities
and partly by the diocesan seminaries. Theological faculties exist in the
universities of Vienna, Gras, Innsbruck, Prague (two), Lemberg (for both
the&nbsp; Latin and Greek rites), Czernowitz, and Cracow, in addition to
two independent theological faculties, not affiliated with any university,
in Salzburg and Olmutz. The course given by the diocesan seminaries corresponds
essentially to that given by the university faculties, but they are forbidden
to confer academic degrees and the bishop is in absolute control. Certain
orders provide for the education of their own members in twenty monastic
schools, yearly courses being given in successive years in different monasteries
in the Tyrol. In 1895 the Roman Catholic Church had 16,132 priests, the
Greek Catholic 2,649, and the Greek Oriental 475.
<p><b>4. Revenues.&nbsp; </b>In cases where a living has no canonical claims
to a definite income, the revenues of the Church, and even the State, come
to its assistance. The claim to such an income, either from the property
of the living or from the benefice, begins with ordination to the priesthood,
but if religious foundations and monasteries desire to give a title to
such income to one who does not belong to their own number, they are required
to secure the consent of the government. The endowment of the Church has
come from the monasteries secularized in the reign of Joseph II and later,
abandoned churches, and suppressed communities, canonries, benefices, and
ecclesiastical feoffs. It is continually augmented, moreover, by the intercalaries
(the income of vacant positions), the auxiliary taxes of dioceses and orders,
and, in Bohemia, by a certain percent of the sale of salt. This fund, when
the property has been sold, is invested in state bonds which belong to
the ecclesiastical province or diocese, the income being administered by
the government with the cooperation of the bishop or bishops. It is charged
with the defrayal of certain expenses (the cathedral chapters of Budweis,
Salzburg, Trent, and Brixen drawing their entire income from it), as well
as with the payment of all other disbursements which are not obligatory
on a third party. The revenues are devoted to the defrayment of patronage,
the income and endowment of new parish, the building of churches, the increase
in the income of livings, the salary of chaplains, the malting good of
deficits, the support of mendicant orders, the salaries of teachers at
the state schools, and the maintenance of theological faculties and seminaries.
A second fund is that for students, which is derived from the estates of
the Jesuit monasteries suppressed by Maria Theresa on Dec. 23, 1774, and
is devoted to defraying the expenses of Roman Catholic education in intermediate
and higher institutions of learning. Since the passage of the new school
law, this fund is also used for undenominational public schools, since
the estates of the Jesuit monasteries are not regarded as the property
of the Church. For the value of the livings and the income of the religious
orders no recent data are at hand, but in 1875 the former amounted in all
parts of the empire to 7,644,611 florins, and the latter to 4,100,375 florins.
<p><b>5.&nbsp; Archdioceses and Dioceses.&nbsp; </b>Austria is divided
into nine ecclesiastical provinces as follows: (1) the archdiocese of Vienna
for Upper and Lower Austria, with the two suffragan dioceses of St. Polten
and Linz; (2) Salzburg for Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Vorarlberg,
with the five suffragan dioceses of Secksu, Lavant, Gurk, Brixen, and Trent;
(3) Gurz for Carniola, Kustenland, and the island of Arbe, with the four
suffragan dioceses of Laibach, Triest-Capo d'Istria, Parenzo-Pola, and
Veglia-Arbe; (4) Prague for