ÐÏࡱá>þÿ }F>H>È=É=Ê=Ë=Ì=Í=Î=Ï=Ð=Ñ=Ò=Ó=Ô=Õ=Ö=×=Ø=Ù=Ú=Û=Ü=Ý=Þ=ß=à=á=â=ã=ä=å=æ=ç=è=é=ê=ë=ì=í=î=ï=ð=ñ=ò=ó=ô=õ=ö=÷=ø=ù=ú=û=ü=ý=þ=ÿ=>>>>>>>>> > > > > >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >!>">#>$>%>&>'>(>)>*>+>,>->.>/>0>1>2>3>4>5>ì¥Á#` ð¿I¹ybjbj\.\. 4Ày>D>Daaÿÿÿÿÿÿ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤d$lqlqlqlqt!à’L<ˆ¤¶8Ï8Ï8Ï8Ï8ÏÐÐÐ;ó=ó=ó=ó=ó=ó=ó$Z h ‚aóý¤ÍÔÐÐÍÔÍÔaó¤¤8Ï8ÏÛ^ƒÕƒÕƒÕÍÔ¤8Ϥ8Ï;óƒÕÍÔ;óƒÕƒÕ¤¤ƒÕ8Ï,Ï `À}D ÇlqÝÔ¦ƒÕŸÕœt0¤ƒÕD ƒÕD ƒÕD ¤ƒÕÐ,?ÑÖƒÕÒ¬ÁÒ ÐÐÐaóaóƒÕÐÐФÍÔÍÔÍÔÍÔˆˆˆäRlqˆˆˆlq¸¼¤`¤¤¤¤¤¤ÿÿÿÿ A DICTIONARY OF HYMNOLOGY Setting forth the Origin and History of Christian Hymns of all Ages and Nations \ Edited by JOHN JULIAN, D.D. VOLUME II P to Z DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC. NEW YORK • ' NEW YORK First Edition.................................January, 1892 Second Revised Edition with New Supplement. .......June, 1907 This new Dover Edition first published in 1957, is an unabridged and unaltered republication of the Second and last Revised Edition. The original work appeared as one volume but is now bound as two. It is published through special arrangement with John Murray. — -Manufactured in the United States of America A DICTIONARY OF HYMNOLOGY 876 IIAAIN IIP02HA0EN «O APAKflN P. C. E., in the People's Hymnal, 1867, i.e.l Dr. Littledale, " Priest, Clmrch of England." ' P. P. Bk., i.e. Priests' Prayer Book. Pabst, Julius, s. of Karl Leopold Pabst, sometime Inspector of the Royal Normal School at Erfurt, was b. at Wilhelmsrulie, near Eitorf on the Sieg (Rhenish Prussia), Oct. 18, 1817. From 1838 to 1842 he studied theology and philosophy at the Universities of Breslau and Halle; from 1842 to 1852 he acted as private tutor in Berlin, in the Neu-mark, and in Dresden; and from 1852 to the end of 1855, was engaged in literary pursuits at Berlin. After New Year's Day, 1856, he resided at Dresden as secretary and teacher of the dramatic art on the staff of the general direction of the Court Theatre and the Royal Orchestra, receiving, in 1860, the honorary title of Hofrath. He d. Oct. 22, 1881 (F. Briimmer's Deutsche Dichter-lexicon, 1877, pt. ii. p. 123; MS. from his family, &c). His hymns appeared principally in his (1) DieFurcht des Herrn ist der Weisheit Anfang, Berlin, 1846, and his (2) Christliches Schatzkastlein, Hamburg, 1848. The only one in English C. U. is :— 0 Geist des Liohtes, komm hernieder. Whitsuntide. Schatzkastlein, p. 227, in 1 st. of 5 L, entitled " Festival Hymn." Tr. as:— Spirit of light, come down, we pray. In full, by Dr. R. Maguire, in his Melodies of the Fatherland, 1883, p. 73, repeated in R. Gault's Hymn Bk., 1886, No. 252, omitting st. v., vi. [Js M.] Pain and toil are over now. Cecil F. Alexander, ne'e Humphreys. [Easter Eve.'] Pub. in her Verses for Holy Seasons, &c, 1846, p. 59, in 6 st. of 6 1., and headed " Easter Even. *And laid it in his own new tomb.' St. Matt, xxvii. 60." In C. XL it is commonly abbreviated, one form being that in the American Protestant Episco. Church Hymnal, 1871, where st. i., ii. and iv., are altered, and the two closing lines of each stanza are omitted. These alterations and omissions have gone far towards utterly spoiling the hymn. [J. J.] Palgrave, Francis Turner, m.a., eldest s. of Sir Francis Palgrave, the Historian, was , b. at Great Yarmouth, Sept. 28,1824, and educated at the Charterhouse (1838-1843) and at Oxford, where he graduated in first class Classical Honours. He was scholar of Balliol (1842) and Fellow of Exeter (1846). He was engaged in the Education Department of the Privy Council till 1884, being also Private Secretary to Lord Granville (then Lord President). In 1885 he was elected Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford. Professor Palgrave's publications include:— (1) Idylls and Songs, 1854; (2) Art Catalogue of the Great Exhibition, 1862 ; (3) Essays ' Lyrical J^oems, 1871; (5; Hymns, 1st ed., 1867 ; 2nd ed., 1868 ; 3rd ed., 1870. He has also edited, (6) Golden Treasury of English Lyrics, 1861; (7) Sir Walter Scott's Poems, with Life, 1867 ; and (8) Chrysomela, a selection from Herrick, 1877. A large proportion of Professor Palgrave's hymns are in C.U., the greatest number being in the Marlborough College Hymns, 1869 (5); Thring's Coll, 1882 (4); Horder's Congregational Hys., 1884 (11); and the Westminster Abbey H. Bk., 1883 (12). These include :— i. From his Hymns, 1867-70:— 1. High in heaven the sun. (1867.; Morning. 2. Hope of those who have none other. (1862.) Con-solution in Affliction. 3. Lord God of morning and of night, (q.v.) Morning. 4. 0 Light of Life, 0 Saviour dear. (1865.) Eoening. 5. 0 Thou not made with hands. (1867.) Kingdom of God within. 6. Once Man with man, now God with God above us. (1868.) Holy Communion. 7. Thou sayest'Take up thy cross.' (1865.) Taking the Cross of Christ. In Macmillan's Magazine. 8. Thou that once, on mother's knee. (1863-7.) The Child Jesus. 9. Though we long, in sin-wrought blindness. (1868.) Lost and Found. 10. We name Thy Name, O God. (1868.) Lent. 11. From Other Sources :— 11. Christ, Who art above the sky. Christ, the Consoler and Guide. 12. Lord, how fast the minutes fly. The New Year. 13. O God, Who when the night was deep. Morning. 14. 0 God [Lord] Who when Thy cross was nigh. Evening. 15. Thrice-holy Name that sweeter sounds. Litany of the Name of Jesus. From the School Guardian, 1883. These hymns, in common with others by Professor Palgrave, noted in this Dictionary under their respective first lines, are marked by much originality of thought and beauty of diction, as well as great tenderness. His object was " to try and write hymns which should have more distinct matter for thought and feeling than many in our collections offer, and so, perhaps, be of little use and comfort to readers," and he has admirably succeeded in his object. He d. Oct. 24, 1897. [W. G. H.] UaXc 06770?, ttoKlv ao>9. Synesius, Bp. of Ptolemais. [Morning.] This is hymn No. ii. of his ten hymns. It is a morning hymn of some beauty. It is rendered into English as: •* Again we hail the opening morn." This tr. is by Mr. Chatfield, and appeared in his Songs & Hymns, &c, 1876, p. 14, in 96 lines. Another tr. by A. Stevenson, in his Ten Hys. of Synesius, &c, 1865, is, " After the gloom of night is passed away." The original is found in the Anth. Graeca. Carm. Christ., 1871. [Greek Hymnody, § v.] [J. J.] UdXcv irpocrfjXOev o Spdtccov. St. Gregory of Nazianzus. [To Christ] This is PALMER, HORATIO R. composed of 11.16-22 of his " Hymn to Christ," the full text of which is in Daniel, iii. p. 13. It is "imitated" by Dr. Bonar in his Hys. of Faith and Hope, 2nd series, 1861, in 4 st. of 3 1. as, " Again the tempter corned! to Thee I cling." [J. J.] Palmer, Horatio Richmond, mus. doc, was b. April 26, 1834. He is the author of several works on the theory of music; and the editor of some musical editions of hymn-books. To the latter he contributed numerous tunes, some of which have attained to great popularity, and 5 of which are in I. D. Sankey's Sacred Songs and Solos, Lond., 1881. His publications include Songs of Love for the Bible School; and Book of Anthems, the combined sale of which has exceeded one million copies. As a hymn-writer he is known by his " Yield not to temptation," which was written in 1868, and pub. in the National Sunday S. Teachers' Magazine, from which it passed, with music by the author, into his Songs of Love, &c, 1874, and other collections. In America its use is extensive. Dr. Palmer's degree was conferred by the University of Chicago in 1880. [J. J.] Palmer, Ray, d.d., s. of the Hon. Thomas Palmer, a Judge in Rhode Island, was b. at Little Compton, Rhode Island, Nov. 12, 1808. His early life was spent at Boston, where he was for some time clerk in a dry-goods store. At Boston lie joined the Park Street Congregational Church, then undtr the pastoral care of Dr. S. E. Dwight. After spending three years at Phillips Academy, Andover, he entered Yale College, New Haven, where he graduated in 1830. In 1835 he became pastor of the Central Congregational Church, Bath, Maine. During his pastorate there he visited Europe in 1847. In 1850 he was appointed to the First Congregational Church, at Albany, New York, and in 1865 Corresponding Secretary to the American Congregational Union, New York. He resigned in 1878, and retired to Newark, New Jersey. He d. at Newark, Mar. 29, 1887. Dr. Palmer's published works in prose and verse include :y- (1) Memoirs and Select Remains of Charles Pond, 1829; (2) The Spirit's Life, a Poem, 1837 ; (3) How to Live, or Memoirs of Mrs. C. L. Watson, 1839; (4) Doctrinal Text Book, 1839; (5) Spiritual Improvement, 1839, republished as Closet Hours in 1851; (6) What is Trutht or Hints on the Formation ofReligious Opinions, 1860; (7) Remember Me, or The Holy Communion, 1865; (8) Hymns and Sacred Pieces, with Miscellaneous Poems, 1865 ; (9) Hymns of my Holy Hours, and Other Pieces, 1868 ; (10) Home, or the Unlost Paradise, 1873 ; and (11) Voices of Hope and Gladness, 1881. Most of Dr. Palmer's hymns have passed into congregational use, and have won great acceptance. The best of them by their combination of thought, poetry, and devotion, are superior to almost all others of American origin. The first which he wrote has become the most widely known of all. It is:— 1. My faith looks up to Thee. Faith in Christ. This hymn was written by the author when fresh from College, and during an engagement in teaching in New York. This was in 1830. The author says concerning its composition, " I gave form to what I felt, by writing, •with little effort, the stanzas. I recollect I wrote them with very tender emotion, and ended the last line with tears." A short time afterwards the hymn was given to Dr. Lowell Mason for use, if thought g«x>d, in a work then being compiled by him arid Dr. T. Hastings. In 1331 that work was pub. as Spiritual Songs for Social Worship: adapted to the use of Families, r) Xpicrrov. St. Gregory of Nazianzus. [The Church of Christ.] " An Admonitory Address to a Virgin," pub. in various editions of his Works, and also found in the Anth. Grasca Carm. Christ., 1871. From the latter Mr. Chatfield made his tr., " 0 bride of Christ on high," publishing the same in his Songs & Hymns, &c, 1876, p. 125, in 250 lines. The original dates 924-989, [Greek Hymnody, § iv.] [J. J.] Parvum quando cerno Deum. [Christmas.] This hymn is found in the Sirenes Sym-phoniacae, Cologne, 1678, p. 41, the Psalteriolum cantionum catholicarum, Cologne, 1722, p. 50; and in the Hymnodia Sacra, Munster, 1753, p. 53. Also in Daniel, ii. p. 342, headed " The Mother with the Son." It is a Christmas Hymn of the Blessed Virgin and her Child. PATER SUPERNI LUMINIS 883 It may be remarked that it ends with a versified aspiration for the personal fulfilment (in a spiritual and mystical sense) of Ps. cxxvii. 3-5—arrows, or even one of them, desired to be discharged at one's own heart, such as the young child could discharge at the heart of His mother. Tr. as :— 1. Oft as Thee, my infant Saviour. By E. Cuswall, in his Masque of Mary, &c, 1858, p. 299; and his Hys. & Poems, 1873, p. 149. It is in use in a few Koman Catholic hymn-books. 2. When within His Mother's arms. By E. A. Wash-burn, 1868, and included in Schaff's Christ in Song, 1869. 3. When I view the Mother holding. By H. R. Brain-ley, in Stainer and Bromley's Christmas Carols, n.d. [W. A. S.] Past is her day of grace. /. Keble. [Christ Weeping over Jerusalem.] The poem from which this is taken is dated 1819, and was given in Keble's Christian Year, 1827, in 6 st. of 8 1., for the 10th S. after Trinity. The hymn, No. 195, in Hall's Mitre H. Bk., 1836, is composed of st. i., based upon the first part of Keble's poem, and st. ii.-iv. from the two concluding stanzas of the poem. [J. J.] Pastore percusso, minas. Guillaume de la Brunetiere. [Conversion of St. Paul.] This hymn was given in the Cluniac Breviary, 1686, p. 914, and in the Paris Breviary, 1736, as the hymn at 1st and 2nd Vespers on the Feast of the Conversion of St. Paul. It is also in several later French Breviaries; J. Chandler's Hys. of the Primitive Church, 1837, No. 85, with omission of st. iii., iv.; and Card. Newman's Hymni Ecclesiae, 1838 and 1865, in full. Tr. as :— 1. The Shepherd slain, the wolf returns. By J. Chandler, from his Latin text as above, in his Hys. of the Prim. Church, 1837, p. 93. It was included in Oldknow's Hymns, 1850, and others. 2. The Shepherd smitten is, and, lo. By I. Williams, in his Hys. tr. from the Parisian Breviary, 1839, p. 176. It is used in an abbreviated form. In Johnson's English Hyl., 1861, No. 210, it begins, " The Shepherd smitten and laid low." The rendering in W. J. Blew's Church Hy. and Tune Bk., 1852-55, "The spoiler fierce is lying low," is mainly from this tr., beginning with st. v. 3. The Shepherd now was smitten. By F. Pott, in his Hys. fitted to the Order of Common Prayer, 1861, the People's II., 1867, and others. In one or two American books st. vi.-viii. are given as " Christ's foe becomes His soldier." The alterations in H. A. $ M., 1861 and 1875 were by the Compilers. 4. 0 Lord, Thy voice the mountain shakes. This, in the Hymnary, 1872, is adapted from I. Wil-liams's tr. as above, with a change in the order of stanzas, and several alterations. Translations not in 0. TJ.:— 1. Smitten is the Shepherd good. R. Campbell. 1850. 2. They smite the Shepherd! fired with wrath. J. D. Chambers. 1866. [J. J.] Pater superni luminis. Cardinal Bel- larmine. [St. Mary Magdalene.] Included in the Roman Breviary, Venice, 1603, f. 445, as the hymn at Vespers on the festival of St. Mary Magdalene (July 22), and repeated in ' later eds. It is said to have been written while with Cardinal Silvio Antoniano he was j spending a holiday in the country at Frascati, j as the guest of Pope Clement VIII.; the Pope 884 PATRICK, ST. having proposed to them to see which could compose the best ode in honour of St. Mary-Magdalene. The text is in Daniel, iv. p. 305, and Card. Newman's Hymni Ecclesiae, 1838 and 1865. Tr. as:— 1. Father of celestial Light. By W. J. Cope-land, in his Hys. for the Week, &c, 1848, p. 121. This is in C. U. without alteration; and also slightly changed, as, "Thou that art celestial Light," in the Hymnary, 1872. 2. Father of Light! one glance of Thine. By E. Caswall, in his Lyra Catholica, 1849, p. 162, and his Hys $ Poems, 1873, p. 88. This is given in some hymn-books without alteration, and in others as " 0 Lord of Light, one glance of Thine." Other trs. are :— 1. Father of light, that shines above. Primer, 1615. S Fth f l liht Pi 1685 1 g, , 2. Sweet Father of supernal light. Primer, 1685. 3. Bright Parent of celestial Flame. Primer, 1Y06. 4. 0 Father of supernal light. D. French, 1839. h f ldt liht J Wll 18 p g , 5. 