Extracts from:

THE
Hymns and Hymn Writers
OF
THE CHURCH

AN ANNOTATED EDITION
of
The Methodist Hymnal

BY
WILBUR F. TILLETT, D.D., LL.D.
DEAN OF THE THEOLOGICAL FACULTY OF VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY
AUTHOR OF "OUR HYMNS AND THEIR AUTHORS", "STUDIES IN CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE", ETC.
AND
CHARLES S. NUTTER, D.D.
AUTHOR OF "HYMN STUDIES," "HISTORIC HYMNISTS," ETC.

NASHVILLE: SMITH & LAMAR
NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS
CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & GRAHAM
1915

COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY
EATON & MAINS, JENNINGS &. GRAHAM, SMITH & LAMAR

HYMN WRITERS OF THE CHURCH

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · V · W · X · Y · Z ·

Adams, Sarah Flower, was born at Harlow, England, February 22, 1805; and died in London August 21, 1848. Sarah Flower was the younger daughter of Benjamin Flower, editor and proprietor of the Cambridge Intelligencer. In 1834 she married John Brydges Adams, a civil engineer and inventor. She is represented by her friends as being beautiful, intelligent, and high-minded. Mrs. Adams had a gift for lyric poetry, and wrote thirteen hymns for her pastor, the Rev. William Johnson Fox, an Independent minister. These were all published in Hymns and Anthems, London, 1841. Several of these hymns have come into common use, but her masterpiece is the one found in this book:

Addison, Joseph, whose fame is coextensive with English literature, was the son of Rev. Lancelot Addison, Dean of Lichfield, England, and was born May 1, 1672. He was educated at Oxford, and early developed poetic talent. His literary contributions were made chiefly to the Tattler, the Guardian and the Spectator. He is the author of five hymns, all of which appeared in the Spectator in 1712. It has been claimed that Andrew Marvell is the author of two of these hymns ("The spacious firmament on high" and "When all thy mercies, O my God"), but this claim is not justified by the historical facts, which are too lengthy to present here. Addison died June 17, 1719, being a devout and consistent member of the Church of England. His last effort at writing was on an article upon the Christian Religion. At the time of his death he was contemplating a poetic version of the Psalms. "The piety of Addison," says Macaulay, "was in truth of a singularly cheerful kind. The feeling which predominates in all his devotional writings is gratitude; and on that goodness to which he ascribed all the happiness of his life he relied in the hour of death with a love which casteth out fear." The three hymns by Addison are among the finest in this collection:

Alexander, Cecil Frances, daughter of Maj. John Humphreys, was born in Ireland in 1823. In 1850 she married the Rt. Rev. William Alexander, Bishop of Derry. She wrote "The Burial of Moses," and was the author of several books of poetry. Among them were: Verses for Holy Seasons, 1846; Hymns for Little Children, 1848; Hymns Descriptive and Devotional, 1858; and The Legend of the Golden Prayers, 1859. She was the author of many hymns, several of which have been widely used, as, for example, "There is a green hill far away." She died at Londonderry October 12, 1895.

Alexander, James Waddell, an eminent clergyman of the Presbyterian Church and the son of a no less distinguished divine (Rev. Archibald Alexander, D.D.), was born at Hopewell, Va., March 13, 1804. After graduating at Princeton College, he entered the ministry and was a pastor in Charlotte County; Va., and later in Trenton, N. J. He then became a professor in Princeton College, and in 1844 a pastor in New York City. In 1849 he returned to Princeton, becoming a professor in the Theological Seminary, which position he resigned at the end of three years, his heart yearning to get back into the regular work of the ministry. He now became pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, in New York City. He died July 31, 1859. Dr. Alexander's only hymn in this collection is a translation:

Alford, Henry, widely known as the author of The Greek Testament with Notes and other volumes, was born in London October 7, 1810; was pious from his youth, and in his sixteenth year wrote the following dedication in his Bible: "I do this day, in the presence of God and my own soul, renew my covenant with God, and solemnly determine henceforth to become his and to do his work as far as in me lies." He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, ordained in 1833, and soon made a reputation as an eloquent preacher and sound biblical critic. He was appointed Dean of Canterbury in 1857, which distinction he held to the day of his death, in 1871. Dean Alford's Poetical Works (two volumes) were published in London in 1845. An American edition was published in Boston in 1853. He was the editor of The Year of Praise, a hymn and tune book intended primarily for use in Canterbury Cathedral, 1867. Four of his hymns appear in this collection:

Amis, Lewis Randolph, a Southern Methodist minister, was born in Maury County, Tenn., December 7, 1856; graduated at Vanderbilt University in 1878, and that same year joined the Tennessee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, as an itinerant preacher. He filled many important appointments, being pastor at Pulaski, Tenn., when he died, in 1904. A useful and greatly beloved minister.

Andrew of Crete, so called because he was bishop of the island of Crete, was born in Damascus in 660. He died about 732. He was deputed by Theodore, Patriarch of Jerusalem, to attend the sixth General Council at Constantinople (680). He was also a member of the Pseudo-Synod of Constantinople, held in 712, which revived the Monothelite heresy. Afterwards he returned to the faith of the Church. Seventeen of his homilies remain to us. His most ambitious poem is called "The Great Canon." it contains more than three hundred stanzas, yet it is sung right through on Thursday of mid-lent week in the Greek Church.

Anstice, Joseph, was born in Shropshire, England, in 1808. Soon after leaving Oxford University, where he took a high stand as a student, he became Professor of Classical Literature in King's College, London. He was a member of the Church of England. He died February 29, 1836, being twenty-eight years old. It was during the last evenings of his life, when he was a great sufferer, that he dictated to his wife the hymns (fifty-two in number) which were collected and published the year he died for private distribution. From this collection the following hymn was taken:

Auber, Harriet, was born October 4, 1773; and died January 20, 1862. She led a quiet and contented life, writing much, but publishing only one volume. The full title of this book was: The Spirit of the Psalms; A Compressed Version of Select Portions of the Psalms of David. It was published anonymously in 1829. It is not entirely original; some pieces were selected from well-known writers. This book is sometimes confounded with The Spirit of the Psalms, by the Rev. H. F. Lyte, but it is entirely different. The author became known through the Rev. Henry Auber Harvey. In a note to Daniel Sedgwick, dated November 25, 1862, he wrote: "The Spirit of the Psalms was partly a compilation and partly the composition of the late Miss Harriet Auber, an aunt of my mother's; and the preface to the book was drawn up by the editor, my late father, Mr. Harvey, a canon of Bristol." Julian, in the Dictionary of Hymnology, gives the first lines of twenty-five of Miss Auber's hymns which he says are in common use. This Hymnal contains only three:

Babcock, Maltbie Davenport, an American Presbyterian clergyman, was born in Syracuse, N. Y., August 3, 1858; and died at Naples, Italy, May 18, 1901. He was graduated at Syracuse University in 1879, and Auburn Theological Seminary in 1883. He filled most successful and popular pastorates at Lockport, N. Y., Baltimore, Md., and at the Brick Presbyterian Church, in New York. While on a visit to the Levant in 1901 he was seized with the Mediterranean fever, and died under pathetic circumstances in the International Hospital, at Naples. He was a man of extraordinary personality and influence both in the social circle and in the pulpit. A volume of his prose and verse, edited by his wife, appeared soon after his death, entitled Thoughts for Every-Day Living, 1901. Dr. Babcock's writings show strength, delicacy of thought, and great originality.

Baker, Sir Henry Williams, an eminent English clergyman, son of Sir Henry L. Baker, born in London May 27, 1821; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1844. He took holy orders in 1844, and became vicar of Monkland, Herefordshire, in 1851, which benefice he held until his death. He succeeded to the baronetcy in 1851. He is best known as editor in chief of Hymns Ancient and Modern, to which he contributed several of his hymns. Dr. Julian says: "Of his hymns four only are in the highest strain of jubilation, another four are bright and cheerful, and the remainder are very tender but exceedingly plaintive, sometimes even to sadness." The language of his hymns is smooth and simple, the thought is correct and sometimes very beautifully expressed. He died February 12, 1877. His last audible words were a quotation of the third stanza of his own exquisite rendering of the twenty-third Psalm, No. 136 in this book:

Bakewell, John, a Wesleyan lay preacher, was born at Brailsford, in Derbyshire, in 1721. He was a man of piety, earnestness, and consecration. He was made a lay preacher in 1749, and proved to be one of Mr. Wesley's most efficient workers. He was for several years Master of the Greenwich Royal Park Academy. It was in his house that Thomas Olivers wrote his justly famous and much-admired hymn, "The God of Abraham praise." He was an eminently useful man, and lived to a ripe old age, being ninety-eight years old when he died, in 1819. He was buried in City Road Chapel not far from the tomb of John Wesley. The epitaph upon his tombstone states that "he adorned the doctrines of God our Saviour eighty years, and preached his glorious gospel about seventy years." He composed many hymns "which remain in the manuscript beautifully written," but only one finds a place in modern Church hymnals:

Barbauld, Anna Letitia, was a daughter of the Rev. John Aikin, D.D., an English Dissenting minister. She was born June 20, 1743, and early in life gave evidence of poetic talent. She had a great desire for a classical education, to which her father strongly objected. At length she prevailed in some measure, and was permitted to read Latin and Greek. She published her first volume of poems in 1773. In 1774 she married the Rev. Rochemont Barbauld, a young man of French descent, who attended a school at Warrington, where her father was a classical Instructor. Mr. Barbauld had charge of a Dissenting congregation at Palgrave. They also opened a boarding school, which they carried on successfully for eleven years. Mr. Barbauld afterwards held other pastoral relations, and died in 1808. Mrs. Barbauld occupied her time and mind in literary pursuits, editing various works and contributing to the press. She died March 9, 1825.

Barber, Mary Ann Serrett, was an Englishwoman, the daughter of Thomas Barber. She wrote many poems for the Church of England Magazine, and was the author of several books. One of these, Bread Winning; or, The Ledger and the Lute, an Autobiography, by M. A. S. Barber, was published in 1865. Miss Barber died in Brighton, England, March 9, 1864, at the age of sixty-three years.

Baring-Gould, Sabine, an English clergyman, was born in Exeter, England, January 28, 1834. He was educated at Clare College, Cambridge, receiving the degrees of B.A., 1854, and M.A., 1856. He took orders in 1864. His prose works are numerous and well known: Lives of the Saints, in fifteen volumes, 1872-77; Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, in two series, 1866-68; The Origin and Development of Religious Belief, two volumes, 1869-70. He is the author of a number of fine hymns, the best-known of which is "Onward, Christian soldiers." He published a volume of original Church Songs in 1884. From 1854 to 1906 he had published eighty-five volumes. His present address is Lew-Trenchard House, North Devon.

Barton, Bernard, widely known as the "Quaker Poet," was born in London January 31, 1784, and was educated at a Quaker school at Ipswich. In 1810 he was employed at a local bank at Woodbridge, Suffolk, where he remained forty years. He was the author of eight or ten small volumes of verse between 1812 and 1845. From these books some twenty pieces have come into common use as hymns. He died at Woodbridge in 1849. His daughter published his Poems and Letters, 1849, after his death. His writings show a familiarity with the Scriptures and a love for good men. "Light" is the keynote to each of his three hymns found in this volume:

Bateman, Henry, an English layman and successful business man, was born March 6, 1802; and died in 1872. He was much interested in literary and religious work. He was the author of several volumes of verse, the most successful of which was Sunday Sunshine: New Hymns and Poems for the Young, 1858. From this book some forty hymns have come into common use.

Bathurst, William Hiley, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Cleve Dale, ar Bristol, England, August 28, 1796. He was the son of Charles Bragge, who was member of Parliament for Bristol, and who, upon inheriting his uncle's estate, assumed his name, Bathurst. He graduated at Christ Church College, Oxford, and was ordained a priest of the Church of England in 1819. The following year he became rector of Barwick-in-Elmet, Yorkshire, where he mained thirty-two years. His biographer, speaking of these years of ministerial service, says: "Faithfully devoting himself to the spiritual welfare of his parishioners, he greatly endeared himself to them all by his eminent piety, his great simplicity of character, his tender love, and his abundant generosity." In 1852 he resigned his living and retired to private life because of conscientious scruples in relation to parts of the baptismal and burial services of the Church. In 1863, upon the death of his older brother, he succeeded to the family estate of Sidney Park, Gloucestershire, where he died November 25, 1877. His published works are: Psalms and Hymns for Public and Private Use, 1831 (which volume contains 132 psalms and 206 hymns from his pen); The Georgics of Virgil, 1849; Metrical Musings; or, Thoughts on Sacred Subjects in Verse, 1849.

Baxter, Lydia, the writer of "There is a gate that stands ajar" and other popular hymns, was born in Petersburg, N. Y., September 2, 1809. She was converted early in life, and united with the Baptist Church. Later in life she resided in New York City. She was an invalid for many years, but a patient and cheerful sufferer. She died June 22, 1874. A volume of her poems, titled Gems by the Wayside, was published in 1855.

Baxter, Richard, an eminent Puritan divine and voluminous author of the seventeenth century, is best known to Christians of the present day by his Call to the Unconverted and his Saint's Everlasting Rest. When about twenty-five years of age he entered the ministry, and was appointed to the parish of Kidderminster (1640). Here he remained until "for conscience' sake" he, along with many other Nonconformist divines, was driven out from his weeping flock by the "Act of Uniformity" passed in 1662. He now ceased to preach; but being caught holding family prayers "with more than four persons," he was, under the conditions of the "Conventicle Act" (1564), arrested and imprisoned for six months. He lived in retirement until 1672, when the "Act of Indulgence" gave him liberty to preach and to publish. But in 1685 the infamous Jeffries had him arrested and shamefully convicted of sedition, the foundation for the charge being found in his Paraphrase of the New Testament, for which he was imprisoned two years. He endured this unjust and cruel imprisonment with Christian patience and resignation, which finds illustration in the hymn below. His pastorate of twenty-two years at Kidderminster was faithful and untiring in the ministry of the Word, and was followed by rich spiritual fruits in the improved lives and characters of his six hundred parishioners. He exemplified his own couplet:

In few hymns are the faith and fidelity of the author more truly expressed than in this hymn by Baxter.

Beddome, Benjamin, an English Baptist minister, was born in Warwickshire January 23, 1717. He was apprenticed to an apothecary in Bristol; but when he was twenty years of age he was converted, and soon after began to prepare for the ministry. In 1743 he was ordained and became the pastor of a small Baptist Church at Bourton. Later he received an urgent call to a Church in London; but he refused the call and remained at Bourton fifty-two years--until his death, September 3, 1795. It was a frequent custom with him to write a hymn to be sung after his morning sermon. A number of these hymns were published in Rippon's Selection, 1787, and so came into common use. A volume of his hymns, over eight hundred in number, was Published in 1818. James Montgomery, in the preface to his Christian Psalmist, quotes the first stanza of one of Beddome's hymns as follows,

and makes this just remark: "His name would deserve to be held in everlasting remembrance if he had left no other memorial of the excellent spirit which was in him than these few humble verses." Beddome's hymns have been more highly appreciated in America than in his native country. The honorary degree of Master of Arts was conferred upon him in 1770 by Rhode Island College, now Brown University.

Bernard of Clairvaux, an eminent monk, theologian, scholar, preacher, and poet, was born at Fontaine, near Dijon, in Burgundy, France, in 1091. Aletta, his mother, was a devotedly pious woman, and consecrated her son to God from his birth. "Her death chamber was his spiritual birthplace." He was educated at Paris. Being naturally fond of seclusion, meditation, and study, and living in the twelfth century, it is not surprising that one so piously inclined as he soon sought a home in the cloister. At twenty-two years of age he entered the small monastery of Citeaux, and later he founded and made famous that of Clairvaux, where by fasting and self-mortification he became an emaciated monk, but with it all one of the most conspicuous and influential characters in Europe. Kings and popes sought his advice. His enthusiasm and impassioned eloquence were all but irresistible. He died August 20, 1153. His life was pure, his faith strong, his love ardent, his courage inflinching, his piety unquestioned. Luther greatly admired him and thought him "the greatest monk that ever lived." His published works are in five folio volumes. His Sacred Songs of Praise have long been the admiration of the Church. Christ crucified was the theme of his preaching and of his song, as the four hymns here given will testify. His love for Christ amounted to a deep and ardent passion that was unconscious of using terms of endearment not altogether becoming to so divine a theme.

Bernard of Cluny was a monk of the twelfth century; the exact dates of his birth and death are not known. His parents were English, but he was born at Morlaix, France. He was an inmate of the Abbey of Cluny, and dedicated his famous poem to Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny from 1122 to 1156. His long poem, about three thousand lines, was a satire against the vices and follies of his time. Dr. Neale, who gives a translation of four hundred lines in the third edition of his Mediaeval Hymns, 1868, says of this poem: "The greater part is a bitter satire on the fearful corruptions of the age. But, as a contrast to the misery and pollution of earth, the poem opens with a description of the peace and glory of heaven of such rare beauty as not easily to be matched by any mediaeval composition on the same subject." It is this part of the poem that Dr. Neale translated and from which our hymns are taken.

Berridge, John, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born in Nottinghamshire March 1, 1716. He became Vicar of Everton in 1755, and remained there until his death, January 22, 1793. His preaching was at first sadly lacking in spirituality; but being happily converted, he became one of the most earnest of the evangelical clergymen who sympathized with and aided the Methodist revival. Frequent allusions to him are found in the writings of John Wesley, who esteemed him highly and found in him a helpful coworker. He was never married. In 1785 he published a volume of hymns titled Zion's Songs. His "wedding hymn," a prayer in song for the divine blessing on the bridal couple, is the only one of his three hundred and forty-two hymns that finds a place in this collection:

Bethune, George Washington, an eminent divine of the Reformed Dutch Church, was born in New York March 18, 1805. He was graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., in 1823, and studied theology at Princeton, N. J. In 1827 he became pastor of a Reformed Dutch Church at Rhinebeck, N. Y.; in 1830, at Utica, N. Y.; in 1834 he passed to Philadelphia, and in 1850 to Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1861 he went abroad for his health. He died at Florence, Italy, April 27, 1862, suddenly after preaching. Dr. Bethune wrote occasional hymns and poems for more than thirty years. One of his first compositions was a sailor's hymn beginning, "Tossed upon life's raging billow," which appeared in The Christian Lyre, 1830. A collection of his poems, Lays of Love and Faith, was published in Philadelphia in 1847.