0 Father of resplendent light. J. Wallace, 1874. [J. M.] Patrick, St., the 2nd Bishop and Patron Saint of Ireland, was s. of Calpurnius, a deacon, and grandson of Potitus, a presbyter, and great grandson of Odissus, a deacon, was b. most probably near Dumbarton, in North Britain, in 372. According to his epistle to Coroticus, his father was also a decurio, a member of the local town council, and a Roman by descent. Hence probably the name Patricius. St. Patrick alludes in Coro-ticus, § 5, to his having been originally a freeman, and of noble birth. His birthplace is termed in his Confession, § 1, Bannavem Taberniae. Some have identified that place with Boulogne - sur - Mer, in France. His mother's name was Concessa, said to have been sister of St. Mai tin of Tours. According to Tirechan's Collections (circa a.d. 690), Patrick had four names—(1) Magonus, which Tirechan explains by clarus, illustrious; (2) Sucat (Succetus), god of ivar, or brave in war, said to have been his baptismal name; (3) Patricius; and (4) Cothraige (Cothrighe), given because he had been a slave to four masters. At the age of 16 he was carried off with many others to Ireland, and sold as a slave. There he remained six years with Milcho, or Miliuc. He was engaged in feeding cattle (pecora), though the later writers say that he fed swine. In his captivity lie became acquainted with the Irish language. His misfortunes were the means of leading him to Christ, and be devoted himself to prayer, and often frequented, for that purpose, the woods on Mount Slemish. Having escaped after six years, he spent some years with his parents, and then was stirred up, when still a youth (puer), to devote himself to the evangelisation of Ireland. According to Secundinus's Hymn (St. Sechnall), which is probably not much later than the age of St. Patrick himself, the saint received his apostleship "from God," like St. Paul. No reference is made in that hymn, or in the later so-called Hymn of St. Fiacc, to any commission received from Pope Celestine, as is asserted by later writers. St. Patrick does not in his own writings allude to the external source whence he obtained ordination, and, as he speaks of his Roman descent, it would be strange for Jiim not to have mentioned his PATRICK, ST. Roman consecration, if it had been a fact. From some ** sayings " of his, preserved on a separate page of the Book of Armagh, it is probable that he travelled through Gaul and Italy, and that he was ordained in GhuI as deacon, priest, and, afterwards, as bishop. He was probably a bishop when he commenced his missionary labours in Ireland. There were, however, Christians in Ireland before that period. Palladius, the senior Patrick, who preceded our saint by a few years, was, according to the chronicle of Prosper (tho secretary of Pope Celestine), " ordained and sent to the Scots (the Irish) believing in Christ, by Pope Celestine, as their first bishop." Palladius's mission was a failure, while that of the second Patrick, which was quite independent of the former, was successful in a high degree. Its success, however, has been greatly exaggerated; for St. Patrick, in the close of his Confession, or autobiography, written in old age, speaks of the high probability of his having to lay down his life as a martyr for Christ. The date of St. Patrick's mission is not certain, but the internal evidence of his writings indicate that it was most probably about a.d. 425. The day and month of his death (March 17), but not the year [466] is mentioned in the Book of Armagh. St. Patrick's claim to a record in this Dictionary is associated with the celebrated hymn or •' Breastplate," a history of which we now subjoin. 1. St. Patrick's Irish Hymn is referred to in Tirechan's Collections (a.d. 690). It was directed to be sung in " all monasteries and churches through the whole of Ireland," " can-ticum ejus scotticum semper canere," which is a proof that it was at that time universally acknowledged to be his composition. That regulation was very naturally lost sight of when the old Celtic Church lapsed into the Roman, (a) The expressions used in the hymn correspond entirely with the circumstances under which St. Patrick visited Tara. (b) Moreover, although all the ancient biographies of St. Patrick (with the exception of his own Confession, and of Secundinus's Hymn) speak of him as a worker of miracles, and as having performed miracles at Tara, there is no trace of such a fact in St. Patrick's Hymn, (c) Further, the phrase, "creator of doom," which twice occurs in it, according to the most approved translation, curiously corresponds with another fact that, " my God's doom," or '* the doom," or "judgment of my God," was, according to the ancient biographies, one of St. Patrick's favourite expressions. 2. The first notice of the existence at the present time of an ancient ms. copy of St. Patrick's "Hymn or Breastplate," was made known by the late Dr. Petrie in his Memoir of Tara, pub. in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 1839, vol. xviii. Dr. Petrie gave the original in Irish characters, an inter-lineary Latin version and an English tr. by himself, together with copious notes. Dr. Petrie found the original in the Liber Hymn-orum, iu the Library of Trinity College, Dublin (iv. E. 4,2, fol. 19 6). «' The tradition respecting its primary use by the saint is that he recited it on Easter Sunday, when proceeding to encounter the droidical flre-worsliippers, PATRICK, ST, with their pagan king, Laoghaire, and his court, at Tara, the royal residence." {Lyra Hibernica Sacra, 1878, p. 2.) 3. Dr. Todd in his work 8. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, 1864, gives a metrical rendering of the '* Breastplate/' which begins:— " I bind to myself to-day, The strong power of an invocation of the Trinity, The faith of the Trinity in Unity, The Creator of the elements." The tr., which extends to 78 lines, was mainly the work of Dr. Whitley Stokes. A more correct version by the same scholar is given in the Rolls's edition of the Tripartite Life, 1887; and that revised version, with a few modifications, accompanied with critical notes, explanatory of the alterations made on the former version, is given in the 2nd and 3rd editions of the Writings of St. Patrick, by Dr. V. H. H. Wright. Dr. Whitley Stokts, therefore, is to be regarded as the real translator from the original Irish. Dr. Petrie's translation, though highly meritorious as a first attempt, has been proved iu many particulars to be erroneous. There is no mention of Tara in the hymn. An uncertainty yet exists as to the meaning of a few words. 4. In Dr. W. Macllwaine's Lyra Hibernica Sacra, 1878, Dr. Todd's tr. was repeated (with notes), together with a second tr. by James Clarence Mangan, the opening lines of which are:— " At Tara to-day, in this awful hour, I call on the Holy Trinity! Glory to Htm Who reigneth in power, The God of the elements, Father, and Son, And Paraclete Spirit, which Three are the One, The everlasting Divinity." 5. A popular version of the hymn for congregational use was written by Mrs. Cecil F. Alexander, for St. Patrick's Day, 1889, and sung generally throughout Ireland on that day. The opening lines are :— " I bind unto myself to-day The strong Name of the Trinity, By invocation of the same, The Three in One and One in Three. •« I bind this day to me for ever, By power of faith, Christ's Incarnation ; His baptism in Jordan river; His death on Cross for my salvation; His bursting from the spiced tomb; His riding up the heav'nly way; His coming at the day of doom; I bind unto myself to-day." Mrs. Alexander's version is given, along with that of James Clarence Mangan, in the Appendix to the Writinqs of St. Patrick, edited by Dr. C. H. H. Wright (R. T. S.), 1889. 6. Another metrical version of this hymn  %was given in the Irish Ecclesiastical Gazette for April 5, 1889. It is by Joseph John Murphy, and the opening lines are : " I bind as armour on my breast The Threefold Name whereon I call, Of Father, Son, and Spirit blest, The Maker and the Judge of all." 7. The tr. in Stokes and Wright's edition of St. Patrick's writings was set to music as a cantata by Sir R. Stewart, and was performed for the first time in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, on St. Patrick's Day, 1888. 8. Mr. Thomas French, Assistant Librarian of Trinity College, Dublin, writes as follows respecting this hymn:— " The ms. called the 'Liber Hymnomm' belonged to Arbp. Ussher, and forms one of the volumes of the PATRIS AETERNI SOBOLfiS 886 | Ussher Collection now in the Library of Trin. College, Dublin. There is no interlineary Latin tr. in the ori-, ginal. It was given by Petrie in his account of the hymn 'for the satisfaction of the learned/ [The St. Patrick authorsnip is] tradition only, so far as I know. Dr. Todd in his fi. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, p. 426, says f& It is undoubtedly of great antiquity, although it may now be difficult, if not impossible, to adduce proof in support of the tradition that St. Patrick was its author.'...... Petrie and Todd make the age of the Ms. 9th or 10th cent., Wbitley Stokes 11th or 12th." We may add that St. Patrick's Latin works were pub. by Sir James Ware, 1656, in the Ada Sanctorum of the Bollandist Fathers, 1668, by Villanueva, 1835, and by others, as B. S. Nicholson, 1868, Miss Cusack, 1871, and, above all, by Dr. Whitley Stokes, in the Rolls' Edition of the Tripartite Life, 1887. The latter three works contain also translations. Trs. of the whole, or a portion of St. Patrick's writings, have been pub. by Rev. T. Olden, 1876; Sir S. Ferguson, LL.D. Transactions of Royal Irish Academy, 1885, and more completely in tiie Writings of St. Patrick, edited by Prof. G. T. Stokes and Dr. C. H. H. Wright, 1st ed. 1887. 2nd ed. 1888, 3rd ed., edited, with notes critical and historical, and an introduction by Dr. C. H. H. Wright revised and enlarged. London: Religious Tract Soc., 1889. [C. H. H. W.] Patris aeterni Soboles coaeva. Charles Guiet. [Dedication of a Church.'] This hymn is appointed for use at Lauds on the Feast of the Dedication of a Church, in the Sens Breviary, 1702; the Paris Breviary, 1680; ard later French Breviaries. It is based on the " Christe cunctorum" (p. 226, ii.). The text is also in Card. Newman's Hymni Ecclesiae, 1838 and 1865. Tr. as:— 1. 0 Word of God above. By I. Williams, in the British Magazine, July, 1837, vol. xii. p. 33, and again in his Hys. tr. from the Parisian Breviary, 1839. This tr. is rarely found in its original form. In 1852 it was given, much altered, in Murray's Hymnal as No. 89. This was the received text until 1861, when the Compilers of H. A. fy M. produced another text, which superseded both it and the original. This text is thus composed: st. i., Williams; ii. Murray, altered by the Compilers; iii., iv., Compilers; v., vi., Murray; vii., Murray and the Compilers. This cento is the most popular form of the text, but the wording of st. ii. has undergone several changes. 2. Jesu, most loving God. This rendering is in the Hymnary, 1872, and is attributed in the Index to " I. Williams." Of I. Williams's tr. three lines only are found in the hymn, and these are in the doxology. The rest of the hymn is the text of I. Williams rewritten. To translators the crux of this hymn has been st. ii., which reads:— " Hie sacri fontis latices ab ortu Inditi purgant maculam reatus: Hie et infusum nova membra Christo Chrisma coaptat." I. Williams translated this:— " There dwells in this deep fount Anointing souls to lave, And from beneath this holy mount Goes forth the healing wave." In Murray's Hymnal, 1852, it reads :— •• Grace in this Font is stored To cleanse each guilty child; The Spirit's blest anointing poured Brightens the once defiled." 886 PATfclS SAWENTIA This is changed in H. A. & M. to:— '•Here from the Font is poured Grace on each sinful child; The blest Anointing of the Lord Brightens the once denied." The rendering in the Hymnary is:— " Here in the Font are streams To cleanse the sin-defiled: Here God the Spirit with His strength Endows the new-born child." In addition to this stanza Williams's tr. of st. v. and vi. have been either subjected to great changes, or superseded altogether. They have not however the same doctrinal importance as st. iv. [J. J.] Patris Sapientia, veritas [bonitas] divina. [Passiontide."] This is the best and most popular of the metrical Hours of the Passion of our Lord, which were commonly used in mediaeval times. It is probably of the 14th cent., and consists of 8 stanzas, viz. one each for Matins, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers, and Compline, with the concluding stanza— " Has horas canonicas cum devotione Tibi Jesu recolo pia ratione, Ut sicut tu passus es poenas in agone, Sic labore coiisonans consors sim coronae." Mone, No. 82, gives it from a Reiehenau MS. of the 14th cent, (where it is ascribed to Pope Benedict XII., who d. 1342); a MS. of the 14th cent, at Ooblenz (where it is ascribed to Pope John XXII., who d. 1334); a MS. of the 14th cent, at Lichtenthal (where it is ascribed to Aegidius, Abp. of Bourges, who d. 1316),. and other sources. It is in a MS. of the 15th cent, in the British Museum (Harl. 2951, f. 132), a ms. c. 1400, in the Bodleian (Bodl. 113, f. 40 6, &c), a ms. of the 14th cent, in the Bodleian (Liturg. Misc., 251, f. 1516), and others. The text will also be found in Daniel, i., No. 483 ; Wackernagel, i., No. 267 ; Neale's Hy. Eccl, 1851, p. 137; Bdssler, No. 115; Konigsfeld, ii. p. 318. Tr. as :— Circled by His enemies. By J. M. Neale, in his Mediaeval Hys., 1851, p. 65 (with a note), and in the People's IL, 1867. Of this tr. st. i.-iii. and part of vii. were given in J. D. Charnbers's Lauda Syon, 1857, pp. 168-170, the rest of the tr. therein being by Mr. Chambers. Other trs. are :— 1. He that is the great profounde Sapience. Sarum Prymer, Paris, 1532. 2. The wisdome of the father, and truth divyne be-syde. Primer, 1604. 3. The Father's wisdome deepe. Primer, 1615. 4. The Father's wisdom, Truth divine. Primer, 1684. 5. As night departing brings the day. Primer, 1706. 6. The wisdom of the heavenly Father, Truth divine. D. French, 1839. 7. Twas at the solemn Matins'-hour. J. D. Aylward, in O. Shipley's Annas Sanctus, 1884. This hymn lias often been Ir. into German, and through the following has passed into English, viz.:— Christus, der uns selig macht. A free tr., by M. Weisse, in the New geseng Buchlen, Jung Bunzlau, 1531, and thence in Wackernagel, iii. p. 259, and the Unv. L. S., 1851, No. 89. The trs. of this are:— (1) " Christ, by whose all-saving light," by J. C. Jacobi, 1725, p. 1 (1732, p. 24). (2) " Christ our blessed Savicur," as No. 253 in pt. ii., 1746, of the Moravian H. Bk., 1742. In the eds. 1769, 1789, 1801 it begins: "Christ, who saves us by His cross." In later eds. two ptanzas are continued, viz.: st. vi., " When the Lord of Glory died" (1849, No. 987), and st. viii., "Grant, O Christ, my God and Lord " (1886, No. 101). (3) •• Christ PAUL THE BEACON the Author of our peace," by Miss Burlingham, in the British Herald. April, 1866, p. 248, and Reid's Praise Bk., 1872. . [J. M.] Patzke, Johann Samuel, was b. Oct. 24, 1727, at Frankfurt a. Oder, in the house of his grandfather, his father being an excise officer at Seelow, near Frankfurt. He entered the University of Frankfurt in 1748, and in 1751 went to* Halle. After completing his studies he returned to Frankfurt as a candidate of Theology. In 1755, by the recommendation of the chief court preacher, F. S. G. Sack, of Berlin, he was appointed by the Margrave Heinrich von Schwedt, as pastor at Worrnsfelde and Stolzenburg, near Landsberg on the Warthe. In 1758 he had to flee before the invasion of the Russian troops under General Fermor, and on his return found everything in desolation. In the beginning of 1759 he became pastor at Lietzen, near Frankfurt. Finally, by the recommendation of the Margrave, he was appointed, in 1762, preacher at the Church of the Holy Spirit, in Magdeburg, where he became, in 1769, pastor and senior of the Altstadt clergy. He d. at Magdeburg, Dec. 14, 1787 {Koch, vi. 293; Allg. Deutsche Biog. xxv. 238, &c). Patzke was a man of considerable talents and of a lovable nature. He was also very popular as a preacher. His poetical work began very early, his first volume of Gediclde appearing at Halle in 1750. His hymns appeared mostly in his weekly paper (the first of the kind in Magdeburg) entitled Der Greis, pub. from 1763 to 1769, and in his Musih-alische Gedichte, Magdeburg and Leipzig, 1780. The latter contains a series of cantatas which had been set to music by Johann Heinrich Rolle, music director at Magdeburg, and performed during various seasons of winter concerts there. The only one of his hymns (over 20 in all) which has passed into English is:— Lobt den Herrn I die Morgensonne. Morning. Pub. in 1780, as above, p. 73, in 3 st. of 4 1., as the opening hymn of his cantata, entitled Abel's Tod. Included, as No. 1075, in the Stollberg bei Aachen G. B., 1802. This cantata is in 1780 dated 1769. It appeared, set to music by Rolle, as Der Tod Abels, ein musikalisches Drama, at Leipzig, 1771; the hymn above being at p. 1, entitled, " Hymn of Praise of the children of Adam (1780 ed. of Abel) in their bower." The cantata is itself founded on Der Tod Abels, by Salomon Gessner [b. at Zttrich, April 1, 1730; d. at Zttrich, March 2, 1787], which first appeared at Zttrich in 1758, became exceedingly popular, and was tr. into various languages, one of the English versions passing through more than 20 editions. The passage used by Patzke for his hymn is a portion of Book i., viz. a part of Abel's Song of Praise, sung when he was in his bower with his wife Thirza, and which begins, " Weiche du Schlaf von jedem Aug." The trs. in C. U. from Patzke are :— 1. Praise the Lord, when blushing morning. This appears, without name of author, in the American Unitarian Cheshire Assoc. Coll., 1844, as No. 692; and the Bk. of Hys., 1846 ; and in England in E. Courtauld's Coll., 1860. It is in 4 st., st. i., ii.,being fairly close trs. of st. i., ii., of the German, while st. iii., iv., are practically original English stanzas. 