Bickersteth, Edward Henry, a bishop of the church of England, son of Edward Bickersteth, rector of Walton, was born at Islington, England, January 25, 1825. He was graduated at Cambridge University B.A. 1847, M.A. 1850). Taking holy orders in the Church of England in 1848, he became curate first at Banningham, Norfolk, and then at Tunbridge Wells; and in 1852 became rector of Hinton-Martell and vicar of Christ Church, Hampstead in 1855. He became Dean of Gloucester in 1885, and that same year he was appointed Bishop of Exeter. Beginning with a volume of Poems in 1849, he published successively no less than twelve volumes, the most widely known being his extended poem titled Yesterday, To-Day, and Forever, 1867, and The Spirit of Life, 1868. He edited and published in 1858 a volume titled Psalms and Hymns. His Hymnal Companion first edition 1870, last edition 1890) called forth from Dr. Julian, editor of the Dictionary of Hymnology, these high words of praise: "Of its kind and from its theological standpoint, as an evangelical hymn book, it is in poetic grace, literary excellence, and lyric beauty, the finest collection in the Anglican Church;" and the author's contributions to this volume are pronounced "very beautiful and of much value." He retired from active work in 1900, and died May 16, 1906. Four of his hymns are in this collection:

Blacklock, Thomas, was born in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, November 10, 1721. He lost his sight by smallpox when an infant, but was nevertheless well educated and ordained a minister in 1762. Two years later he retired to Edinburgh and spent his time in teaching and authorship. An edition of his poems, which are characterized by elegant mediocrity, was published in 1793. He died July 7, 1791.

Bode, John Ernest, a clergyman in the Church of England, was born in 1816. He was educated at Eton and at Oxford, graduating at Christ's Church in 1837, and took orders in 1841. He was a rector several years, and for a time a tutor of his college. He delivered the Bampton Lectures in 1855. He published Short Occasional Poems, 1858, and Hymns from the Gospel of the Day for Each Sunday and Festivals of Our Lord, 1860. He died October 6, 1874.

Boehm, Anthony Wilhelm, a German writer, was born in 1673; and died in 1722. Very little is known of him. He translated and published Arndt's True Christianity in 1712, in which volume was a translation of St. Bernard's "Jesu, Dulcis Memoria," which J. C. Jacobi altered and published in his Psalmodia Germanica, 1732. Jacobi's version was in turn altered by others, and among these alterations the one found in Madan's Psalms and Hymns, 1760, beginning, "Of Him who did salvation bring," has long been a favorite with American Methodists. If any hymn in our Hymnal has to be traced back through a long genealogy, this one surely has.

Bonar, Horatius, a distinguished Presbyterian divine, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, December 19, 1808; and was educated at the high school and University of Edinburgh. He was ordained in 1837, and became a minister of the Established Church of Scotland at Kelso. At the Disruption in 1843 he became one of the founders of the Free Church of Scotland. The University of Aberdeen gave him the doctorate in 1853. In 1866 he became the minister of the Chalmers Memorial Church, in Edinburgh. Dr. Bonar died July 31, 1889. He was a voluminous writer of sacred poetry, and more than one hundred of his hymns are in common use. He published the following books, in which most of his hymns are found: Songs of the Wilderness, 1843-44; The Bible Hymn Book, 1845; Hymns Original and Selected, 1846; Hymns of Faith and Hope, first series, 1857 (second series, 1864; third series, 1867); Hymns of the Nativity, 1879; Communion Hymns, 1881. Dr. Bonar was an able, pious man and a sweet singer, though as a premillenarian some of his poems are plaintive and sad almost to pessimism. Twelve of his hymns are found in this book. He died July 31, 1889.

Bonar, Jane Catherine, the wife of Dr. Horatius Bonar, was the youngest daughter of Rev. Robert Lundie, of Kelso, Scotland (where she was born, December, 1821), and sister of that devotedly pious woman, Mary Lundie Duncan, whose Memoir was written by her gifted mother. She was married to Dr. Bonar in 1843, and died at Edinburgh December 3, 1885. Her hymns, which are few in number, appeared in her husband's Songs for the Wilderness, 1843-44, and Bible Hymn Book, 1845.

Borthwick, Jane, was born in Edinburgh April 9, 1813. In connection with her sister, Mrs. Sarah Findlater, wife of Rev. Eric J. Findlater, she translated Hymns from the Land of Luther, 1854. Miss Borthwick not only translated many German hymns, but wrote a number of original poems. Many of them were collected and published under the title of Thoughts for Thoughtful Hours, 1857. She died September 7, 1897.

Bourignon, Antoinette, a gifted and pious, but eccentric, mystic of the seventeenth century, was born January 13, 1616. She became fascinated at an early age with books of devotion and with a life of celibacy. She twice fled from home to escape marriage, into which relation her parents wished her to enter. Her father died in 1648, leaving her possessed of considerable wealth. Wishing to do good with her worldly means, she took charge of a foundling hospital in 1653. She joined the order of Augustines in 1667. She attracted great attention by her tracts and discourses. Renouncing Roman Catholicism, she declared herself divinely called to found a new and pure communion. She became an object of persecution, and fled from place to place. She died at Franeker, in Friesland, October 30, 1680. Her works were published in nineteen volumes in 1686. One of her works, The Light of the World, was translated into English, and met with such a large sale and was of such influence in Great Britain that at one time all the candidates for the Presbyterian ministry were required to disavow all belief in or sympathy with "Bourignonism." The fact that for twenty years she boasted that she had not read a word of the Holy Scripture shows the erratic character of her piety. But by John Wesley's (or possibly John Byrom's?) rare power of translation we have from her a most useful hymn, which was written in 1640, at the time when she renounced the world for a religious life.

Bourne, William St. Hill, a Church of England clergyman, was born in 1846. He was educated at the London College of Divinity, and took orders in 1869. He is the author of a number of hymns and poems, only one of which is found in this collection. He published A Supplementary Hymnal in 1898. He became rector of Finchley in 1900.

Bowring, Sir John, an eminent English politician, statesman, foreign minister, and literary man, was born at Exeter, England, October 17, 1792. He held many official positions of responsibility under the English government, and was knighted in 1854. He was a genius in the acquisition of languages. He made translations from no less than thirteen modern languages, mostly of poetry. For many years he represented the English government in China and other portions of the Orient. He was a Unitarian in faith. He died at Exeter November 23, 1872, being eighty years old. His hymns are found in his Matins and Vespers, 1823, and in his Sequel to the Matins, 1825. His published volumes are very numerous, no less than ten of them containing poetic translations from foreign languages or disquisitions on poetry. Although a Unitarian, he is the author of two of our most popular and useful hymns on Christ, one on the life of Christ (No. 290) and the other on the cross of Christ (No. 143); while two others (Nos. 199 and 636) are among our best missionary hymns, striking a triumphant note concerning the beneficent and universal spread of the gospel of Christ.

Brace, Seth Collins, a Congregational cleryman, son of Rev. Joab Brace, was born at Newington, Conn., August 3, 1811; was graduated at Yale College, class of 1832, and received his theological education at the Yale Theological Seminary. He entered the Presbyterian ministry in 1842, but became a Congregationalist later. For many years he was engaged in teaching and literary work, preaching occasionally. In 1861 he was installed pastor of a Congregational Church at Bethany, Conn. Subsequently he was compelled by illness to retire from active work in the ministry. He died in Philadelphia January 25, 1897.

Brady, Nicholas, an English divine, was born at Bandon, County Cork, Ireland, October 28, 1659; was educated at Westminster, Oxford, and Trinity College, Dublin. He was a Prebendary of Cork, Ireland. In 1702-05 he was incumbent at Stratford. Later, while incumbent at Richmond, he taught school in addition to his ministerial work. He died May 20, 1726. He published two volumes of poetry, one being a translation of Virgil's Aeneid. His association with Nahum Tate in making a New Version of the Psalms of David, 1696, which long held a dominant place in the Church of England, has given him a permanent and honored place in the history of hymnology. From this Version we have four selections:

Brewer, Leigh Richmond, the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Montana since 1880, was born at Berkshire, Vt., January 20, 1839; educated at Hobart College and General Theological Seminary; ordained in 1866; rector of Grace Church, Carthage, N. Y., 1866-72, and of Trinity Church, Watertown, N. Y., 1872-80; was consecrated Missionary Bishop of Montana in 1880; resides at Helena, Mont. Abundant in labors, Bishop Brewer has found time to write occasional poems.

Bridges, Matthew, was an Englishman born at Malden, Essex, England, July 14, 1800. He was educated in the Church of England, but became a convert to the Church of Rome in connection with the famous Tractarian movement led by Cardinal Newman and others. For several years before his death he resided in the province of Quebec, Canada, where he died October 6, 1894. He was the author of several books, the most valuable of which is Hymns of the Heart, 1848.

Bromehead, Joseph, was born in 1748, and after his graduation at Queen's College, Oxford (B.A. 1768, M.A. 1771), he became curate of Eckington, Derbyshire, remaining there until his death, January 30, 1826. His Melancholy Student reached a second edition in 1776. He translated some of the Psalms into English verse, and was editor of the Eckington Collection, in which volume the hymn beginning "Jerusalem, my happy home," first appeared in its present familiar form. From this collection of hymns it passed into the Williams and Boden Collection of 1801, and thence into many modern hymnals--from which circumstance several hymnologists have inferred that Bromehead gave that hymn its present form when he inserted it in the Eckington Collection. See full discussion of authorship under the hymn.

Brooks, Charles Timothy, a Unitarian divine and a poet and author of more than ordinary ability, was born at Salem, Mass., in 1813; graduated at Harvard College in 1832 and at the Harvard Divinity School in 1835; was pastor of a Unitarian Church in Newport, R. I., from 1836 to 1871; published quite a number of volumes, many being translations from the German; he died June 14, 1883.

Brooks, Phillips, a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Boston December 13, 1835; graduated at Harvard College in 1855, and then attended the Episcopal School of Theology, at Alexandria, Va. He was ordained in 1859, and became the rector of the Church of the Advent, in Philadelphia. In 1869 he became the rector of Trinity Church, Boston. This church was on Summer Street; but the great fire of 1872 destroyed it, and a new church was erected in Copley Square. He was greatly beloved by his people, and his fame and influence were widely spread. In 1891 he was elected Bishop of Massachusetts, but he did not long serve in this Position. He died January 23, 1893. Bishop Brooks was a great soul in a gigantic body. He made friends of all with whom he came in contact. His influence was positive, strong, and good. Besides the carol in this book, he wrote at least four Christmas and two Easter carols, all of which are very fine.

Brown, Phoebe Hinsdale, was the daughter of George Hinsdale, and was born May 1, 1783, at Canaan, N. Y. Being left an orphan and moneyless when only two years of age, her early life was one of want, hardship, and drudgery. When nine years of age she went to live with a relative who kept a county jail. "These were years of intense and cruel suffering," says her son. "The tale of her early life which she has left her children is a narrative of such deprivations, toil, and cruel treatment as it breaks my heart to read." Not until she was eighteen years of age did she escape from this bondage and find a home among kind and sympathetic people. Her education was limited to three months in the public school at Claverack, N. Y., where she learned to write. She made at this time a profession of faith in Christ and joined the Congregational Church. She did not improve her worldly fortune when, in 1805, she married Thomas H. Brown, a journeyman house painter, after which she lived successively at East Windsor and Ellington, Conn., Monson, Mass., and at Marshall, Ill., where she died October 10, 1861. "Despite all her disadvantages," says Prof. F. M. Bird in Julian's Dictionary, "Mrs. Brown's talents and work are superior to those of any other early female hymnist of America." Fifteen of her hymns have found a place in the different Church hymnals of America, though only one is given a place in this collection--her famous "Twilight Hymn," the origin of which is deeply interesting. The "little ones" to whom she referred in this hymn all became eminent for piety and usefulness.

Browne, Simon, an English Independent minister and contemporary of Dr. Isaac Watts, was born at Shepton Mallet, in Somersetshire, about 1680; and died in 1732. He was the pastor of a Church in Portsmouth and later in London. While living in London he published his original Hymns and Spiritual Songs, 1720. He was also the author of a number of prose volumes, among them a Defence of Christianity. Near the close of life he suffered from a peculiar mental disease. He imagined that God in his displeasure had gradually annihilated in him the thinking substance--that he had no reasoning soul. At the same time he was so acute a disputant that his friends said he could reason as if he had two souls. In the old hymn books a number of his hymns were in common use.

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, scarcely less famous as a poet than her illustrious husband, Robert Browning, was born in Londen March 4, 1809, being the eldest daughter of Edward Moulton, a country gentleman, who took the name of Barrett soon after her birth. On September 12, 1846, she was married to Robert Browning, and the remainder of her life was spent in Italy, chiefly at Florence, where she died June 30, 1861. In all literature there is no parallel case where husband and wife have each attained such distinction as poets and hold so high a place in the world of letters. As a poet she stands foremost among English literary women. Beginning at eight years of age to write poetry and being a great reader and a tireless worker, she produced during the forty years of her literary life, although much of the time an invalid, poems of rare intellectual power, artistic beauty, and ethical force; and a beautiful Christian faith pervades them all, which is also true of the writings of her illustrious husband. The happy married life and literary fellowship of Mrs. Browning and her husband constitute one of the most beautiful things in the biography of literature. This volume contains two lyrics from her pen:

Bryant, William Cullen, eminent American editor and poet, was born in Cummington, Mass., November 3, 1794; spent two years at Williams College, after which he studled law and practiced about ten years. In 1826 he connected himself with the New York Evening Post and continued to be one of its editors and proprietors to the day of his death, June 12, 1878. Bryant is known as one of the ablest and sweetest of American poets. Many editions of his poems have been published. He also made an excellent translation of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Nineteen of his hymns were privately printed and circulated among his friends in 1869. A number of them are in common use.

Bulfinch, Stephen Greenleaf, a Unitarian minister, was born in Boston June 18, 1809. His father, Charles Bulfinch, a well-known architect, was the designer of the national capitol at Washington, where he lived and where his son Stephen was graduated at Columbian College in 1827. He was also a graduate of the Theological School at Cambridge, Mass., 1830. He was ordained in 1831, and began his ministry at Augusta, Ga. Later he was the pastor of Unitarian Churches in several places. Dr. Bulfinch died at East Cambridge, Mass., October 12, 1870. The Boston Transcript just after his decease said: "Of a beautiful spirit, earnest convictions, sympathetic and devout nature, he won the respect and love of the people wherever he served." Most of his poems are found in his Lays of the Gospel, Boston, 1845.

Burleigh, William Henry, a social reformer and member of the Unitarian Church, was born at Woodstock, Conn., February 12, 1812. He was brought up on his father's farm, and attended the district school. He was a born reformer, and living in New England in his time and with his disposition, naturally identified himself with the radical abolitionists and prohibitionists. His business was that of editor and lecturer. In 1837 he began at Pittsburg, Pa., the publication of the Christian Witness and Temperance Banner. In 1843 he became editor of the Christian Freeman at Hartford, Conn. From 1849 to 1855 he was agent of the New York State Temperance Society, and was harbor master at New York from 1855 to 1870. He died at Brooklyn, N. Y., March 18, 1871. Poetry was his recreation. His poems were collected and published in 1841; second and enlarged edition, 1871. The poem titled "Blessed Are They That Mourn" was born of sorrow. Within the space of two years he buried his father, wife, eldest daughter, and eldest son. Let no one imagine that the strong, calm faith of this hymn was attained without difficulty. In a letter to a friend he said: "It is not without strong wrestlings that doubt and murmurings are put under my feet and I am enabled to struggle up into the purer atmosphere of faith." He is one of the few American hymn writers whose hymns are more extensively used in England than in America. Of fourteen hymns by him in common use, only two are here given:--

Burns, James Drummond, a Scotch Presbyterian divine, was born in Edinburgh February 18, 1823. He was a graduate of the University of Edinburgh. In 1845 he became a pastor of the Free Church of Scotland at Dunblane. In 1848 he took charge of a Presbyterian Church at Funchal, Madeira. In 1855 he became pastor of a Presbyterian Church in London. He died at Mentone November 27, 1864. He was the author of about one hundred hymns, only a few of which have come into common use. He was also the translator of thirty-nine German hymns. His Memoir was written by the Rev. James Hamilton, D.D., 1869.

Burton, Henry, a Methodist minister, born in 1840 at Swannington, Leicestershire, in the house where his grandmother, Mrs. James Burton, in 1818 organized the first Wesleyan juvenile missionary society. His parents moving to America in his boyhood, he was educated at Beloit College, Wisconsin. After his graduation he became a local preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church and acted as a supply for the brother of Miss Frances E. Willard and also for six months as pastor at Monroe, Wis., after which he returned to England, and in 1865 entered the Wesleyan ministry. His labors have been chiefly in Lancashire and London. He married the sister of Rev. Mark Guy Pearse, the well-known Wesleyan preacher and author. He is the author of the commentary on St. Luke in the Expositor's Bible series of commentaries and also of Gleanings in the Gospels and Wayside Songs, 1886. In 1900 he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Beloit College. His famous little poem titled "Pass It On" has been set to music by no less than ten different composers. His present address is Charnwood, West Kirby, Birkenhead, Cheshire, England.

Campbell, Jane Montgomery, an English lady, a writer and teacher of music, daughter of the Rev. A. Montgomery Campbell, of the Church of England, was born in London in 1817; and died November 15, 1878. She was a teacher in her father's parish school, a writer of English verse, and a translator of German hymns, some of which were published in C. S. Bere's Garland of Songs, 1862, and Children's Choral Book, 1869. She is the author of A Handbook for Singers.

Campbell, Margaret Cockburn. She was the eldest daughter of Sir John Malcolm. In 1827 she was married to Sir Alexander Thomas Cockburn-Campbell, who was one of the founders of the Plymouth Brethren in England. Some of her hymns appeared in the collection of the Plymouth Brethren in 1842, and so came into general use. She died February 6, 1841.

Carney, Julia A., was Miss Fletcher when she wrote the hymn contained in this collection, beginning: "Think gently of the erring one." She was born at Lancaster, Mass., April 6, 1823; began writing verses in early childhood, contributing poems to juvenile periodicals when she was only fourteen; became a teacher in one of the primary schools of Boston in 1844; wrote the familiar little poem beginning, "Little drops of water, little grains of sand," in 1845; married Rev. Thomas J. Carney in 1849. She died at Galesburg, Ill., November 1, 1908. Mr. and Mrs. Carney were members of the Universalist Church.