2. Praise the Lord.' the sun of morning. This is a full but free version by Dr. J. A. Seiss, as No. 48 in the Sunday Scltool H. Bk., Philadelphia, 1873, of the Gen. Council of the Lutheran Ch. in America. [J. M.] Paul the Deacon, s. of Warnefrid orWine-frid, was b. at Frinli, in Italy, circa 730. He studied at Pavia. For some time he was tutor to Adelperga, daughter of Desiderius, the last of the Lombard kings, and then lived at the court of her husband, Arichisius of Beneveuta PAULE DOCTOR EGREGIE Eventually he became a monk at Monte Cas-sino, where he d. circa 799. He was the author of several works, including Be Gest. Lango-bardorum. His hymn, w Ut queant laxis re-sonare fibris," in three parts, is annotated in full under TJ. [J. J.] Paule doctor egregie. St. Peter Da-miani. [St. Paul.'] In Damiani's Opera, Paris, 1642, vol. iv. p. 11, entitled "On St. Paul the Apostle." Also in Daniel, i., No. 195; Migne, vol. 145, col. 942 ; Bossier, No. 82, &c. In the Hymnal N., 1854, the tr. is headed Tuba Domini (q.v.) in error. Tr. as:— Let Gentiles raise the thankful lay. By J. M. Neale, in the Hymnal N., 1854, No. 87, with the omission of st. ii. This is given in the Hymnary, 1872, as " To Thee, 0 God, we Gentiles pay," and in the Antiphoner and Grail, 1880, and the Hymner, 1882 (with a tr. of st. ii.), as " From thee, illustrious Teacher, Paul." [W. A. S.] Payson, Elizabeth. [Prentiss, E.] Peabody, Oliver William Bourne, twin-brother of W. B. O. Peabody (see below), was b. at Exeter, New Hampshire, July 9, 1799; educated at Harvard College; followed the legal profession for a time; wrote for the press; was Professor of English Literature in Jefferson College, Louisiana (1842); and finally Unitarian Minister at Burlington, Vermont, where he d. July 5; 1847. [J. J.] Peabody, William Bourne Oliver, D.D., twin-brother of the above, was b. at Exeter, New Hampshire, July 9, 1799, and educated in his native town and at Harvard College. Leaving Harvard in 1817, he taught for a year at an academy in Exeter, and then proceeded to study theology at the Cambridge Divinity School. He began to preach in 1819, and became the Pastor of the Unitarian Congregation at Springfield, Massachusetts, in October, 1820. This charge he held to his death on May 28,1847. His Memoir (written by his brother) was pub. with the 2nd ed. of his Sermons, 1849; and his Literary Remains followed in 1850. "He was a man of rare accomplishments, and consummate virtue," whose loveliness of character impressed many outside his own sect. In 1823 he published a Poetical Catechism for the Young to which were appended some original hymns. He also edited The Springfield Collection of Hys. for Sacred Worship, Springfield, 1835. A few of his hymns also appeared in that collection. His hymns in C. U. are:— 1. Behold the western evening light. Death of the Righteous, or Autumn Evening. Pub. in his Catechism, 1823, in 6 st. of 4 1., and again in his Springfield Coll., 1835, No. 484. It is in C. U. in its original form; also as altered in the Leeds If. Bk., 1853; and again as altered by George Ravvson in the Bup. Ps. & Hys., 1858, where it reads " How softly on the western hills." 2. God of the earth's extended plains. Hymn of Nature. This is in Griswold's Poets and Poetry of America,, in 6 st. of 8 1. This is thought by some to be the production of his brother Oliver (see above); but Putnam assigns it (o William. It is given abbreviated in a few collections. The hymn " God of the rolling orbs above," in the Boston Unitarian Hy. [and Tune"] Bk., 1868, and others, begins with st. v. 3. 0 when the hours of life are past. The Hereafter. This hymn, in 6 st. of 4 1., was given in his Catechism, 1823, as the Answer to "Question xiv. What do you learn of the Future State of Happiness." It is in use in its original form, and also altered as " When all the hours of life are past." PEACE, DOUBTING HEART 887 4. The moon is up: how calm and slow. Evening. A poem rather than a hymn, in 6 st. of 4 1., appended to his Catechism, 1823. 5. When brighter suns and milder skies. Spring. Appended to his Catechism, 1823, in 6 st. of 4 1. The full texts of all these hymns are in Putnam's Singers and Songs of the Liberal Faith, Boston, U. S. A., 1875. [F. M. B.] Peace be on this house bestowed. C. Wesley. [Household Peace desired.'] This hymn, although beginning in a similar manner and on the same subject as the next below by Wesley, is altogether a different hymn. It was pub. in the Hys. & Sac. Poems} 1742, p. 157, in 3 st. of 8 1., and entitled " The Salutation." (P. Works, 1868-72, vol. ii. p. 210.) It was included in the Wes. H. Eh, 1780, No. 467, and has since passed into several Methodist collections. [J. J.] Peace be to this habitation. C. Wesley. [Household Peace desired.] This is No. 35 of his " Hys. for Believers,'* which appeared in Hys. & Sac. Poems, 1J49, vol. ii., in 6 st. of 8 1., and headed " On entering an House." (P. Works, 1868-72, vol. v. p. -53.) It is not in C. U. in its full form, but as follows:— 1. Peace he to this habitation. This, as given in Cotterill's Sel., 1819, No. 336, was composed of st. i., ii. from this hymn (st. i. and vi.) altered, and st. iii. from J. Newton ("May the grace of Christ our Saviour"). This text, with slight changes, and the omission of the stanza from J. Newton, was handed down to modern hymn-books through Montgomery's Christian Psalmist, 1825 ; Conder's Cong. H. Bk., 1836; the Bapt. Ps. dkllys., 1858, and others. The doxology in W. F. Stevenson's Hys. for Church and Home, 1873, is Conder's " Praise the God of all creation," which appeared in the Cong. H. Bk., 1836, No. 552. It gives a stately finish to the hymn. 2. Peace he to this sacred dwelling. This, in the American Sabbath H. Bk., 1858, and others, is Cotterill's st. i., ii., as altered in Montgomery's Christian Psalmist, 1825, again slightly altered to adapt it the better for Public Worship. 3. Peace he to this congregation. This is No. 2 with further changes. It is No. 25 in the American Unita rian Hys. of the Spirit, 1864. The alteration of the first line is found in some of the earliest editions of the Lady Huntingdon Collection. As these forms of the te;;t are in extensive use, and as they differ somewhat widely from Wesley, we append sts. i. and vi. of his original :— " Peace be to this habitation! Peace to every soul herein! Peace, the foretaste of salvation, Peace, the seal of cancell'd sin, Peace that speaks its heavenly Giver, Peace to earthly minds unknown, Peace Divine, that lasts for ever, Here erect its glorious throne ! " Prince of peace, if Thou art near us, Fix in all our hearts Thy home, By Thy last appearing cheer us, Quickly let Thy kingdom come: Answer all our expectation, Give our raptured souls to prove Glorious, uttermost salvation, Heavenly, everlasting love !" 4. Visit, Lord, this habitation. In the Philadelphia Sel. of Hymns, 1861, this is composed of Wesley's st. i., 11. 1-4; st. iii., 11. 1-4 ; and st. vi. slightly altered. [J. J.] Peace, doubting heart, my God's I am. C. Wesley. [Peace with God.] 1st pub. in Hys. and Sac. Poems, 1739, p. 153, in 7 st. of 6 1., and based upon Isaiah xliii. 1-3. (P. Works, 18G8-72, vol. i. p. 135.) It was given in full in the Wes. II. Bk., 1780, No. 264, and subsequently in other Methodist collections. In addition it is found in some 888 PEACE, PERFECT PEACE Church of England hymn-books in 5 sts., a form given to it in Toplady's Ps. & Hys.* 1776. From it also the following hymns are derived :— 1. For ever nigh me, Father, stand. This in Marti-neau's Hymns, 1840 and 1873, is composed of st. iv., ii. and vi. slightly altered. 2. Still nigh me, 0 my Saviour, stand. This, in the Bap. Sel. of Hymns, 1838, No. 321, and the Bap. Ps. & Hys., 1858, No. 427, is a cento, st. i. being st. iv. of this hymn, while st. ii. is st. xvi. of J. Wesley's tr. from the German " Jesu, Thy boundless love to me." G. J. Stevenson's note on Wesley's hymn in his Meth. H. Bk. Notes, 1883, p. 209, is of more than usual interest. [J. J.] Peace, perfect peace, in this dark "world of sin. Bp. E. H. Bicltersteth. [Peace.] Written in 1875, and first printed in a small tract of five hymns (all by Bp. Bickersteth), entitled Songs in the House of Pilgrimage (Hampstead, J. Hewetson, N.D.), in 7 st. of 2 1. It is based upon the text, " Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace, whose mind is stayed on Thee, because he trusteth in Thee," Isaiah xxvi. 3. It was given, without alteration, in the H. Comp., 1876; and has been repeated in numerous collections. It is also in the author's From Year to Year, 1883. In 1884 Bp. Bickersteth issued it, together with a companion hymn in the same metre on Prayer, printed on cardboard, as Prayer and Peace (Lond. Sampson Low). The hymn on Prayer begins " Pray, always pray, the Holy Spirit pleads." This was given in the author's Octave of Hymns, 1880, No. 1. [J. J.] Peace that passeth understanding. J. Montgomery. [For Peace."] This hymn is dated on the original ms. (" m. mss.") " Sept. 20, 1837," and is indexed as having been copied and sent to many persons. The earliest printed form with which we have met is in Montgomery's Original Hymns, 1853, No. 245, in 3 st. of 8 1., and entitled " Invocation to Peace." It is in Kennedy, 1863, and other collections. [J. J.] Pearce, Samuel, s. of a silversmith at Plymouth, was b. in that town, July 20, 1766. Early in life he joined the Baptist Church in Plymouth, and, showing gifts for the ministry, was invited to preach. After a course of study at the Baptist College, Bristol, he became, in 1790, pastor of the Baptist congregation in Cannon Street, Birmingham. There his ministry was remarkably successful; but after a brief and bright course he d. on Oct. 10, 1799. He was strongly disposed to foreign mission work, and was one of the founders of the Bap'tist Missionary Society, in 1792. His Memoirs, by A. Fuller, was pub. in 1800. Embodied in the Memoirs were eleven poetical pieces. In the 2nd ed., 1801. these pieces were grouped together at the end of the Memoirs. He is known to bymnology through the following hymns:— 1. Author of life, with grateful heart. Evening. This in the Meth. Free Church S. S. H. Bk., 1860, is the original with the omissions of st. iii.; that noted on p. 98, i. is a cento for "Morning." Both are from the Memoirs, 1800. 2. God of our lives, our morning song. Morning. From the Memoirs, 1800, into the Meth. Free Church II. Bk., 1860, with the omission of st. ii. 3. In the floods of tribulation. In Affliction. His u Hymn in a Storm," in the Memoirs, 1800, in 4 st. of 10 1. In the 10th ed. of Rippon's Bap. Sel,, 1800, it to PEKNEFATHEB, WILLIAM given in another form of 8 st. of 6 1. This form has come down to modern hymnals. 4. Let ocean's waves tumultuous rise. Contentment. Not in the Memoirs; but in Rippon's Sel,, 1800, in 6 st. of 6 1. 5. Whene'er I look into Thy word. Sunday Morning. In the Memoirs, 1800, in 8 st. of 6 1. In the 27th ed. of Rippon's Sel., 1827, st. iv.-vii., slightly altered, were given as *' Our precious Lord, on duty bent." [W. R. S.] Pearse, Mark Guy, s. o? Mark Guy Pearse, of Camborne, Cornwall, was b. at Camborne, Jan. 3, 1842, and educated for the Wesleyan ministry, which he entered in 1863. Mr. Pearse has held important and responsible appointments at Leeds, London, and Bristol, and is at present (1889) associated with the London West Central Wesleyan Mission. His publications number over twenty, in addition to numerous tracts on practical religious subjects, and have attained in several instances to great popularity, Daniel Quorm, and his Religious Notions, and John Tregenoweth being specially well known. His hymns were mostly written in London in 1875, and were pub. in his little book The Child Jesus, 1875, each hymn having been suggested by one of a series of cartoons illustrative of the life of our Blessed Lord, pub. by the Wesleyan-Methodist Sunday S. Union. Of these hymns the following were included in The Methodist Sunday S. H. Bk., 1879 :— 1. Hushed is the raging winter wild. Simeon in the Temple. 2. O'er Bethlehem's hill, in time of old. Epipliany. 3. Saviour, for Thy love we praise Thee. Epiphany. 4. The fierce wind howls about the hills. Flight into Egypt. These hymns for children are of exceptional merit, and are worthy of attention. [J. J.] Pearson, Charles Buchanan, m.a., was b. about the year 1805, and was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, b.a. in honours 1828. Taking Holy Orders in 1830, he became Prebendary of Fordington in Salisbury Cathedral, 1832, and was Kector of Knebworth from 1838 to 1875. He d. Jan 7, 1881. He was the author of Plain Sermons to a Country Congregation, 1838; Church Expansion, 1853, &c. His Latin Translations of English Hys. appeared in 1862. He contributed versions of the Sarum Sequences to the tr. made by his son (Albert Harford Pearson), of the Sarum Missal, which is entitled, The Sarum Missal in English, 1868. A number of these versions he afterwards revised and pub. in a separate volume (along with the original Latin), as Sequences from the Sarum Missal, 1871. Several of hia versions passed into the Hym-nary, 1871-72. [J. J.] Pembroke, Countess of. [Sidney, Sir Philip.] Pennefather, Catherine, nee King, daughter of Admiral King, of Angley, was married Sept. 16, 1847, to the Rev. W. Pennefather (see below). Two of Mrs. Penne-father's hymns are in The Enlarged London IT. Bk., 1873. (1) "I'm journeying through a desert world" (Heaven Anticipated); (2) "Not now, my child; a little more rough tossing," 1863 (Working and Hoping). She d. Jan. 12, 1893. [J. J.] Pennefather, William, b.a., s. of Kichard Pennefather, Baron of the Irish PENTECOSTARION Court of Exchequer, was b. in Merrion Square, Dublin, Feb. 5, 1816. He resided for a time for educational purposes at Wesbury College, near Bristol, and then at Levans Parsonage, near Kendal, Westmoreland. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in Feb. 1832, and graduated b.a. in 1840. Taking Holy Orders in 1841, he became curate of Ballymacugh, diocese of Kilmore. In July, 1844, he was preferred to the Vicarage of Mellifont, near Drogheda. In 1848 he removed to England, where he held successively the Incumbency of Trinity Church, Walton, Aylesbury, 1848; of Christ Church, Barnet, 1852; and of St. Jude's, Mildmay Park, 1864. He d. April 30, 1873. His great work at Barnet and at Mild-may—the Conferences began at the former and continued at the latter place-—the large religious and charitable organizations which he instituted and superintended, are matters of history. Full details are given of the rise and progress of these and his other works in his Lifeand Letters, 1878. His hymns were written mainly for the Barnet and Mildmay "Conferences," and were pub. sometimes as leaflets, and again, as for the Conference of 1872, as Hymns Original and Selected, By W. P. In this pamphlet there are 25 of his compositions. In the latter part of 1873 his Original Hymns and Tlwughts in Verse were pub. posthumously. This work contains 71 pieces, but few of which are dated. Of these the following are given in a few hymn-books:— 1. And may I really tread. Divine Worship. 2. Help us, 0 Lord, to praise ! Praise. 3. How shall we praise Thy name. Christian Communion. From this •• 0 for ten thousand harps," is taken. 4. Jesus, in Thy blest name. Church Conferences. 5. Jesus, stand among us. Divine Worship. 6. My blessed Jesus, Thou hast taught. Self Consecration. 1. 0 God of glorious majesty. For Retreats or Quiet Days. 8. 0 haste Thy coming kingdom. The Second Advent desired. 9. 0 holy, holy Father. Divine Worship. 10. 0 Lord, with one accord. Divine Worship. 11. 0 Saviour! we adore Thee. Jesus the Faithful One. 12. Once more with chastened joy. Divine Worship. 13. Praise God, ye seraphs bright. Praise. 14. Thousands and thousands stand. Communion of Saints. 15. Yon shining shore is nearer. Heaven Anticipated. Mr. Pennefather's hymns possess much beauty and earnest simplicity; are rich in evangelical sentiment and doctrine; and are much more musical than is usual with lyrics of their class. They deserve greater attention than they have hitherto received. [J. J.] Pentecostarion Charmosynon, The. [Greek Hymnody, § xiv.] People of the living God. /. Montgomery. [On Turning to God."] In Hatfield's Poets of the Church, N.Y., 1884, p. 440, the author says, "At the close of 1814, he [Montgomery] was publicly recognised, at Fulneck, as a brother in the Lord, and a member of the [Moravian] Society. It was in all probability on this occasion that he wrote his beautiful and popular hymn beginning with * People of the living God.' " This uncertainty in Hatfield's work becomes certainty in S. W. Duffield's English Hymns, N. Y., 1886, p. 455, where he •ays," This hymn describes Montgomery's feel- PERRONET, EDWARD 889 ings at the prospect of being readmitted to the Moravian communion at Fulneck, November 4th, 1814." In Holland's Memoirs of Mont-gomery, pub. in 1854, the full details of Mont* gomery's application to the Moravian community at Fulneck, the consent of the authorities there, and his admission in Dec., 1814, are given, but neither there nor elsewhere in the Memoir is any reference made to this hymn. The original ms. is not amongst the m. mss., nor is there anything at our command which can fix the date of its appearance until 1819, when it was included in CotterilPs Set. as No. 160, in 3 st. of 8 1., and headed, «'Choosing the portion of God's heritage." Although therefore we cannot say positively, with Duffield, that it was written at the period when Montgomery joined the Moravians at Fulneck, in Dec, 1814, yet we are prepared to admit with Hattield that it was in all probability written at that time. The text was repeated from CotterilPs Sel. in Montgomery's Christian Psalmist, 1825, No. 466, and in his Original Hymns, 1853, No. 51. The use of this hymn is extensive. [J. J.] Perpetual Source of Light and Grace. P. Doddridge. [Inconstancy in Religion la' mented."] This hymn is No. 74 in the d. mss., and undated, but is found between other hymns dated respectively, "Jan. 15, 173J," and "Jan. 1, 173|," thus fixing the date as 1738. It was given, without alteration, in Job Orton's posthumous edition of Doddridge's Hymns, &c, 1755, as No. 151, in 6 st. of 4 1., with the heading " Inconstancy in Religion. Hcsea vi. 4," and again, with slight changes, in J. D. Humphreys's edition of the tame, 1839, No. 170. It is in a few modern collections, including Martineau's Hymns, &c, 1840 and 1873. In a few collections it begins " Eternal Source of Light and Grace." [J. J.] Perronet, Edward. The Perronets of England, grandfather, father, and son, were French emigres. David Perronet came to England about 1680. He was son of the refugee Pasteur Perronet, who had chosen Switzerland as his adopted country, where he ministered to a Protestant congregation at Chateau D'Oex. His son, Vincent Perronet, m.a., was a graduate of Queen's College, Oxford, though his name is not found in either Anthony Woods's Athenae Oxonienses nor his Fasti, nor in Bliss's apparatus of additional notes. He became, in 1728, Vicar of Shoreham, Kent. He is imperishably associated with the Evangelical Revival under the Wesleys and Whitefield. He cordially cooperated with the movement, and many are the notices of him scattered up and down the biographies and Journals of John Wesley and of Selina, Countrss of Huntingdon. Ho lived to the venerable age of ninety-one; and pathetic and beautiful is the account of John Wesley's later visits to the white-haired saint (b. 1693, d. May 9, 1785).* His son Edward was b. in 1726. He was first educated at home under a tutor, but whether he proceeded to the University (Oxford) i3 uncertain. Born, * Agnew's Protestant Exiles from France in the Reign of Louis XIV. confounds Vincent the father with Edward his son. 890 PERRONET, EDWARD baptized, and brought up in the Church of England, he Had originally no other thought than to be one of her clergy. But, though strongly evangelical, he had a keen and searching eye for defects. A characteristic note to The Mitre, in referring to a book called The Dissenting Gentleman's answer to the Rev. Mr. White, thus runs:—" I was born, and am like to die, in the tottering communion of the Church of England; but I despise her nonsense; and thank God that I have once read a book thut no fool can answer, and that no honest man will" (p. 235). The publication of The Mitre is really the first prominent event in his life. A copy is preserved in the British Museum (993a, 21), with title in the author's holograph, and ms. notes; and on the fly-leaf this: — " Capt. Boisragon, from his oblig'd and most respectful humble servt. The Author. London, March 29tl>, 1757." The title is as follows:—The Mitre; a Sacred Poem (1 Samuel ii. 30). London: printed in the- year 1757. This strangely overlooked satire is priceless as a reflex of contemporary ecclesiastical opinion and sentiment. It is pungent, salted with wit, gleams with humour, hits off vividly the well-known celebrities in Church and State, and is well wrought in picked and packed words. But it is a curious production to have come from a " true son " of the Church of England. It roused John Wesley's hottest anger. He demanded its instant suppression; and it was suppressed (Atmore's Methodist Memorial, p. 300, and Tyerman, ii. 240-44, 264, 265); and yet.it was at this period the author threw himself into the Wesleys' great work. But evidences abound in the letters and journals of John Wesley that he was intermittently rebellious and vehement to even his revered leader's authority. Earlier, Edward Perronet dared all obloquy as a Methodist. In 1749 Wesley enters in his diary: " From Rochdale went to Bolton, and soon found that the Rochdale lions were lambs in comparison with those of Bolton. Edward Perronet was thrown down and rolled in mud and mire. Stones were hurled and windows broken" (Tyerman's Life and Times of the Jiev. John Wesley, M.A., 3 vols., 1870 ; vol. ii. 57). In 1750 John Wesley writes: 41 Charles and you [Edward Perronet] behave as I want you to do; but you cannot, or will not, preach where I desire. Others can and will preach where I desire, but they do not behave as I want them to do. I have a fine time between the one and the other. I think Charles and you have in the general a right sense of what it is to serve as sons in the gospel; and if all our helpers had had the same, the work of God would have prospered better both in England and Ireland. I have not one preacher with me, and not six in England, whose wills aro broken to s-rve me " (ibid. ii. 85, and Whitehead's Life of Wesley, ii. 259). In 1755 arrangements to meet the emergency created by its own success had to be made for Methodism. As one result, both Edward and Charles Perronet broke loose from John Wesley's law that none of his preachers or " helpers " were to dispense the Sacraments, but were still with their flocks to attend the parish churches. Edward Perronet asserted his right to administer the Sacraments as a divinely-called preacher (ibid. ii. 200). At that time he was resident at Canterbury, " in a part of the archbishop's old palace" (ibid. ii. 230;. In season and out of season he "evangelized." Onward, he became one of the , EDWARD Countess of Huntingdon's " ministers" in a chapel in Watling Street, Canterbury. Throughout he was passionate, impulsive, strong-willed; but always lived near his divine Master. The student-reader of Lives of the Wesleys will be " taken captive " by those passages that ever and anon introduce him. He bursts in full of fire and enthusiasm, yet ebullient and volatile. In the close of his life he is found as an Independent or Congregational pastor of a small church in Canterbury. He must have been in easy worldly circumstances, as his will shows. He d. Jan. 2, 1792, and was buried in the cloisters of the great cathedral, Jan. 8. His Hymns were published anonymously in successive small volumes. First of all came Select Passages of the Old and New Testament versified; Lon-don: Printed' by H. Cock, mdcclvi. The British Museum copy of this extremely rare little book has the ms. inscription on verso of title, " Canty E. Perronet return'd after a Detention of 16 y"! with several oM from A. J. A. on Sat. Ap [rest turned in, by the binder] 1774." A second similar volume is entitled A Small Collection of Hymns, &c, Canterbury: printed in the year dcclxxxii. His most important volume was the following:—Occasional Verses, moral and sacred. Published for the instruction and amusement of the Candidly Serious and Religious. London, printed for the Editor : And Sold by J. Buckland in Paternoster Row; and T. Scollick, in the City Road, Moorfiells, mdcclxxxv. ; pp. 216 (12°). [The Brit. Mus. copy has the two earlier volumes bound up with this.] The third hymn in this scarce book is headed, " On the Resurrection," and is,<; All hail the power of Jesus' name " p. 41 j i. But there are others of almost equal power and of more thorough workmanship. In my judgment, "The Lord is King" (Psalm xcvi. 16) is a great and noble hymn. It commences:— •• Hail, holy, holy, holy Loud ! Let Pow'rs immortal sing; Adore the co-eternal Word, And shout, the Lord is King." Very fine also is " The Master's Yoke—the Scholar's Lesson," Matthew xi. 29, which thus opens :— ** O Grant me, Lord, that sweet content That sweetens every state; Which no internal fears can rent, Nor outward foes abate." A sacred poem is named "The Wayfaring Man: a Parody" (pp. 26, 27); and another, "The Goldfish: a Parody." The latter has one splendid line on the Cross, " I long to share the glorious shame." " The Tempest" is striking, and ought to be introduced into our hymnals; and also "The Conflict or Conquest over the Conqueror, Genesis xxxii. 21" (pp. 30, 31). Still finer is "Thoughts on Hebrews xii.," opening :— " Awake my soul—arise! And run the heavenly race; Look up to Him who holds the prize, And offers thee His grace." " A Prayer for Mercy on Psalm cxix. 94," is very striking. On Isaiah lxv. 19 (pp. 45, 46), is strong and unmistakable. " The Sinner's Resolution," and " Thoughts on Matthew viii. 2," and on Mark x. 51, more than worthy of being reclaimed for use. Perronet PETER OF ST. MAURICE is a poet as well as a pre-eminently successful hymn-writer. He always sings as well as prays. It may be added that the brief paraphrase after Ovid, p. 62, given below, seems to echo the well-known lines in Gray's immortal elegy:— " How many a gem unseen of human eyes, Entomb'd in earth, a sparkling embryo lies; How many a rose, neglected as the gem, Scatters its sweets and rots upon its stem : So many a mind, that might a meteor shone, Had or its genius or its friend been known; Whose want of aid from some maternal hand, Still haunts the shade, or quits its native land." [A. B. G.] .Peter of St. Maurice (Petrus Mauritius), also called Peter of Cluny (Petrus Cluni-ensis), or Peter the Venerable (Petrus Venerabilis), Abbot, was b. 1092 or 1094 (Trench, Sac. Lat. Poetry, 1874, p. 101) of a noble family (the Counts of St. Maurice) in Auvergtie (" Nobili genere natus fuit noster in Arvernia " : Leyser, Hist. Poem. Med. JEvi, p. 425). Beginning life as a soldier, he afterwards became a Benedictine monk, and on the death of Hugh, Prior of Marcigny, who had but three months before been elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of the better known Pontius, Peter was elected Abbot of the celebrated monastery of his order at Cluny, in 1122. From this time much of his life was spent in controversy, a summary of which is an interesting piece of Ecclesiastical history. Pontius, by his arrogance, in claiming, as Abbot of Cluny, the title of " Abbot of Abbots," had raised up a cloud of opponents to his pretensions, and the matter had ended for the moment in his resignation of his office. But Peter had scarcely been three years installed as Abbot, when Pontius established himself as head of another religious community at Treviso, in Italy, whence he started with a train of monks, and, taking advantage of the temporary absence of Peter, again got possession of his old position at Cluny, and drove out the friends of Peter, with the Prior St. Bernard at their head. After great excesses had been committed by the usurper and his followers, and the villages and estates of the Abbey had been given up to fire and the sword, Pope Honorius II. summoned all parties to Rome, and, having heard both sides, decided in favour of Peter, excommunicated Pontius and imprisoned him in a dungeon, where he died a few months afterwards. When this question had been settled, another dispute arose, in which the monks of Citeaux or Clairvaux accused those of Cluny of an undue relaxation of the rule of their order. Robert, a cousin of St. Bernard, had become a monk at Clairvaux, but, finding the rule there too galling, had migrated to Cluny, and, on an appeal to Rome, the Pope directed him to remain at Cluny, much to the chagrin iof St. Bernard, who, as the Cistercian head of Clairvaux, vehemently attacked the milder discipline of the Benedictine Cluny. Robert, in consequence of his cousin's objections, was sent back by Peter to Clairvaux, but his monks, resenting such a tame surrender, got William, the Abbot of St. Thierry, near Rheims, to' write a sharp letter of remonstrance to St. Bernard. The reply of the latter accusing the Cluniacs of all sorts of declensions from the needful strictness of monastic life, drew forth a rejoinder from Peter as characteristic of "that gentle forbearance and love of peace " of the latter, " which made him stand out conspicuous in his generation, when each man sought his own, or the things of his order, not the things of Jesus Christ " (S. Baring-Gould's Lives of the Saints, December, p. 284), as the attack on St. Bernard's part was of his fiery, yet not altogether unfriendly, vehemence of invective. In a subsequent controversy between St. Bernard and Peter the former was more successful. He opposed the wish of Hugh, son of the Duke of Burgundy, to secure the see of Langres, when vacant in 1138, for a Cluniac monk. The Archbishop of Lyons consecrated Hugh's nominee in the teeth of St. Bernard's opposition, but notwithstanding all defence of the appointment of the new bishop which Peter could make, the Pope, who was J wholly under th.; influence of St. Bernard, pronounced the i PETERS, MARY 891 Consecration of the Cluniac monk void, and the Prior of Clairvaux, a cousin of St. Bernard's, was consecrated in his stead. Once more the gentle Peter came into collision with the fiery, domineering St. Bernard in the matter of Abe-lard. The latter had been condemned, if not altogether unheard, at any rate misunderstood, by the Council of Sens upon charges of heresy brought against him by St. Bernard, and the sentence upon him had been confirmed, upon appeal, by Pope Innocent II.