Cary, Phoebe, and her sister Alice hold an honored place among the female poets of America. Phoebe (her sister Alice being four years her senior) was born in the Miami Valley, Ohio, September 4, 1824. The sisters began writing poetry at a very early age. Their collected Poems were first published in 1850. They moved to New York City in 1852, and soon had bought and paid for with their pens a very delightful home on Twentieth Street, where they lived until their death. The death of the elder sister preceded and hastened that of the younger, which occurred in 1871 while on a visit to Newport, R. I. Miss Cary was at the time of her death a member of the Church of the Strangers (Independent), in New York City. In 1869, in coöperation with her pastor, Dr. Charles F. Deems, she published a collection of sacred songs titled Hymns for All Christians. She published Poems and Parodies in 1854 and Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love in 1868. The deep devotion of these two sisters to each other and their intimate fellowship in literary work attracted widespread and admiring attention on the part of all who knew them. Three other hymns by Phoebe Cary and seven hymns by Alice Cary are found in Church hymnals.

Caswall, Edward, is the translator of many popular hymns. He comes of a literary family. His father and a brother were both clergymen of distinction in the Church of England. He was born at Yateley, in Hampshire, July 15, 1814; graduated at Oxford in 1836; was ordained deacon in the Church of England in 1838; became perpetual curate of Stratford-and-Castle, near Salisbury, in 1840; resigned his ecclesiastical position in the Church of England in 1846 with a view to joining the Roman Catholic Church, which he and his wife did in 1847; became a priest in the Congregation of the Oratory, which Cardinal Newman had established at Birmingham, where he remained until his death, January 2, 1878. His biographer says:

His life was marked by earnest devotion to his clerical duties and a loving interest in the poor, the sick, and in little children. His translations of Latin hymns have a wider circulation in modern hymnals than those of any other translator, Dr. Neale alone excepted. This is owing to his general faithfulness to the originals and the purity of his rhythm, the latter feature specially adapting his hymns to music and for congregational purposes.

His translation from St. Bernard, beginning, "Jesus, the very thought of thee," is one of the finest in the entire Hymnal. Most of his original hymns are so Romish in doctrinal teaching as to make them unfitted for use in Protestant hymnals. His hymns are found in his Lyra Catholica, 1849; Masque of Mary and Other Poems, 1858; A May Pageant and Other Poems, 1865. The contents of all these volumes are contained in his Hymns and Poems, 1873, many of his hymns being rewritten or revised for this final volume. Four of his translations are in our Hymnal:

Cawood, John, a clergyman of the Church England, was born at Matlock, in Derbyshire, March 18, 1775. He was a farmer's son, and his early educational advantages were limited. By private study he succeeded in entering St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, in 1797, obtaining his degree four years later. He took holy orders in 1801. In 1814 he became perpetual curate in Bewdely, Worcestershire, remaining there until his death, November 7, 1852. Cawood wrote only a few hymns. Nine were published in Cotterill's Selection, eighth edition, 1819. Three others are found in Lyra Britannica, 1867. Only one appears in this collection:

Cennick, John, was born in Berkshire, England, December 12, 1718. Being converted in his seventeenth year, he connected himself first with the Methodists and became a preacher among them, and was placed in charge of the Kingswood School; but his theological views undergoing a change, he separated from them in 1741, carrying several members with him and founding an independent society of his own, which, however, was soon gathered into the Whitefield, or Lady Huntingdon, Connection. A few years later he joined the Moravians, and spent most of the remainder of his life in the northern part of Ireland, returning to London in 1755, where he died July 4 of that same year, at the age of thirty-seven. He was a man of sincere and earnest piety. His first hymns were written for the use of the Methodists, and were altered and probably improved by the Wesleys. He published Sacred Hymns in three parts and in various editions, 1741-49, and in 1754 his Hymns to the Honor of Jesus Christ, Composed for Such Little Children as Desire to be Saved. "I would not have any," says Cennick, "who read these hymns look to find either good poetry or fine language, for indeed there is none." to which Dr. Hatfield says: "It was the truth. The few hymns from his pen that are now used have been considerably modified to fit them for the service of song, and are known at present almost wholly in these altered forms." He is the author of two well-known "Graces" before and after meat, commencing, "Be present at our table, Lord," and "We thank thee, Lord, for his our food." (See notes under Nos. 306 and 532 for further biographical facts.) His three best hymns are:

Charles, Elizabeth Rundle, the daughter of John Rundle, a banker and member of Parliament, was born at Tavistock, Devonshire, England, January 2, 1828. In 1851 she was married to Andrew Paton Charles, a barrister at law, who died in 1868. For some years previous to her death (March 28, 1896) she signed her name "Rundle-Charles." She is described in Allibone's Dictionary of Authors as one who had reputation as a linguist, painter, musician, poet, and preëminently as the author of The Chronicles of the Schönberg-Cotta Family, 1863, and more than twenty-five other volumes, several of which were poetry. No books written in the past century designed to popularize the notable epochs in modern Church history have had a wider reading or a greater and more healthful influence than The Schönberg-Cotta Family and the series of historic volumes that followed it. Among her many volumes discussing poetry and containing poems from her pen, none has attained such widespread recognition and influence as The Voice of Christian Life in Song in Many Lands and Ages, 1865. Her Poems were published in New York in 1867. Many of her works have had an immense circulation in England and America. Before her death she had won a high and permanent place in English literature as one of the purest and most wholesome of modern Christian authors. Some half dozen of her hymns are found in the hymnals of different Churches.

Chorley, Henry Fothergill, an English editor and author, was born at Blackleyhurst, Lancashire, December 15, 1808. He was educated at the Royal Institution, Liverpool. In 1834 he went to London to take a place on the staff of the Athenaeum, and retained this editorial position for thirty-five years. He was the author of several novels and a large number of songs. He died February 15, 1872.

Claudius, Matthias, the son of a Lutheran Pastor, was born at Reinfeld, near Lubeck, August 15, 1740. He entered the university at Jena in 1759 as a student of theology, but later turned to law and literature. While residing at Darmstadt he associated with a circle of freethinking philosophers, but a severe sickness caused him to return to the faith of his childhood. He did not intentionally write hymns for the Church, but much of his poetry is Christian in spirit and a few pieces have been utilized as hymns. He died at Hamburg January 21, 1815.

Clement of Alexandria, whose real name was Titus Flavius Clemens, was born about 160 or 170 A.D., at either Athens or Alexandria; and died about 215 or 220. A diligent student of Greek literature and philosophy, he was also as a young man an earnest seeker after the truth, and at length found it in the Christian faith. He traveled far and wide, seeking instruction from Christian teachers. He seemed to have been most influenced by Pantaenus, the head of the celebrated Catechetical School at Alexandria, and succeeded him about 190. While in this position he was ordained a presbyter. He continued to teach and preach at Alexandria until driven away by the persecution of Severus in 202. Origen and Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, were both pupils of Clement at Alexandria. The last knowledge of him is in 211, when he bore a letter of commendation and confidence from Bishop Alexander, his former pupil, to the Christians at Antioch. It is not known whether he died in the East or returned to Alexandria. Three of his theological works are extant; also one sermon and one hymn to Christ, which, as found in this collection, owes as much to the translator as it does to the author.

Codner, Elizabeth, was the wife of an English clergyman, the author of Among the Brambles and Other Lessons from Life, in which her hymn, "Lord, I hear of showers of blessing," was printed. She published two small volumes titled The Missionary Ship and The Bible in the Kitchen, and edited the periodical, Woman's Work in the Great Harvest Field. She was associated for some years with the Mildmay Protestant Mission, London. Hymnologists do not give the date of her birth or death.

Coghill, Annie Louisa, daughter of Robert Walker, was born in Kiddermore, England, In 1836. In 1884 she was married to Harry Coghill. "Work, for the night is coming," was written in 1854, which was before her marriage and when she was only eighteen years of age. She was then residing in Canada, and the hymn was first printed in a Canadian newspaper. The author's text is found in her Oak and Maple, 1890. Her occasional poems printed in various Canadian newspapers were gathered together and published in 1859 In a volume titled Leaves from the Backwoods. In 1898 Mrs. Coghill edited and published the Autobiography and Letters of her cousin, Mrs. Oliphant.

Collyer, William Bengo, was the pastor of an Independent or Congregational Church from 1801, when he was ordained, until his death, January 8, 1854. He was born at Blackheath, near London, April 14, 1782, He was educated at Homerton College, which he entered at the age of sixteen. Dr. Collyer's Church was at Peckham, England. Dr. Falding, in the Dictionary of Hymnology, says he "was eminent in his day as an eloquent evangelical preacher when formalism in worship and Arianism in doctrine prevailed. He was a man of amiable disposition, polished manners, and Christian courtesy, popular with rich and poor alike." He edited a hymn book which was published in London, 1812, Hymns Partly Collected and Partly Original. To this book he contributed fifty-seven of his own hymns. He also contributed thirty-nine pieces to Dr. Leifchild's book of Original Hymns, 1843. A few of his hymns have been useful, but none of them have reached the first rank.

Colquhoun, Frances Sara, daughter of Mrs. Ebenezer Fuller-Maitland, of Stanstead Hall, Henley-on-Thames, was born at Shinfield Park, near Reading, England, June 20, 1809; on January 29, 1834, she was married to John Colquhoun. She died May 27, 1877. She contributed to her mother's volume titled Hymns for Private Devotion, 1827, one original hymn, and also some additional lines to Henry Kirke White's incomplete hymn beginning, "Much in sorrow, oft in woe."

Conder, Josiah, the son of Thomas Conder, a London bookseller, and the grandson of Dr. John Conder, an eminent Dissenting clergyman, was born in London September 17, 1789. At an early age he lost the sight of his right eye. At the age of fifteen he entered his father's bookstore, where he was thrown much with intellectual people; and this increased and confirmed the interest which he already had in literature. At the early age of twenty-one we find him, conjointly with several other young aspirants for literary fame (one of whom, Eliza Thomas, became his wife), issuing a volume of poetry called The Associate Minstrels, which attained sufficient popularity to justify a second edition two years later (1812). This same year he contributed three hymns to Dr. Collyer's collection. In 1814 he obtained control of the Eclectic Review, and from this time on he devoted all his time to literature and journalism. In 1832 he started the Patriot newspaper, which he continued to edit and publish until his death, December 27, 1855. He published more than a dozen scholarly volumes during his life, and these show him to have been a devout and pious believer. His Congregational Hymn Book, published in 1836, attained a widespread popularity which lasted for many years. Just before he died he collected all the hymns he had written with a view to publication. They were issued the year after his death under the title: Hymns of Praise, Prayer, and Devout Meditation. "His friends included most of the literary and Christian men of eminence living in the first half of the nineteenth century." A larger number of Conder's hymns are said to be in common use in England and America at this time than those of any other writer of the Congregational body, Watts and Doddridge alone excepted.

Copeland, Benjamin, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, residing at present (1911) in Buffalo, N. Y., was born in 1855. He has filled various important stations in his Church since entering the ministry. The two useful hymns which we have here from his pen show that he has fine poetic ability. They are both hymns of more than ordinary merit. The first of the two especially neets a real need in the Hymnal and fills a place not filled by any other hymn.

Cotterill, Jane, was the daughter of a minister, Rev. John Book, the wife of a minister, Rev. Joseph Cotterill, and the mother of a minister, Rt. Rev. Henry Cotterill, Bishop of Edinburgh. She lived but thirty-five years. Born in 1790, married in 1811, died in 1825. She wrote only a few hymns, which appeared first in Thomas Cotterill's Selection, 1815, without name; and later they appeared in Montgomery's Christian Psalmist, 1825, with the name of the author.

Cotterill, Thomas, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Cannock, Staffordshire, December 4, 1779; graduated at Cambridge in 1801, and entered the ministry of the Church of England. In 1817 he became perpetual curate of St. Paul's, at Sheffield, where he spent the rest of his life, teaching a small school part of file time in connection with his pastoral work. It was here that he met and formed an intimate friendship with James Montgomery, the poet and hymn writer, who helped him in the preparation of a volume of hymns under the following title: A Selection of Psalms and Hymns for Public and Private Use, Adapted to the Services of the Church of England. So popular was this book that it reached its eighth edition by 1819. This work contained one hundred and fifty psalms and three hundred and sixty-seven hymns, of which Montgomery furnished fifty and Cotterill thirty-two, though the authors' names were not in any cases attached to the hymns. This book brought Cotterill into trouble with the ecclesiastical authorities, and was actually carried into the courts; but the suit was settled through the mediation of the archbishop, who revised Cotterill's selections and added several of his own, reducing the number to one hundred and forty-six. In spite of ecclesiastical influence, however, this "suppressed" volume continued to be used and to have widespread influence. "It did more," says Julian, "than any other collection in the Church of England to mold the hymn books of the next period; and nearly nine-tenths of the hymns therein, and usually in the altered form given them by Cotterill or James Montgomery, who assisted him, are still in common use in Great Britain and America." Cotterill died December 29, 1823. Montgomery's sorrow over his death found expression in the well-known hymn beginning "Friend after friend departs."

Cowper, Frances Maria, was born in England in 1727; and died in 1797. She was the wife of Major Cowper, a sister of the Rev. Martin Madan, and a cousin, through her mother, of William Cowper, the poet. Her poems, Original Poems on Various Occasions, by a Lady, were published in 1792.

Cowper, William, one of the most popular poets and letter writers of the English language, was born in Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire, November 26, 1731. His father, Rev. John Cowper, was a chaplain to George II. He spent ten years in Westminster School, and then began reading law, but abandoned it for literature after a very brief practice. He became the most distinguished poet of the English language in the latter half of the eighteenth century. His poetic works are too numerous and too well known to need mention here. His life is invested with a peculiar and sorrowful interest, owing to his constitutional tendency to mental and moral despondency, which brought on frequent attacks of insanity. His disappointment in not being permitted to marry his cousin added to his malady. His melancholia had come upon him and placed its dark limitations upon his life before he went, in 1765, to live at Huntingdon, where his association with and love for Mrs. Mary Unwin became one of the tenderest and holiest attachments of his life. In 1767 he moved to Olney, the home of Rev. John Newton. An intimate friendship between the two at once began. Cowper was a constant and prayerful attendant upon Newton's Church services, especially his cottage prayer meetings, for which nearly all of his hymns were written at Newton's request. The Olney Hymns, 1779, was their joint production, seventy-eight of them coming from Cowper. He also translated many of the hymns of Madame Guyon, one of which is found in this volume. He died April 25, 1800, at East Dereham. He is regarded as the greatest letter writer in Engllsh literature. None of his great poems show signs of melancholia, but breathe a healthful and cheerful piety. No other great poet has written so many hymns as he. His hymns give expression to sentiments of peace and gratitude, of trust and submission, rather than of hope and joy. A plaintive and refined tenderness runs through them all.

Cox, Christopher Christian, an eminent physician, son of Rev. Luther J. Cox, a Methodist preacher, was born in Baltimore August 28, 1816; was graduated at Yale College in 1835, and at a medical school in his native city in 1838. In 1861 he was appointed brigade surgeon in the United States army, and resided in Washington. He died November 25, 1882. He was a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was a brother of Rev. Samuel K. Cox, D.D., author of Hymn No. 347.

Cox, Samuel Keener, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was born in Baltimore, Md., July 16, 1823; and died at Harrisonburg, Va., November 27, 1909. He was the son of Rev. Luther J. Cox, a Methodist local preacher, and was a first cousin of Bishop John C. Keener. He enjoyed fine educational advantages in early life, and in 1844 he joined the Maryland Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church, of which his father was one of the organizers in 1828. After filling various pastoral charges in Washington City and elsewhere, he became in 1853 Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Madison College, Uniontown, Pa., which position he filled for some years, and then was engaged in educational work in Virginia and Alabama until 1866, when he joined the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in which Church he served as educator, pastor in Baltimore, Washington City, and elsewhere and as editor of the Episcopal Methodist, the Baltimore Christian Advocate, and the Baltimore and Richmond Christian Advocate. He was a member of the committee of nine which in 1886-88 compiled the hymn book of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, which was the official hymnal of that Church until this present book became the joint hymnal of both branches of American Episcopal Methodism. Dr. Cox was a brother of Dr. Christopher C. Cox, the author of Hymn No. 52.

Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Mendham, N, J., May 10, 1818; graduated at the University of New York in 1838; took orders in the ministry in 1841, and served as rector at Hartford, Baltimore, and New York. In 1865 he was elected bishop of Western New York. He died July 20, 1896. Bishop Coxe was the author of several small volumes of Poems: Advent, 1837; Christian Ballads, 1840; Athanasion, 1842; Hallowe'en and Other Poems, 1844; Saul, a Mystery, 1845. A few of his hymns are found in many collections. As a member of the Hymnal Commission that prepared the official hymnal of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1869-71 he refused to allow any of his own hymns to be inserted in that volume, which, Prof. F. M. Bird thinks, was a case of "too scrupulous modesty."

Crewdson, Jane, the daughter of George Fox, was born at Perraw, Cornwall, England, in October, 1809, and was married to Thomas Crewdson, of Manchester, in 1836. Always delicate in health, toward the close of her life she became a confirmed invalid and a great sufferer; and most of her hymns were written during this period of suffering. She died at Summerlands, near Manchester, September 14, 1863, "leaving behind her the memory of a beautiful Christian life and many admirable verses." She truly learned in suffering what she taught in song. Her husband wrote beautifully of her: "As a constant sufferer, the spiritual life deepening and the intellectual life retaining all its power, she became well prepared to testify as to the all-sufficiency of her Saviour's love. Many felt that her sick room was the highest place to which they could resort for refreshment of spirit and even for mental recreation. From that apartment came many a letter of earnest sympathy or of charming playfulness." She published anonymously several small volumes of poetry, and the year after her death a book of her poems was published under the title: A Little While and Other Poems, 1864. A verse, written just before she died, titled "During Sickness," is a gem worthy of immortality:

Croly, George, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Dublin August 17, 1780. In 1804 he took the degree of Master of Arts at Dublin University, which institution also conferred on him in 1831 the degree of LL.D. After receiving holy orders he labored in Ireland until 1810, when he removed to London and devoted himself largely to literature. He died November 24, 1860. Dr. Croly's hymns were published in his Psalms and Hymns for Public Worship, 1854.