—a mere echo of the prosecutor. Abelard, silenced and broken down, took refuge at Cluny on his way to Rome, and remained there for some two years, during which Peter so far won upon the victorious Bernard as to bring about a reconciliation between him and Abelard, if such can be called a reconciliation, which allowed Bernard still to do his utmost to set the minds of men against his old adversary. The peaceful death of Abelard at Cluny in 1142 finally terminated this controversy. The year 1143 saw a renewal of the correspondence between St. Bernard and Peter on the subject of the two reforms, in which the latter takes credit for a warm love for the Cistercians, and reminds his correspondent of the shocks that love had withstood in the question of the payment of tithes by a Cistercian monastery in the neighbourhood of Cluny to the Cluuiac monks, which had led to a keen controversy and many appeals; as well as in the contest about the Bishop of Langres. It was at this time that Peter sent to St. Bernard a copy of the translation of the Koran, which Peter had caused to be made in Spain by Robert, an Englishman, but Archdeacon of Pampeluna. Peter was in high favour with Popes Celestine II. and Lucius II., and in 1146, in common with St. Bernard, took an active part in discountenancing the slaughter of the Jews in France and Germany, which had resulted from the preaching of St. Bernard against the infidels. But though Peter appealed to Loirs VII. to stay the massacre, it must be said that he made no effort to prevent the plunder of the Jews. Another matter in which Peter was interested and engaged was that of Peter of Brueys, who founded a sect holding tenets strongly tinged with Manicluvism, and was burnt alive by a zealous Catholic mob early in the twelfth century. A letter strongly condemning the heretic, his followers, and his opinions is still extant. Peter went to Rome for five months in 1150, when Eugenius III., a nominee of St. Bernard, was Pope, and gave an account of Eugenius to St. Bernard by letter. The rest of Peter's life was spent at Cluny* where he d. early in 1156 or 1157, leaving the impression behind him of " one of the most attractive figures which monastic and mediaeval history presents to us " (S. Baring-Gould's Lives of the Saints, Dec, p. 281). Lacking the fire and power of his great antagonist and correspondent, he succeeded by the gentleness and imperturbability of his disposition in gaining and retaining an influence in the religious world second only to that of St. Bernard. His writings were chiefly controversial, and the poetry which he wrote was great neither in quantity nor quality. Amongst his latter were (1) Some Rhythms, Proses, Verses, and Hymns contained in the Bibliotheca Clunia-censis, 1614 ; (2) A Hymn on the " Translation of St. Benedict"—"Claris conjubila Gallia cantibus," in the Bibliotheca Floriacensis, 1605; and (3) An "Epitaph on Peter Abelard." From the first collection, Archbishop Trench gives two specimens: (a) On Christ's Nativity, " Coelum gaude, terra plaude," and (b) one on the Resurrection of our Lord, " Mortis portis fractis foitis " (Sac. Lat. Poetry, 1874, p. 102), both of which have been translated. See Latin, Trs. from the, p. 655, ii. [D. S. W.] Peter the Venerable. [Peter of St. Maurice.] Peters, Mary, ne'e Bowly, daughter of Richard Bowly, of Cirencester, was b. in 1813, and subsequently married to the Rev. John McWilliam Peters, sometime Rector of Quen-nington, Gloucestershire, and d, at Clifton, 892 PETERSEN, JOttANN W. July 29,1856. Her prose work, The WorWe History from the Creation to the Accession of Queen Victoria, was pub. in seven volumes. Several of her hymns were contributed to the Plymouth Brethren's Ps., Hys., and Spiritual Songs, Lond., D. Walther, 1842. These with others, 58 in all, were pub. by Nisbet & Co., London, 1847, as Hys. inteiided to help the Communion of Saints. Dr. Walker introduced several from these collections into his Cheltenham Ps. & Hys., 1855. Many of these have been repeated in Snepp's Songs of G. & (?., 1872. and other Church of England hymn-books. These include, besides those annotated under their respective first lines :— i. From Psalms, Hymns, & S. S., 1842 :— 1. Blessed Lord, our hearts are panting. Burial. Given in later collections as " Blessed Lord, our souls are lunging." 2. How can there be one holy thought! Holiness through Christ. 3. Jesus, how much Thy Name unfolds. The Name of Jesus. 4. L'^rd, we see the day approaching. Second Advent. 5. 0 Lord, we know it matters not. Taught by the Spirit. 6. The murmurs of the wilderness. Praise to Jesus. 7. The saints awhile dispersed abroad. God within us. 8. Unworthy is thanksgiving. Jesus the Mediator. 9. Whom have we, Lord, but Thee. Christ All in All. 10. With thankful hearts we meet, 0 Lord. Public Worship. 11. From her Hymns, &c, 1847:— 11. Earth's firmest ties will perish. Burial. 12. Enquire, my soul, enquire. Second Advent. 13. Hallelujah, we are hastening. Journeying Heavenward. 14. Holy Father, we address Thee. Holy Trinity. 15. Jesus, of Thee we ne'er would tire. Holy Communion. 16. Lord Jesus, in Thy Name alone. Holy Communion. 17. Lord, through the desert drear and wide. Prayer for Perseverance. 18. Many sons to glory bring. Security in Christ. 19. 0 Lord, whilst we confess the worth. Dead in Christ. Sometimes it begins with st. ii., " Dead to the world we here avow." 20. Our God is light, we do not go, Christ the Guide. 21. Praise ye the Lord, again, again. Public Worship. 22. Salvation to our God. Passiontide. 23. The holiest we enter. Public Worship. Sometimes given as " The holiest now we enter." 24. Through the love of God our Saviour. Security in Christ. 25. Thy grace, 0 Lord, to us hath shown. Offertory. 26. We're pilgrims iu the wilderness. Life a Pilgrimage. [J. J.] Petersen, Johann Wilhelm, was b. June 1, 1649, at Osnabriick; his father Georg Petersen, Kanzlei-beamter at Lubeck, having gone to reside at Osnabruck as representing Lubeck in the negotiations which ended in the Peace of Westphalia. Petersen matriculated at the University of Giessen, in 1669 ; "went in 1671 to Rostock, and was then for short periods at Leipzig, Wittenberg, and Jena; the degree of m.a. being conferred on him by Giessen in absentia. He returned to Giessen in 1673, and began to lecture on philosophy and rhetoric as nprivat docent. About 1675 he visited Spener, at Frankfurt. This proved an important turning-point in his life. In 1677 he began to lecture nt Rostock, as Professor of Poetry (d.d. from Rostock 1686), but in the same year accepted the pastorate of the St. Aegidien church at Hannover. He was then, in May, 1678, appointed by Duke August Friedrich of Holstein, as Court preacher at Eutin, and geneml superintendent of the diocese of Lubeck. In Advent, , GEOfcG M. 1688, he became pastor of St. John's church and superintendent at Liineburg. Here he made himself obnoxious to his fellow clergy by refusing to take fees for hearing confessions ; received into his house Fraulein Ros-amunde Juliane von Asseburg, and began publicly to teach her ideas of the Millennial Kingdom. Being accused of Chiliasm and having his opinions condemned by the theological faculty of Helmst'adt, he was removed from his office in the end of January, 1692. Thereafter he resided at various places, made tours over Germany, during whiGh he propagated his views, and expounded his peculiar doctrines by books and pamphlets. He finally bought a small estate at Thymer, near Zerbst, and d. there, Jan. 31, 1727 (Koch vi. 121; Allg. Deutsche Biog. xxv. 508, &c). Apart from his importance as a theological writer, Petersen deserves attention as the authcr of several hymns. A considerable number of them are in Latin, his ms. being entitled Cithara sacra. Of these he contributed 7 to Freylinghausen's Geish etches G. B., 1704. Two of these have passed into English, viz.: "Cerne lapsum servulum" (p. 216, i.), and "Salve crux beata, salve" (q.v.). His German hymns were pub. as (1) Stimmen aus Zion, in two parts, Halle, 1698 and 1701 [Wernigerode Library]. These are hymns in prose and not versions of the Psalter; and 8 passed into Freylinghausen's G. B., 1704. (2) ccc. Stimmen aus Zion, n. p. 1721 [Brit. Mus. and Wernigerode]. These are obscure, mystical, and diffuse, and do not appear to have come at all into use. (3) Others of his hymns appeared in the Pietistic hymn-books of the period, 1692-1704. One of this last class is tr. into English, viz:— Iaebster Jesu, liebstes Leben. Spiritual Watchfulness. In A. Luppius's Anddcktig Singender Christen-Mund, VVesel, 1692, p. 150, in 5 St., repeated in Frey-linghausen, 1704, and the Berlin G. L. S., ed. 1863, No. 651. Tr. as, "Jesus, Lord of life and glory" (st. v.), as No. 1188 in the Suppl. of 1808 to the Moravian H. Bk.t 1801 (1886, No. 980). [J. M.] Petri laudes exequamur. [St. Peter.] In J. Merlo Horst's Paradisus animae chris-tianae, Cologne, 1644, sect. ii. p. 116, as a *' Rhythmical hymn on' St. Peter the Apostle,' briefly embracing his life and character." Repeated in later eds. of the Paradisus. Tr. as:— 0 sing the great apostle. By F. Oakeley, in his tr. of Horst's Paradisus, as the Paradise of the Christian Soul, Lond., Burns, 1850, p. 137 (ed. 1877, p. 137), in 45 st. of 4 1. Of these 8 st. were given in the 1863 ed. of the Appendix to the Hymnal N., and again in the People's H., 1867, as " Sing we the praise of Peter." [J. M.] Petrum, tyranne, quid catenis ob-ruis. Jean Baptiste de Santeuil [St. Peter.'] Appeared in the Cluniac Breviary, 1686, p. 1026, in his Hymni Sacri et Nooi, 1689, p. 49 (ed. 1698, p. 134), and the Paris Breviary, 1736. In the Paris Brev. it is the hymn at Lauds on the Feast of St. Peter's Chains, Aug. 1st. In later French Breviaries it is also given for the same feast. The text is in Card. Newman's Hymni Ecclesiae, 1838 and 1865. Tr. as :-— Where the prison bars surround him. By I. Williams, in his Hys. tr. from the Parisian Breviary, 1839, p. 226, in 8.7.8.7.4.7. In the Hymnary, 1872, it is altered to 6 of 8.7., and st. iii. is also omitted. [J. J.] Pfefferkorn, Georg Michael, was b-March 16, 1645, at Ifta, near Creuzburg on the Werra, where his father, G. M. Pftfferkom (a native of Creuzburg, but never pastor there), had become pastor in 1619, held the PFEIL, CHRISTOPH C. L. living for 58 years, but finally retired and d. at Creuzburg. After studying at the Universities of Jena (m.a. 1666) and Leipzig, Pfeffer-korn was for a short time private tutor at Alteuburg, and then in 1668, became master of the two highest forms in the Gymnasium at Altenburg. In 1673, he was appointed by Duke Ernst the Pious, of Gotha (who d. Marcli 26, 1675), as a tutor to his three sons. In 1676 Duke Friedrich I. appointed him pastor of Frieinar, near Gotha, and in 1682 made him a member of the consistory and superintendent at Grafen-Tonna, near Gotha. He d. at Graferi-Tonna, March 3, 1732 (Allg. Deutsclie Biog. xxv. 619; MS. from Pastor H. Henning, SuperinttnJent at Creuzburg, &c). Pfefferkorn's hymns appeared in the hymn-books of the period, and in his Poetisch-Philologis^jke Fest- und Wochen- Lust darinnen allerhand Arten Deutscher Gedichte, kc, Altenburg, 1667 [Berlin Library], and the second enlarged ed., Altenburg, 1669 [Gottingen Library]. The most important hymn associated with his name is •* Wer weiss wie nahe mir niein Ende" (see p. 330, i.). Another hymn ascribed to him is: Was frag ich nach der Welt, Und alien ihren Schatzen. Renunciation of the World. According to J. Avenarius, in his Liedercatechismus, Leipzig, 1714, p. 56, this hymn was written in 1667, and sung from broadsheets at Altenburg. It is not however in his Gedichte, as above, either in 1667 or 1669. It is included, without his name, in the Stettinisches Voll-stdndiges G. B., Alten-Stettin, 1671, p. 415 ; and, with his name, in the Naumburg G. B., 1715, ed. by J. M. Schamelius. In the Berlin G. L. S., ed. 1863, No. 695. It is founded on 1 John ii. 15-17, and is in 8 st. of 8 1., 1. 8 in each st. being, " Was frag ich nach der Welt." The only tr. is: ** Can I this world esteem," by Dr. II. Mills, 1845 (1856, p. 101). [J. M.] Pfeil, Christoph Carl Ludwig, Baron von, was b. January 20, 1712, at Grunstadt, near Worms, where his father, Quirin Heinrich v. Pfeil, was then in the service of the Count of Leiningen. He matriculated at the University of Halle in 1728, as a student of law. After completing his course at the University of Tubingen, he was appointed, in 1732, Wiirttemberg secretary of legation at Regensburg; then, in 1737, Justiz-und-Regierungsrath at Stuttgart; in 1745 Tutelar-raths-Prasident; in 1755 Kreisdirec-torialgesandter to the Swabian Diet; in 1758 Geheim Legationsrath; and in 1759 Geheim-rath. He found himself however at last no longer able to co-operate in carrying out the absolutism of the Wiirttemberg prime minister Count Montmartin. When his resignation was accepted, April 13, 1763, he retired to the estate of Deufstetten, near Crailsheim, which he had purchased in 1761. In Sept., 1763, he was appointed by Frederick the Great as Geheimrath, and accredited Prussian minister or ambassador to the Diets of Swabia and Franconia. He was thereafter created Baron by the Emperor Joseph II., and in 1765 received the cross of the Red Eagle Order from Frederick the Great. An intermittent fever which developed itaelf in August, 1783, confined him to bed, where he remained till his death, at Deufstetten, Feb. 14, 1784 (Kochv. 