Crosby, Fanny Jane (Mrs. Van Alstyne), is the most prolific and perhaps the most popular writer of Sunday school hymns that America has ever produced. She was born at South East, Putnam County, N. Y., March 24, 1820. When only six weeks old she lost her eyesight. Her first poem was written when she was only eight years old. At the age of fifteen she entered the Institution for the Blind in New York City, where she spent seven years as a pupil and eleven years (1847-58) as a teacher. In 1844 she published a volume entitled The Blind Girl and Other Poems, and in 1849 Monterey and Other Poems. In 1851 she was happily converted, and united with the Old John Street Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1858 she was married to Mr. Alexander Van Alstyne, who was also, like herself, blind, had been a teacher in the Institution, and was possessed of rare musical talent, and thus eminently fitted to be a congenial and helpful life companion. As a hymn writer, however, she has continued since her marriage to bear her maiden name. A third volume of her poems was issued the year of her marriage: A Wreath of Columbia's Flowers, 1858. She was in the employ of Mr. William B. Bradbury for the last four years before he died, and she was for some years regularly employed by Biglow and Main to write "three hymns a week the year round." She has written about six thousand hymns, considerably less than half of which number have been published. In 1898 she published Bells at Evening and Other Poems, and in 1906 Memories of Eighty Years. Revered, honored, and loved by millions, she resides at Bridgeport, Conn., being at this writing (1911) ninety-one years of age. Fanny Crosby's hymns and the tunes to which they are sung have a peculiar charm for the young and for the masses of the people. There are thousands of religious homes where her sweet and simple songs are sung daily, and are scarcely less familiar than the words of Scripture. In sunshine and darkness alike and in all lands her songs are sung "with a glad heart and free." Few women that have ever lived can claim a higher honor than belongs to Fanny Crosby in being permitted to witness the world-wide popularity of so many of her hymns.

Cross, Ada Cambridge, the daughter of Henry Cambridge, was born at Norfolk, England, November 21, 1844. In 1870 she married Rev. George Frederick Cross, a clergyman of the Church of England. The same year she removed with her husband to Australia, where she has since resided. She published Hymns on the Holy Communion, 1866, and Hymns on the Litany, 1865. A few of her hymns have become popular. Her hymns, says Dr. Julian, "are characterized by great sweetness and purity of rhythm, combined with naturalness and simplicity."

Cummins, James John, was born in Cork, Ireland, May 5, 1795. He moved to London in 1834. He was for many years a director of the Union Bank of Australia. He died at Wildecroft, Buckland, Surrey, November 23, 1867. He was a devout member of the Church of England. He took a deep interest in the study of Hebrew and of theology. His volume titled Seals of the Covenant Opened in the Sacraments, 1839, was prepared with a view to meeting the needs of his own children in their preparation for assuming the vows of Church membership. It contained poetical meditations and hymns which were also published separately the same year and republished ten years later under the title, Hymns, Meditations, and Other Poems, 1849, the title on the cover being Lyra Evangelica.

Cutter, William, an editor and publisher, was born in North Yarmouth, Me., May 15, 1801. He was educated at Bowdoin College, where he was graduated in 1821. He belonged to the Congregational Church. He was engaged in business in Portland, Me., for several years, and then in Brooklyn, N. Y. His hymns were contributed to the Christian Mirror, a periodical published at Portland. He died February 8, 1867. Professor Bird describes Mr. Cutter as "a deserving writer who has hitherto missed his due meed of acknowledgment."

Davies, Samuel, an eminent Presbyterian divine, was born near Summit Ridge, Newcastle, Del., November 3, 1723. He was licensed in 1745 and ordained to the ministry in 1747, and labored for several years as a missionary and evangelist in the State of Virginia. He succeeded Jonathan Edwards as President of Princeton College in 1759, but died February 4, 1761, in his thirty-seventh year. His published sermons show him to have been a man of great intellectual vigor, piety, and usefulness. They have been frequently reprinted. In Dr. Thomas Gibson's Hymns Adapted to Divine Worship (London, 1769) there are sixteen hymns by Mr. Davies, one of which is the following:

Decius, Nicolaus, was born in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, toward the close of the fifteenth century. He was first a monk in the Roman Catholic Church, being in 1519 Probst of the cloister at Steterburg, near Wolfenbüttel; but becoming a convert to Luther's views, he left the Romish Church in 1522 and moved to Brunswick, where he taught school for one year. He became an Evangelical preacher at Stettin in 1523, and was for many years pastor of the Church of St. Nicholas. He died suddenly March 21, 1541. His work was carried on under constant opposition from the Church of Rome, but he was a popular and influential preacher among the early Protestants. He was a good musician, and composed tunes for three hymns that he wrote, only one of which is contained in this collection:

Deems, Charles Force, was for a number of years a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and from 1866 till his death, in 1893, pastor of the Church of the Strangers, an independent congregation in New York City. He was born in Baltimore, Md., December 4, 1820; graduated at Dickinson College in 1839, after which he settled in North Carolina, entering the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church and serving as Agent of the American Bible Society in that State for 1840-41; Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in the University of North Carolina, 1842-5; Professor of Chemistry in Randolph-Macon College, Virginia, 1845-46. He served as pastor of sevral Churches in the North Carolina Conference. He was President of the Greensboro Female College, North Carolina, 1846-50. In 1866 he moved to New York, where he died November 18, 1893. Deems was a popular preacher and forcible public speaker. He was the author of a valuable life of Christ, titled The Light of the Nations. In connection with Miss Phoebe Cary he edited Hymns for All Christians, 1869. As pastor of Commodore Venderbilt he had, in connection with Bishop H. N. McTyeire, not a little to do with influencing that man of princely wealth to give a million dollars to the "Central University of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South" (now Vanderbilt University), at Nashville, Tenn. He was the founder and for many years the President of the American Institute of Christian Philosophy, and also editor of its organ, Christian Thought.

Denny, Sir Edward, was born at Tralee Castle, County Kerry, Ireland, October 2, 1796, and succeeded to the baronetcy upon the death of his father, in 1831. He owned a large estate in Ireland, though his principal residence was in London. His Church membership was with the Plymouth Brethren. He published A Selection of Hymns in 1839 and a volume of Hymns and Poems in 1848. His Millennial Hymns, 1870, is a republication of his former work. It contains a long preface on prophecy, in which he advocates Millenarianism. He died in London June 13, 1889.

Dessler, Wolfgang Christopher, was born at Nuremberg February 11, 1660. His father was a jeweler, and wished his son to follow the same trade. But the son was devoted to study, and at length entered the University of Altdorf as a student of divinity. On account of ill health, he was obliged to give up his course; but he continued his literary work as he was able. He was head master of a school at Nuremberg some fifteen years. Dessler was the author of fifty-six hymns, an accurate scholar and a devout Christian. He died March 11, 1722.

Dexter, Henry Martyn, an eminent Congregational divine and editor of the Congregationalist, of Boston, was born at Plymouth, Mass., August 13, 1821; graduated at Yale College in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1844; was pastor in Manchester, N. H., and in Boston; resigned his pastoral charge in 1867 to become editor of the Congregationalist and Recorder. He is the author of a large number of published volumes. He died November 13, 1890. His only hymn in this collection is a translation of the primitive hymn of Clement of Alexandria:

Dix, William Chatterton, an eminent English author, was born at Bristol June 14, 1837. He was manager of a marine insurance company in Glasgow. His contributions to hymnody are valuable. Some twenty or thirty of them are in common use in Great Britain and America; a few of them are of first rank. He published Hymns of Love and Joy, 1861; Altar Songs, 1867; Vision of All Saints, 1871; and Seekers of a City, 1878. Many of his hymns were contributed to Hymns Ancient and Modern and other English hymnals. Among his best-known volumes are two titled The Risen Christ, 1883, and The Pattern Life, 1885. He died September 9, 1898.

Doane, George Washington, a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Trenton, N. J., May 27, 1799; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., in 1818; entered the ministry in 1821, and served as an assistant minister at Trinity Church, New York, until 1824, when he was called to a chair in Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., where he remained until 1828, when he became rector of Trinity Church, Boston, being in this position when he was elected in 1832 to the bishopric of New Jersey. St. Mary's Hall, Burlington, was founded by him in 1837, and Burlington College in 1846. A man of great energy and force of character, of rare warmth of heart, and of exceptional learning, he was regarded as one of the most able and influential prelates of the Episcopal Church in America. He had not only warm friends and ardent admirers, but bitter enemies and numerous controversies. He died April 27, 1859. His Songs by the Way, 1824, published when he was only twenty-five years old, gave evidence of unusual gifts as a poet and hymn writer. Just after his death his son published his Works, in four volumes, and an enlarged edition of his Sangs by the Way. There are some who claim that his hymn beginning "Thou art the Way" is the greatest hymn that America has yet produced.

Doane, William Crosswell, a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, the son of Bishop George Washington Doane, was born in Boston, Mass., March 2, 1832. He was educated for the ministry. He was ordained a deacon in 1853, a priest in 1856. His first work was as assistant to his father in St. Mary's Church, Burlington, N. J. From 1865 to 1867 he was rector of St. John's Church, Hartford, Conn. In 1869 he was consecrated bishop of the new diocese of Albany. In 1902 his fugitive poems were collected and published in a volume titled Rhymes from Time to Time. Bishop Doane received the title of D.D. from Oxford and LL.D. from Cambridge. His residence is Albany, N. Y.

Doddridge, Philip, one of the most distinguished Dissenting ministers of the eighteenth century, was the youngest of twenty children. He was born June 26, 1702. He entered the ministry when only nineteen years old. In 1729 he moved to Northampton, where he became pastor of the Dissenting Church and also, by the urgent advice of Isaac Watts and others, organized and conducted a theological school for young preachers; and as many as a hundred and fifty studied theology with him during the twenty years he was there. His Family Expositor and Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul have been translated into many languages, and are still widely read, while his Sermons attest his vigor and piety as a preacher. He died of consumption at Lisbon, Portugal, October 16, 1751, in the fiftieth year of his age. It was Dr. Doddridge's custom immediately after finishing a sermon, while his mind was yet aglow with the warmth and unction of earnest, prayerful study and the thought and plan of the sermon were fresh in his mind, to write a hymn embodying the doctrinal and devotional sentiment of the discourse, and have it sung immediately after the conclusion of his sermon. This gives to his hymns a doctrinal unity not found in many hymns. Hence his hymns, as a rule, are suitable for one subject, not for any subject or occasion. They are the hymns of a pastor and preacher, written to meet his own needs. Dr. Doddridge's hymns were circulated only in manuscript during his lifetime. It was not until four years after his death that they (three hundred and seventy in all) were collected and published under the title: Hymns Founded on Various Texts in the Holy Scriptures, 1755. A later edition (1766) contained five additional hymns; and in 1839 a great-grandson of Dr. Doddridge published a "new and corrected edition," which contained twenty-two additional hymns. Dr. Julian states in his Dictionary that over one-third of Dr. Doddridge's hymns are in common use at the present time. Twenty-two only are found in this collection:

Dryden, John, the distinguished English poet, was born at Aldwinkle August 9, 1631. He attended Westminster School and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1650, taking his A.B. in 1654. He was of Puritan blood, and his first great poem was Heroic Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell, 1658. Soon after the restoration he became a Royalist, and was made Poet Laureate in 1670. He did not remain, however, in the Church of England, but in 1785 he became a Romanist. He died May 18, 1701.

Duffield, George, was born at Carlisle, Pa., September 12, 1818; graduated at Yale in 1837, and at Union Theological Seminary, New York, in 1840; was ordained an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and became a pastor successively, of many of the leading Presbyterian Churches in the North and Northwest--viz., Brooklyn, N. Y., 1840-47; Bloomfield, N. J., 1847-52; Philadelphia, 1852-61; Adrian, Mich., 1861-65; Galesburg, Ill., 1865-69; and at Ann Arbor and Lansing, Mich., 1869-84. He retired from the active work of the ministry in 1884, and settled at Detroit, Mich. He died July 6, 1888, at Bloomfield, N. J., while on a visit to his son's widow. He was the son of Rev. George Duffield, D.D., the "patriarch of Michigan," 'who was born in 1796 and died at Detroit in 1868, and the father of the late Rev. Samuel W. Duffield, D.D., of Bloomfield, N. J., author of English Hymns, Their Authors and History, 1886, and Latin Hymn Writers and Their Hymns, 1889.

Dwight, John Sullivan, a Unitarian minister and musician, was born in Boston May 13, 1813. He entered Harvard College in 1828, and was graduated in 1832. He studied for the ministry at the Harvard Divinity School, and was ordained in 1836 as pastor of the Unitarian Church at Northanipton. In a few years he gave up the ministry and devoted himself to literature and music. In 1852 he established Dwight's Journal of Music, which he owned and edited for thirty years, making it one of the foremost musical journals of the time. He died September 5, 1893.

Dwight, Timothy, a distinguished Congregational minister and educator, was born at Northampton, Mass., May 14, 1752. His mother was a daughter of Jonathan Edwards. He entered Yale College at the age of thirteen, and, graduating four years later, became a tutor, which position he resigned in 1777 to become chaplain in the Revolutionary army. He next became a pastor at Greenfield, Conn., and in 1795 was elected President of Yale College, and remained in this position until his death, January 11, 1817. He is best known by his theological works, which are numerous and strong and show him to be a moderate Calvinist in faith. In 1800 he prepared and published a revised edition of Watts's Psalms, which was approved and adopted by the General Association of Connecticut (Congregational). This volume contained several other hymns from various sources, some of which were written by himself. He is the author of about a dozen hymns found in modern Church hymnals. "This is the most important name," says Prof. F. M. Bird, "in early American hymnology, as it is also one of the most illustrious in American literature and education."

Edmeston, James, an Englishman, born September 10, 1791. He was educated as an architect and surveyor, and practiced these callings until his death, January 7, 1867. He was a member of the Church of England. Edmeston wrote nearly two thousand hymns, mostly for children. Some of them have been very popular. Between 1817 and 1847 he was the author of twelve small volumes composed of hymns and other short poems on religious subjects.

Ela, David Hough, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Canaan, Me., in 1831. He was converted in childhood, and joined the Church at the age of nine years. While yet a youth he learned the trade of printing and that of a machinist also. In 1854 he became a student and Christian worker in Wesleyan University, from which he graduated with honors in 1857. He was a successful pastor and presiding elder in the Methodist Episcopal Church in New England for many years. Cornell College gave him the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1876. His death took place October 7, 1907.

Ellerton, John, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born in London December 16, 1826. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1849. From 1850 till his death, June 15, 1893, he filled various positions in the Church of England as vicar and rector, being appointed Canon of St. Albans in 1892. He was the author of some prose writings, but is best known as a hymnologist. His contributions to hymnody are not numerous--about fifty original hymns and ten translations. Many of these are in common use, and a few are of special value. Dr. Julian says of his hymns: "His verse is elevated in tone, devotional in spirit, and elegant in diction." He published his Hymns for Schools and Bible Classes in 1859, and in 1871, in connection with Bishop How, Church Hymns. His Notes and Illustrations of Church Hymns, 1881, was a valuable popular contribution to hymnology.

Elliott, Charlotte, one of the sweetest though saddest of Christian singers, was the daughter of Charles Elliott, of Clapham and Brighton, England, and the granddaughter of Rev. Henry Venn, an eminent Church of England divine of apostolic character and labors. She was born March 18, 1789. Reared amid refined, cultured Christian surroundings, she developed at quite an early age a passion for music and art. She was unusually well educated. From her thirty-second year until her death, which occurred September 22, 1871, in her eighty-third year, she was a confirmed invalid and oftentimes a great sufferer. She was a member of the Church of England. Her hymns have in them a tenderness and sweetness born of suffering and resignation. Although an invalid, she did a large amount of literary work in her lifetime, publishing several volumes. Her Invalid's Hymn Book was published in various editions from 1834 to 1854, and contained altogether one hundred and fifteen of her hymns. Other poetic volumes by her containing hymns were: Hours of Sorrow, 1836; Hymns for a Week, 1839; Thoughts in Verse on Sacred Subjects, 1869. Her hymns number about one hundred and fifty, a large percentage of which, according to Julian's Dictionary, are in common use. "Her verse is characterized by tenderness of feeling, plaintive simplicity, deep devotion, and perfect rhythm. For those in sickness and sorrow she has sung as few others have done." It is doubtful if any hymn written in the past century is more widely sung and popular the world over than "Just as I am, without one plea." Miss Elliott shrank from publicity, nearly all her books being published in the first instance anonymously.

Elliott, Emily Elizabeth Steele, an Englishwoman, a daughter of the Rev. Edward B. Elliott and a niece of Miss Charlotte Elliott, was born at Brighton July 22, 1836. She published Chimes of Consecration, a volume of seventy original hymns, in 1873, and Chimes for Daily Service, seventy-one hymns, in 1880. A few of her hymns have obtained wide acceptance. She edited the Church Missionary Juvenile Instructor for several years. She died at Mildmay, London, August 3, 1897.

Esling, Catherine Harbison, who first wrote and published poems under her maiden name (Waterman), was born in Philadelphia April 12, 1812. In 1840 she married Captain George J. Esling, of the Merchant Marine, and resided from that date till the death of her husband, in 1844, at Rio de Janeiro, after which she returned to Philadelphia. In 1850 her poems were collected and published under the title The Broken Bracelet and Other Poems. She was a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, where she died in 1897.

Evans, William Edwin, a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Baltimore July 11, 1851; was converted in early life and joined the Methodist Church; educated at Randolph-Macon College, which he entered in 1869. He was licensed to preach in 1870, and joined the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1872, but was immediately transferred to the Virginia Conference. After filling various appointments in this Conference, he transferred his Church relationship in 1892 to the Protestant Episcopal Church. Dr. Evans is at present rector of an Episcopal Church in Birmingham, Ala.

Everest, Charles William, an Episcopal clergyman, was born at East Windsor, Conn., May 27, 1814; graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, in 1838; was ordained priest in 1842, and became at once rector of the parish of Hampden, near New Haven, Conn., where he remained for thirty-one years. He died at Waterbury, Conn., January 11, 1877, being at the time an officer in the Society for the Increase of the Ministry. His volume is titled Visions of Death and Other Poems, 1833.

Faber, Frederick William, was born in Yorkshire, England, June 28, 1814. He was of Huguenot origin. He was educated at Harrow School and Balliol College, Oxford, which he entered in 1832. At Oxford he came under the influence of the Rev. John Henry Newman, then vicar of St. Mary's. He entered the ministry of the Church of England, taking deacon's orders in 1837 and priest's