176; Allg. Deutsche Biog. xxv. 646). v. Pfeil was a man of deep and genuine piety. His hymn-writing began immediately after the spiritual change which he experienced on the 10th S. after Trinity, 1730; and it continued to be a favourite occupation, especially in his later years at Deufstetten. He was one of the most productive of German hymn-writers, his printed hymns being about 950, besides many in ms. His Psalm versions of 1747 Are npted. under Psalters, j PHILLIMORE, GREVILLE 893 German. The other hymns printed in his lifetime appeared in his (1) Lieder von der offenbarten I/errlichkeit und ZuJcunft des Herrn, Essiingen, 1741, 2nd ed. Mem-mingen, 1749, as Apocalyptische Lieder von der, &c. (2) Eoangelisches Gesangbuch, Memmingen, 1782, with 264 hymns dating from 1730 to 1781, edited by J. G. Schellhorn. (3) Evangelische Glaubens-und Herzens-gesiinge, Dinkelsbflhl, 1783, with 340 hymns dating from 1763 to 1783. In recent times a number of his hymns have come into German use (they originally appeared, it must be remembered, during the Rationalistic Period), aud Knapp includes 26 of them in his Eo. L. S.t 1850. Two have passtd into English, viz.:— i. Am Grab der Christen singet man. Burial. Written in 1780. 1st pub. in No. 3, 1783, as above, p. 201, in 10 st., entitled, "We sing joyfully of Victory at the grave of the righteous: the right hand of the Lord hath gotten Him the victory." In the Berlin G. L. S.,ed. 1863, No. 1433. Tr. as, " The Christian's grave with joy we see," by Dr. G. Walker, 1860, p. 111. ii. Wohl einem Haus, da Jesus Christ. Family Prayer. 1st pub. in No. 2, 1782, as above, No. 61, in 8 st. of 4 1., entitled, " Delightful picture of a house that serves the Lord. On the Parents of Jesus." It was apparently written for the 1st S. after Epiphany, 1746. In the Unv. L. S., 1851, No. 682. Tr. as :— Oh blest the house, whatever befall. A good tr.t omitting st. ii., vi., by Miss Winkworth, in her C. B. for England, 1863, No. 175. Including, omitting the trs. of st. iii., v.t and adding a tr. of st. vi., as No. 344 in the Ohio Luth. Hyl., 1880. [J. M.] Phelan, Charlotte Elizabeth. [Tonna, C.E.] Phelps, Sylvanus Dryden, d.d., was b. at Suffield, Connecticut, May 15,1816, and educated at Brown University, where he graduated in 1844. In 1846 he became pastor of the first Baptist Church, New Haven. Dr. Phelps is the Editor of The Christian Secretary, Hartford. His publications include, Eloquence of Nature, and Other Poems, 1842; Sunlight and Hearthlight, 1856; the Poet's Song, 1867, &c. He is the author of the following hymns:— 1. Christ, Who came my soul to save. Holy Baptism. 2. Did Jesus weep for me ? Lent. 3. Saviour, Thy dying love. Passiontide. 4. Sons of day, arise from slumber. Home Missions. 5. This rite our blest Redeemer gave. Holy Baptism. Of these Nos. 1 and 4 appeared in the Baptist ed. of the Plymouth Coll., 1857 ; Nos. 2 and 5 in the Baptist Devotional H. Bk., 1864; and No. 3 in Gospel By*., 1st series, and Laudes Domini, 1884. [F. M. B.] Phillimore, Greville, m.a., was b. in 1821 and educated at Westminster, the Charterhouse, and Christ Church, Oxford (b.a. 1842). Taking Holy Orders in 1843, he became Vicar of Downe-Ampney, Cricklade, Gloucestershire, in 1851, Rector of Henley-on-Thames, 1867, and of Ewelme, 1883. He d. Jan. 20, 1884. His Parochial Sermons were pub. in 1856. He was joint editor with H. W. Beadon and J. R. Woodford (afterwards Bishop of Ely) of The Parish Hymn Book, 1863 (195 hymns), and the enlargedl ed., 1875 (274 hymnB). The first ed. of this collection was one of the first hymn-books which gave Dr. Neale's trs. of Greek hymns for congregational use. To the 1863 ed. Mr. Phillimore contributed the following hymns, several of which have been repeated in other collections:— 1. Christ, through grief and toil we come. Epiphany 2. Darkly frowns the eastern sky. Good Friday Evening and Easter Eve. 3. Every morning they are new. (See p. 359, i.) 4. Lonely in her virgin home. Annunciation of th* B. V. M. 5. 0 fear not, little flock, Security 0/ tht fhurch in Christ, 894 'IAAPON AOHH2 'IAAPON AOEH5 6. 0 God, before the sun's bright beams. Morning. 7. 0 God, the weary path of life. Public Worship. 8. 0 Lord of health and life, what tongue can tell. Epiphany. 9. Peace be in the house of death. Evening,, or Anticipation of Death. 10. Saul, why such furious hate, such blinded zeal ? Conversion of St. Paul. 11. Thou art gone up on high, Why gaze they, &c. Ascension. In addition some of Mr. Phillimore's trs. from the Latin were given in the 1863 ed. of the Parish II. Bit.; and other original hymns which ore annotated under their respective first lines. His hymn for Saints Days, " O Lord of glory, King of saints," was included in the 1875 ed. of that collection. Phillimore's Sermons and Hys. were pub. in 1884. [J. J.] ikapbv aryias B6^rj<;. The author of this hymn, which is found in the Service Book of the Greek Church as a Vesper Hymn, is unknown. It was quoted by St. Basil in the 4th century as of unknown authorship and date (De Sp. Sancto ad Amphilochium, c. 29). Its earliest printed form is in Archbishop Usher's De Symbolis, 1647, his text being taken from two Greek mss., one supposed to be of the 12th, and the second of the 14th century. Kouth also gives it in his Beliqu. Sacr. iii. 299, and Daniel in his Thes. Hymn. iii. p. 5. The form in which the original is printed varies in different works, as in the Lyra Apo-stolica, 1836, p. 74 (ed. 1879, p. 78); Little-dale's Offices, &c, of the Holy Eastern Church, 1863, p. 277, but the text is the same. It is as follows, from Daniel:— *ws i\apbv aylas d6£rjs, 'Adavdrov TLarpbs ovpaviov> 'Ayiov, fx6.Kci.p0Sy 'Iriffov Xpurre, 'EKdovrcs iirl tV r)\lov tivtriv, *I8oVtcs (p&s kcnrepivbv, "TfAVovixev liar * pa, Kal Tlov, Kcu ayiou Tlvevpa 0eoV. *A£i6v <T¬ iu iraai Kaipois v/nveurdai <pooua7s 'Oaiais, vie deov, 2i(t)T}v 6 didovs 5tb 'O kSct/jlos <re do^d(¬ t. This hymn was sung in the ancient Church at the Lighting of the Lamps, and hence is known as "The Candlelight Hymn." Its modern use as a translated hymn is at Evensong. It may be added that in modern Greek liturgical books it is attributed to Sophronius (see Greek Hymnody, § vi.), thirteen of whose compositions are given in Daniel iii. pp. 20-46. Translations in C. U.:— 1. Hail! gladdening Light, of His pure glory poured. By J. Keble. This tr. appeared in the British Magazine, 1834; and again, together with the Greek text, in Lyra Apostolica, 1836, p. 73, in 1 st. of 10 1., and signed y. In 1868 it was given in the Appendix to H. A. $ M., and was repeated in the revised ed., 1875. The sign y in the Lyra Apostolica is that of the Rev. John Keble (Card. Newman's Apologia 2nd ed., p. 297, and Lyra Apost., 1879, p. viii.). In some editions of the Lyra Apostolica, the signature is changed to 5 (i.e. Card. Newman) in error. This has been corrected in the ed. of 1879. This tr. is very popular, and is in extensive use. 2. Light of the Immortal Father's glory. By G. W. Bethune, pub. in his Lays of Love and Faith, &c, 1847, p. 137, in 2 st. of 8 1. This tr. is in C. U. in America, including the Dutch Reformed Hys. of the Church, 1869, No. 911. 3. Gladdening Light, all-glorious Fire. By W. J. Blew. First printed on a flyleaf for the use of his congregation, 1849-51, and pub. in The Church Hy. $ Time Book, 1852, in 6 st. of 4 1. It was repeated in Rice's Sel. from that work, 1870; and the "Twilight Hymn" of the Wellington College Chapel II. Bk., 1880, is the same with the omission of st. v., vi. 4. Joyful light of holiest ray. This was printed in 1857, as No. 175 in the draft Hymnal for the Scottish Episcopal Church, and was given as No. 152 in the Additional Ps. $ Hys. to the Scottish Episcopal H Bk., 1858. It was rewritten for Dr. Rorison's Hys. adapted to the Ch. Services, ed. 1860, as " Gladdening light of holiest ray." 5. 0 Goodly light of the Holy Glory, By Archbishop Benson. 1st pub. in the Wellington College Chapel H. Bk., 1860, and repeated in later editions. It has been set to music by Edmonds, and is the most literal tr. in C. U. 6. 0 Brightness of the Immortal [Eternal] Father's face. By E. W. Eddis. This tr. was given in the Irvingite Hymns for the Use of the Churches, 1864, in 3 st. of 4 1. It is repeated, with slight alterations, in the S. P. C. K. Church Hys., 1871 ; Thring's Coll., 1882, and others. 7. 0 joyful Light of God most High. By W. C. Dix, given in the People's II., 1867, No. 442, in 3 st. of 4 1. 8. Light of gladness, Beam divine. By W. Bright, in Hys. for the Use of the University of Oxford, in St. Manfs Church, 1872. 9. Gladdening Light, the bright Forth-shewing. By W. Cooke. Written for the Hymnary, and given therein, 1872, in 4 st. of 4 1. 10. Hail Glorious Light, pure from the Immortal Sire. By W. J. Irons, in his Ps. $ Hys. for the Church, 1875, in 1 st. of 8 1. Translations not in C. U. :— 1. Jesus Christ, Blest Light of Light. S. Woodford. Paraphrase of the Canticles, &c, 1679. 2. Thou lightsome day, the joyful shine. Moravian IT. Bk., 1754, i. 190. 3. Giver of life! Jesus! the cheering Light. W. W. Hull, 1852, p. 141. Also on the same page a prose tr. 4. Very light that shin'st above. By J. M. Neale in his Deeds of Faith, 1850. 5. O gladsome Light Of the Father Immortal. H. W. Longfellow, in The Golden Legend, 1851. 6. Joyful light of holy glory. Mrs. Charles's Christian Life in Song, 1858, p. 24. 7. Joyful Light, of Light enkindled. G. Moultrie, in his Hys. t two, and it is from them that the Liturgical hymns enumerated below have been chiefly compiled. The general character of Prudentius's writings it is not easy fairly to estimate, and to judge by the wholesale laudation he obtains from some of his critics, and the equally unsparing censure of others, his judges have so found it. In venturing upon any opinion upon such a subject, the reader must bear in mind the peculiar position in which the period at which he w7as writing found the poet. The poetry of classical Rome in all its exact beauty of form had long passed its meridian, and was being replaced by a style which was yet in its infancy, but which burst forth into new life and beauty in the hands of the Mediaeval hymnologists. Prudentius wrote before rhyming Latin verse was thought of, but after attention had ceased to be given to quantities. Under such circumstances it were vain to look for very finished work from him, and such certainly we do not find. But amidst a good deal of what one must confess is tasteless verbiage or clumsy rhetorical ornament—however varied the metres he employs, numbering some 17—there are also passages to be found, not unfrequently, of dramatic vigour and noble expression, which may well hold their own with the more musical utterances of a later date. He writes as a man intensely in earnest, and we may gather much from his writings concerning the points of conduct which were deemed the most important in Christian living at a time when a great portion of mankind were still the victims or slaves of a morality which, heathen at the best, was lowered and corrupted the more as the universality of its influence was more and more successfully challenged by the spread of the Gospel of Christ. If, therefore, we can scarcely go as far in our author's praise as Barth—much given to lavish commendation— who describes him as "Poeta eximius eruditissimus et sanctissimus scriptor; nemo divinius de rebus Christianis unquam scripsit" ; or as Bentley—not given to praise— who calls him the " Horace and Virgil of the Christians," we shall be as loath, considering under what circumstances he wrote, to carp at his style as not being formed on the best ancient models but as confessedly impure; feeling with Archbishop Trench that it is his merit that "whether consciously or unconsciously, he acted on the principle that the new life claimed new forms in which to manifest itself; that he did not shrink from helping forward that great transformation of the Latin language, which it needed to undergo, now PRYS, EDMUND 015 that it should be the vehiole of truths which, were al together novel to it." (Sac. Lat. Poetryt 1874, p. 121.) The reader will find so exhaustive an account of the various writings of Prudentius in the account given of him and them in Smith and Wace's Diet, of Christian Biography, and Smith's Diet, of Greek and Iioman Biography, that it is only necessary in this work to refer very briefly to them as above. The poems have been constantly reprinted and re-cdited, till the editor who produced the best edition we have of them, Albert Dressel (Leip-sic, 1860), is able to say that his is the sixty-third. The use made of Prudentius's poems in the ancient Breviaries and Hymnaries was very extensive. In tl.e lorm of centos stanzas and lines wore compiled and used as hymns; and it is mainly from these centos, and not from the original poems, that the trarslations into English were made. Daniel, i., Nos. 103-115, gives 13 genuine hymns as having been in use for "Morning," "Christmas," " Epiphany," "Lent," "Easter," "Transfiguration," " Burial," &c, in tiie older Breviaries. A reference to the article Latin, Trs. from the, p. 655, i., will show that almost as many more which were used in like manner have been translated into English. When to these are added the hymns which are annotated in this Dictionary under their respective first lines (see Index of Authors and Translators), and those which 1 ave not been translated into English, we realise the position and power of Prudentius in the hymnody of the Church.* [D. S. W.] Prynne, George Rundle, m.a., s. of John Allen Prynne, was b. at West Looe, Cornwall, Aug. 23, 1818, and educated at St. Catherine's College, Cambridge, b.a., 1839; m.a. 1861. He took Holy Orders in 1841, and became Vicar of St. Peter's, Plymouth, in 1848. He has pub. Parochial Sermons, 1846; Plain Parochial Sermons, 1856; another series, 1876 ; The Dying Soldier's Visions, and Other Poems and Hymns, 1881, &c. He also pub. Hymnal suited for the'Services of the Church, 1858. His most popular hymn is •* Jesu, meek and gentle,*' p. 591, ii. His hymns " The day is done; O God the Son" (Evening)', and "Thy glory fills the heavens" (The Glory of the Father), have also been includeel in a few collections. He d. Mar. 25, 1903. [J. J.] Prys, Edmund, Prys or Price, a learned Welsh divine anel eminent poet, was b. about 1541 in the parish of Llandecwyn, Merionethshire, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of m.a. He was appointed Archdeacon of Merioneth in 1576, and Canon of St. Asaph in 1602. He was one of the best Welsh poets of his time, and a great many of his compositions are preserved, mostly in manuscript. He is the author of the Welsh metrical version of the Psalms, which is still in use. He assisted * The earliest and best ms. of Prudentius is one in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris (Lot. 8084), written about the end of the 5th cent. The Principal Librarian, M. Leopold Delisle, has kindly supplied references to this ms. in the case of those poems from which centos, now in C.IL in English, have been taken. 916 PSALTEES, ENGLISH Dr. Morgan, Bishop of St. Asaph, to translate the Bible into Welsh. The latest of his compositions, preserved, is a copy of elegant Latin verses in commendation of £)r. John Davies's Welsh Grammar. He was then 80 years of age. This Latin copy bears the date of 1621. He d. in 1624, and was buried at Maentwrog Church. [See Welsh Hymnody.] [W. G. T.] Psalters, American. [American Hym-nody,] Psalters, English. I. Introduction. A glance at the long list appended to this article will apprize many for the first time of the enormous number of efforts made to versify the Psalms. Among the authors will be found Queen Elizabeth, Lord Bacon, Fairfax, and many of our poets and theologians. The Psalter has been subjected to a great variety of experiments. Literal translation, paraphrase, evangelical expansion, the develop-ment of portions as themes, have been successively attempted. The change of metrical and poetical expression is reflected in the history. In the Puritan period the versification of the Psalms even touches the Jiistory of the nation. But notwithstanding all this, partly from extreme reverence for the letter of Holy Writ, partly from the fact that the bulk of the translators were hampered by the secondary object of turning the Psalter into a hymnal, and most of all from the impossibility of representing Hebrew parallelism in English metres, no version approaches in merit such translations as Lord Derby's Homer or Conington's Virgil. With but few exceptions the succeeding pages are a comparison of mediocrities. II. Curious examples. Some experiments are very eccentric, such as Abraham Fraunce's hexameters (1581), Pike's lyricd without rhyme (1751), Wheatland and Sylvester's heroics (1754), Dennis's blank verse (1808). The strangest is Psalteriwn Ameri-canum by Cotton Mather (1718), printed like prose, but in reality simply the Authorized Version thrown into unrhymed cm. for singing. III. Pre-Reformation Psalters. Metrical Psalters existed in England at a very early date. Bp. Aldhelm of Sherborne (died a.d. 709) is said to have composed one (Bede) : and Archdeacon Churton (see Preface to the Cleveland Psalter) ascribes to him the Anglo-Saxon Version edited by Thorpe (1835). Thorpe himself, however, assigns it to a later date. A Latin Psalter, with interlinear Anglo-Saxon gloss, and a translation into Middle English has been published by the Surtees Society. T. Branipton's Seven Penitential Psalms (1414) have been printed by the Percy Society; and Holland (Psalmists of Britain, 1842) mentions a translation of St. Jerome's Gallican Psalter into English of the date of Henry II. or Richard I. IV. Importance of Psalm-singing at the Reformation. The practice of versifying the Psalms assumed a larger significance among the Reformers. The Psalm Versions of Luther and Justus Jonas, oqmbined with their translations of the Latin Hymns and their original compositions, stirred the heart of Germany: the Psalms of Marot became the PSALTERS, ENGLISH badge of the French Huguenot in court and camp; and, completed by Beza, became the sole hymnal of Geneva: while in England and Scotland, following the Genevan precedent, the metrical Psalms alone were long exclusively used in public worship. Consecrated by the long tradition of the Church in their Latin form, set at first to ballad tunes and then to special music of their own by Ihe leaders of the Reformation, the Psalms became endeared to the people, not merely by their sublimity, their Messianic import, and their wide interpretation of human emotions, but specially by their living trust in God as a hiding place in peril, and even by their terrible denunciations of His enemies. They seemed, in the wonder aroused by a new-found Bible, the supreme, divinely ordained vehicle of human praise; and the metrical form was at the same time a necessity for singing, and, according to the ideas of that day concerning the {structure of Hebrew poetry, was accounted a truer representative of the original than prose. This last point is argued, with references to Hebrew treatises of that day, in the Preface to the English Psalter, published at Geneva in 1556 (see p. 857, ii.), a revised ed. of Stern-hold's 37 Psalms, and 7 by Hopkins, to which 7 fresh ones are added by Whittingham. V. German influence on Gospellers. The introduction of Psalm-singing into England probably sprang from the intercourse of the Gospellers with Luther and Melanch-thon, and their familiarity with their writings. Three of these fathers of the Reformation, Wisdom, Becon, and Coverdale, have left us Psalm versions bearing a strong family likeness. Those of Wisdom and Becon were incorporated in Sternhold ai9d Hopkins [see Old Version] and may possibly be the oldest pieces in that book, though not found in the earliest editions. The Goostly Psalmes by Miles Cover-dale contains fifteen psalms, besides hymns and paraphrases (see English Hyn>nody, Early, in., iv.). The German originals o? this book have been carefully traced out by Mr. Mearns, All the Psalm versions, except Pss. 2, 132, 146, and all the paraphrases and hymns, except two, have been identified as German. The metre of the unidentified Psalms, except the 132nd, is also German, and Coverdale's 46th is in the same metre as Luther's " Ein Feste Burg." [For details see Goostly Psalmes, The.] VI. Ballad Metres of Edward Ws reign. In the Act, which authorized the First Prayer Book of Edward vi. (1519), there was a proviso " That it be lawful ... in churches . . . chapels or oratories or other places to use openly any Psalme or prayer taken out of the Bible . . . not letting or omitting thereby the service or any part thereof mentioned in the said book." It has been generally held, by Strype, Bur-net and others, that this proviso covered the legality of Psalm-singing (see § viii., where Psalms and godly prayers are synonymous); and some have thought that the partiality of the king for Sternhold's essays then published (see Old Version, § n.) dictated it. It is at least certain that several small attempts at versification of the Psalms appear at this period, among which may be mentioned Sir PSALTERS, ENGLISH Thos. Wyatt's Seven Penitential Psalms (1549). The whole Psalter was also now versified by Robert Crowley, sometime Vicar of St. Giles's, Cripplegate, in cm., and set to a harmonized chant (1549). The German influence now ceases, and the irregular metres of Wisdom and Becon, which are akin to some in the early English Primers, give way to the ballad measure of Chevy Chace, which from this time receives its consecration. Steruhold's aim was to supplant the " amorous and obscene songs" (Wood) of the court and people; and he probably sang his psalms to well-known ballad tunes. A discussion of the nature and character of his work and that of his coadjutors, as represented in the Old Version of Sternhold ami Hopkins, is, however, too elaborate for this section of our work. It is fully treated elsewhere. [Old Version.] VII. Genevan Influence on the Marian Exiles. The public singing of psalms ceased of course uuder Mary. But the movement gained new force and new ideas among the exiles. Parker solaced himself by versifying the entire Psalter (Absolvi Psalterium versum metrice lingua vulgari, Parker's Diary, 1557). At Geneva the psalms of Marot were part of the authorized service; and it is from this period that the metres, the tunes, and the structural features of the Genevan Psalter begin to affect that of England, and more largely, of Scotland. [For details see Old Version, § m.] VIII. Psalm-singing at the accession of Elizabeth. On the accession of Elizabeth nothing so roused the enthusiasm of the people as the practice " brought from abroad by the exiles" of singing Psalms (Strype). They were sung at St. Paul's Cross after the sermons of bishops; Jewel speaks of six thousand people as present on one occasion. Psalms were introduced at St. Antholin's and spread to other churches in London. The authorities not merely "connived" (Heyliri) at the fashion, but encouraged it. Jewel, for instance, who was one of the Visitors for the execution of the Queen's Injunctions, favoured it. The attitude of Parker is shewn by a curious set of documents in Wilkins's Concilia, Dec. 1559. Certain men and women from London had sung psalms in the Cathedral at Exeter at 6 a.m., disturbing matins. On being prohibited by the Dean and Chapter, they appealed to the Queen's Visitors, Jewel and others, who thereon reprimanded the Dean and Chapter. Upon this the case was carried to Abp. Parker, who ratified the sentence of the Visitors, and bade the Cathedral authorities " permit and suffer " congregations to " sing or say the jodly prayers set forth and permitted in this Church of England." The use of the word " godly prayers," godly prayers set forth and permitted in this Church of England." The use of the word " godly prayers as equivalent to psalms, is curious. See above, $ VI. Permission to use psalms publicly in worship was implicitly granted by the 49th injunction of Elizabeth (June 1559), which is wider and yet more defined than the proviso of 1549; guarding more carefully the Morning and Evening Prayer from interference, and yet at the same time withdrawing the stipulation that the composition was to be taken out of Holy Scripture :— " For the comforting of such as delight in music, it may be permitted that in the beginning or end of Common Prayer either at Morning or Evening, there may be sung an hymn or such like song to the praise of Almighty God in the best melody and music that may be devised, having respect that the sentence of the bymn may be understood and perceived." PSALTERS, ENGLISH 917 IX. Renderings by Abp. Parker, Sir Philip Sidney, the Davisons, and Spenser. Partial translations of Psalms at this period are very numerous. The two most notable com* plete versions are dealt with else where. (See Old Version and Scottish Hymnody.) A third, entitled The whole Psalter, translated into English metre, with an argument and collect to each Psalm: John Daye, London, n.d«, is only to be found in the great libraries [there is a perfect copy also at Lincoln Cathedral]. It is the work of Abp. Parker, alluded to above, written in exile: but the marked similarity of the book, in its introductions, extracts from the Fathers, and apparatus of appended Canticles, to the work of Sternhold and Hopkins makes it probable that these, and perhaps the metrical arguments at the head of each ps-alm and the appended collects were added after 1562. It is composed with scholarly care, and, not only as a metrical version, but for the value of the collects, should be reprinted. Besides the three usual metres (cm., l.m., s.m.) he makes use of stanzas of 8's, and one or two curious measures; and he supplies a doxology in each metre. The metrical Introduction "Ad Lectorem," is a quaint apology for offering a new version. There are eight tunes to it by Tallis; one being Tallis's *• Canon." His cm. has often a double rhyme in the third line; and, even where this is not the case, the rhythm and stresses of the measure are entirely distinct from that of Sternhold, and the feet strictly regular, so as to facilitate singing. An example of his unrhymed cm. may be seen in his tr. of "Veni Creator" (q.v.), which is apparently simply the text of the fir&t Prayer Book of Edw. vith, 1549, regulated into uniform feet. The authorship of this book is given in Bp. Barlow's copy to John Keeper of the Cathedral of Wells. But Parker's authorship is established by external and internal evidence. In Bp. Keimet's copy it is said that the Archbishop permitted Margaret, his wife, to present his Psalter to some of the nobility : and the copy at Lambeth has in a hand of that time, "To the vertuous and honorable Lady the Countesse of Shrewsbury from your lovinge friende, Margaret Parker." Apart from the presumption raised by this coincidence in favour of Parker, it makes Keeper's authorship unlikely, as he would only have been twenty-four at Mrs. Parker's death (1570) (Dibdin's Ames). But the conclusive evidence is the acrostick "Mattheus Parkerus" on which the metrical argument to Ps. 119 is formed. Of a different order from these is the Version commenced by Sir Philip Sidney (Pss. 1-43) and completed by his sister, the Countess of Pembroke (pub. i823). The metres are "more rare and excellent for method and varie-tie,"—the fantastic and capricious measures of-the lighter Elizabethan style; not intended probably for congregational use. They have frequent freshness and spirit; and now that a higher music no longer chains us wholly to routine metres, a composer fond of the Elizabethan poetry would find the 84th, 92nd, and the more regular 96th full of grace and charm. The same description may be given of Divers Selected Psalms of David in verse, 018 PSALTEBS, ENGLISH of d different composure from those used in the church i the work of Francis and Christopher Davison and others, fount! in a Harleiun ms. of the British Museum. Full selections from both these versions may be seen in Farr's Select Poetry (Parker Society). To these maybe added a lost version of the Seven Penitential Psalms by Edmund Spenser. X. Partial translations, Bacon, Herbert, &c. Versions by Bod, Wither, Sandys. Among the versifiers of " Selected Psalms " are found the eminent names of Donne, Dean of St. Paul's (1633), Phineas Fletcher (1633), George Herbert (1632), and B. Gra-shaw (1648). The first ten Psalms were rendered clearly and naturally by Bishop Hall (1607), and a few by Lord Bacon (1625), (see Fuller Worthies Library by Grosart), dedicated to George Herbert. The complete version of Henry Dod (1603-20) is utterly valueless, and according to Wither was burnt by the hangman; the preface however shews the early dissatisfaction felt with Sternhold and Hopkins, and there is appended to it a ludicrous versification, intended apparently to be sung, of the Act of Parliament passed aftor the Gunpowder Plot! The so-called Version of King James (1631) is described elsewhere. (See Scottish Hymnody, I. § 3.) The version by George Wither (1619-32) wa3 a far more serious rival of the Old Version. He obtained a privilege from the King, which ordered it to be bjund up with every copy of the Bible, and authorized Wither to seize every Bible in which it was not found. But it met with the same fate as a similar privilege of Wither's for his Hymns and Spiritual Songs of the Church. (See English Hymnody, Early, § VIH.) The resistance to the privilege on the part of the Stationers' Company, who owned the Old Version, ended In the withdrawal of this monopoly by the Privy Council (1633). (See Preface to Wither's Hymns and Spiritual Songs, by E. Farr in Library of Old Authors.) The metres of this book are more varied than those of the Old Version, and yet more regular and even than those of Sidney, and tunes are set to them by Orlando Gibbons. The author of Anthologia Davidica, a compilation of Psalms from many sources (1846), considers this the best version he knew for fidelity, harmony, and simplicity of expression. Judged, however, by his copious extracts (the book itself is rare) there is a want of force and spirit. The 137th, "As nigh Babel's streams we sat," is gracefully rendered; the best is the 150th, " Come praise the Lord, come praise Him " (S. P. C. It. Ps. and Ilys., Ps. cl.). The version by George Sandys (1636), son of the Abp. of York, is of far greater literary merit. Though set to music by Henry Lawes, it was intended only for private devotion, and perhaps never used otherwise. Baxter laments that Sandys's " seraphic strain " was useless to the vulgar because not composed in the ordinary metres; but its poetical grace exercised a considerable influence on translators. The longer Psalms are often in l. m. couplets; some of his most graceful pieces are in couplets of 7's, as Ps. 150, " Praise the Lord enthroned on high " (S. P. C. K. Ps. and H, Ps. cl.), and Ps. 148, " You who dwell above the PSALTERS, ENGLISH skies " ( Wes. H. Bk. 639). The book is prefaced by an eulogy by his friend Lord Falkland. In the opinion of Burney, Montgomery, Conder, and Holland, it is the best metrical version. See, however, Keble, below, § xvm. XI. Puritan Versions; JRous, Barton, Milton. To the psalm-loving Puritan the perfection of the metrical version was a matter of supreme moment. The first book pub. in America (Cambridge, N.E., 1640) was The New England Psalter, often called The Bay Psalter (p. 119, i.), the editors of which bound themselves by the mest rigorous literalism. In the same year in England the Committee of Peers, lay and spiritual, recommended in their Report on Religion that " The meeter in the Psalms should be corrected and allowed of publicly." The first ed. (1641) of Francis Boust afterwards Provost of Eton under the Commonwealth, was an attempt to satisfy this recommendation by amendment of the old version. Further changes were made in his second ed. (1643), which was ordered to be printed by the House of Commons. The establishment of the Directory (1645), in which " every one that can read" was ordered to "have a psalm - book," made revision more urgent. Rous's third edition (1646), was ordered to be printed on the recommendation of the Assembly of Divines; and later in "the year this Version "and none other" was ordered by the House of Commons "to be sung in all churches and chapels within the kingdom." There was an earnest desire at this time on both sides of the border to a^ree on a version which might be a bond of uniformity in religion. But it was frustrated by two causes. "The House of Lords inclined to a rival versifier, William Barton, minister of St. Martin's, Leicester (1st ed., 1644; 2nd, 1645); and they submitted his 3rd ed. (1646) to the Assembly of Divines, who, however, declined to authorise it. When Rous's version came up from the Commons, they referred it to a Committee, but never apparently sanctioned it. The Scots also were discontented with Rons, whom they suspected of heterod* >xy, :is an adherent of Cromwell, and introduced considerable variations, derived from other versions, in their new Scottish Psalter (1650). [See Scottish Hymnody.] Confidence in Rous was short-lived in England. It may have been dissatisfaction with it which made Milton in 1648 attempt Ps. 80-8, which had a special significance to him at that crisis of the war (Masson). His versions are translated direct from the Hebrew. Hebrew words are printed in the margin : and every word not in the original is printed in italics. No better illustration of the literal principle of the Puritan translations can be given ; and no one can say it was successful. He made another essay in 1653, without this assertion of exceeding literalism, and in various metres, not easy to be sung; but the result is no better. Portions of Pss. 82, 85, 86, formed into a cento, " The Lord will come and not be slow," and part of Ps. 84, " How lovely are Thy dwellings fair," are found in some of our hymn-books; but the only one of real note is the 136th, " Let us with a gladsome mind," which he wrote at the age of fifteen. In 1651 Bp. King of Chichester, PSALTERS, ENGLISH in tlie preface to his version, sneers, from the churchman's stand-point, at the failure of one of our " prsetended Reformers" (probably Rous). And in 1654 appeared a new edition of Barton, which bore on its title-page a license for publication from Cromwell. A version by Thomas Lord Fairfax is mentioned in the preface to Cotton's Editions of the Bible; he quotes the 137th Psalm in stanzas of four long lines. It was never published. XII. Baxter, Miles Smyth, Denham, Patrick. From Sternhold to Rous the prevailing principle of translation was literal exactness; but the dreariness of all these efforts, and in some measure the grace of Sandys, now produced a demand for some literary excellence. In the preface to his version (written probably about this time, though not published till 1692), Richard Baxter says, after reviewing preceding versions, " The ear desireth greater melody, than strict versions will allow." And in their measure the versions that followed the Restoration were an attempt in this direction. Examples maybe seen in S. Woodford's verbose and pompous Psalter (1667) ; in Miles Smyth's, which is often smooth and melodious (1668); in Luke Milbourne (1698), who tried to adapt his metres to the music of Playford, who had recently edited Sternhold and Hopkins, and to that of Henry Lawes, found in Sandys's Psalter; and in the stately though monotonous l.m. of Sir John Denham (written at this time, though only published in 1715). But the difficulty Jay in the decay of music, by which metres were more than ever restricted. Baxter adopted a plan of bracketed words, by which l.m. could be sung as cm., or cm. as s.m., for the use of ignorant congregations, but scarcely in the interest of literary success. A Century of Psalms was published by John Patrick, Preacher to the Charterhouse, brother of the Bishop, in 1679; and a complete version in 1691-2, which attained considerable success for its fidelity. It was not however exactly a literal version. It adopted a mode of evangelical interpretation, of which the germ exists in Parker, and which will be discussed at large under Watts. See § xv. XIII. The New Version. (1.) History.—The first instalment of Tate and Brady's Psalter is a sheet and a half, without date {Bodleian); the next is "The first XX. Psalms by N. Brady and N. Tate " (Bodleian) published as a specimen (1695). The complete version followed (1696), entitled A New Version of the Psalms of David, Fitted to the Tunes Used in Churches, By N. Tate and N. Brady (Brit. Mus.), and dedicated to William III. This edition was apparently subjected to criticism and revised ; and in its settled form, which differs from each of the preceding essays in some of the metres and expressions, it was " allowed " by the King in Council, and " permitted to be used in all churches, &c, as shall think fit to receive them," Dec. 3, 1696. This second edition was not published till 1698 (Brit. Mus.). [See New Version.] The Supplement thereto was authorised, in the same terms as the Pscdter, by the Queen in Council, July 30, 1703. (2.) Value of Authorisation. — So far as PSALTERS, ENGLISH 019 license to print was concerned, the royal " allowance " was not strictly necessary, as the Licensing Act had recently expired; but it was extremely politic. (See it again under § xvi.) The " permission " to use it in churches, &c, which is a distinct matter from the " allowance," whether actually necessary or not in order to legalise its adoption, was of great value. Under the sanction of the sovereign, and recommended by the Abp. of Canterbury and Compton, Bishop of London, The New Version presented itself as a settlement of the long dissatisfaction with Sternhold and Hopkins. Its success was not however universal. Beve-ridge (1710) wrote a vigorous protest against it, and in favour of the Old Version. He calls it a "New Version in deed," "fine and modish," " flourished with wit and fancy," "gay and fashionable." He dilates on the inconvenience of two versions; calls it a breach of uniformity; " in time we might have one secundum usum London, another secun-dum usum Richmond (see Brady below), another secundum usum Sarum." He records the protests of congregations: one vestry had cast it out, after its introduction by the clergyman. It was then only used in a few churches in London. (3.) Character and Merits.—The material of the New Version may be thrown into three groups: 1. Psalms of an ornate character, with occasional vigour of rhythm, written mostly in l.m. and p.m. The best is 139th, " Thou, Lord, by strictest search hast known." 2. A large quantity of very spiritless cm., as poor in language as the literal versions. 3. A few examples of sweet and simple verse, such as the 34th, " Through all the changing scenes of life;" 42nd, "As pants the hart;" 51st, "Have mercy, Lord, on me;" and 84th, "Oh, God of hosts, the mighty Lord," which retain their hold on our hymn-books. There is nothing to shew certainly how the work was divided between Tate and Brady: both were poets; it is plausible to attribute the ornate work, in which some have even suggested an occasional aid from his patron Dryden, to Tate. Another theory makes Brady the theological, Tate the poetical workman throughout. Beveridge's epithets suggest the general impression of the book. The artificial style of that period is applied to the Psalms: and in the hands of men of genius—far less in those of mere versifiers—so alien a form could not have succeeded. " Tate's poor page " (Pope) has been abused as roundly as The Old Version. And yet one condemned to tread the waste of metrical Psalters will consider it an advance on its predecessors, suffering more from its own success than comparison with them. And this merit is fairly theirs: they asserted successfully, and with an emphasis scarcely known before, literary and poetical excellence (according to their light) as a principle of translation, and the precedent thus set was seldom ignored afterwards. It has been gravely censured for want of fidelity by Keble and others. Traces of political allusion have also been pointed out. The curious reader may like to trace them in Ps. 18, 37-43, in the courtly complexion given to Ps. 101, I 2-7, in a possible allusion to the queen, Ps. I 45,16, and in Ps. 107, 40 (" The prince, wLo 920 PSALTERS, ENGLISH slights what God commands, exposed to scorn must quit his throne "). (4.) Authors.— The New Version was the work of two Irishmen. Nahum Tate was the son of Faithful Teate, an Irish clergyman, author of some religious verses. He was b. in Dublin (1652), and educated at Trinity College. He wrote, under Dryden's superintendence, the second part of Absalom and Achitophel with the exception of about two hundred lines. He succeeded Shadwell as Poet Laureate. Among his works are Characters of Virtue and Vice (1691), Miscellanea Sacra, a selection from various writers (1696-8), and Panacea, a Poem on Tea. He is said to have been a man of intemperate and improvident life. He wjote a reply to Beveridge, defending the style of the version on literary grounds. (Essay on Psalmody, 1710.) He d. in London in 1715. Nicholas Brady was born at Bandon (1659). He was educated at Westminster, and went afterwards to Christ Church, Oxford, and to Trinity College, Dublin. From the latter he received the degree of d.d. for services to the Protestant cause. He was a Prebendary of Cork. In the Irish war he was an active adherent of William; and three times saved his native town from burning. Coming from Bandon with a petition to William, he remained in London, and was appointed Chaplain to the King; and afterwards (1702-5) Incumbent of Stratford-on-Avon. He had previously been minister of St. Catherine Cree's, and Lecturer of St. Michael's, Wood Street; probably holding some or all of these appointments in plurality. * Notwithstanding the income derived from his appointments, his extravagance obliged him to keep a school, while incumbent of Richmond (1710). He died in 1726. Besides several volumes of sermons, he published a tragedy called The JRape, or the Innocent Impostors, and a poetical translation of the Mneid of Virgil in four vcls. XIV. /. Addison. In the Spectator of 1712, were published the well-known paraphrases of the 19th Ps., " The spacious firmament on high," and the 23rd Ps., " The Lord my pasture shall prepare." They have been attributed to Mar veil, but (see Addison, J., p. 16, ii.) are Addisou's. They are found in many collections, and have been admired by good judges. The style is more florid than the New Version. The fault in both is, that the sense of God's Presence, which is so vivid in the original, is subordinated to the somewhat unreal description of landscape. XV. Watts1 s Version. The versification of the Psalms the attention of Isaac Watts early days; a translation of Ps. included in his complete Psalter, is found in Beliquise Juveniles. Paraphrases on Ps. 148 were published in the Hor/p. Lyricse (1705); and at least half of the Psalms had been versified at the date of the publication of his Hymns (1707-9). Ps. 114 was published in The Spectator (1712); and the complete version (so far as his theory of completeness extended) in 1719; entitled, The Psalms of David imitated in the language of the New engaged in his 137, not PSALTERS, ENGLISH Testament, &c. Taken as a whole it is not better than Tate and Brady. There is a want of restraining reverence about it; and the turgid epithets and gaudy ornament dishonour the simple grandeur of the original. Yet it contains some of his choicest pieces, such as Ps. 84, " Lord of the worlds above;" the noble Ps. 90, " Our God, our help in ages past;" Pri. 136, " Give to our God- immortal praise;" and one or two more. The Psalter is not really complete. Watts saw and was bold enough to say, that there were parts of the Psalter which could never be sung, and which were therefore useless as hymns. His renderings are paraphrases rather than translations. He breaks up the Psalms into different portions; sometimes, especially in Ps. 119, he selects and groups verses so as to produce a new hymn, and adds little prefatory stanzas. He utilized lines from his predecessors; some from Tate and Brady, more from Denham, most of all from Patrick. From Patrick also he borrowed the new principle, used long before by Luther, and by Parker, which he worked out elaborately—evangelical interpretation of the Psalms. To this, which is the really notable characteristic of the book, he devoted great pains, embodying in his verse the New Testament expositions of our Lord and the Apostles, exhibiting the Messianic Psalms in the light of the life of Christ, and expanding adumbration, type and prophecy, into their fulfilments. Such a mode of treatment was of course a new divergence from literalism, but a legitimate and fruitful one. No principle has such promise of future usefulness in the adaptation of the Psalter to the purposes of hyninology. The tender modern hymn by Sir H. W. Baker, " The Kins of Love my Shepherd is " (fl. A. & M., 197) is an illustration ; and Watts's version of Ps. 72, "Jesus shall reign where'er the sun," is a beautiful example of the principle and cf his best style. At the same time it requires extreme caution and reverence, if it is to be kept from error. When he tried to push it beyond the guidance of Scripture, Watts was betrayed into such vulgarity as the substitution of Britain for Israel, &c. A full exhibition ol' Watts's Psalter will be found in the New Cong. H. Bk. XVI. Blackmore, Wesley, Smart, Merriclt, Basil Woodd, Dwight. In 1721 appeared a Version by Sir Richard Blachmore, which was dedicated to George I., and on the recommendation of both the archbishops and fifteen bishops " allowed and permitted to be used in all churches, &c," by order in Council, in precisely the same terms as The New Version. It is rather a reaction in the direction of naked literalism, and it made no .way, not withstanding its lofty patrons. In Anne Steele's Poems (1760) there are forty-seven renderings of Psalms. C. Wesley at one time or other translated nenrly the whole Psalter. Some were published in 1738 and 1743; again in the Arminian Magazine, 1798-1801: and the whole are included in the Poetical Works of J. & C. Wesley, 1868-72. They are naturally expressed in. tho refined and cultivated language which was habitual to C. Wesley, but they are not of high poetical excellence. The best are Ps. 23, "Jesus Tho PSALTERS, ENGLISH Good Shepherd is "; Ps. 121, " To the hills I lift mine eyes"; and especially Ps. 131, "Lord, if Thou Thy grace impart." Charles Wesley adopts freely Watts's system of evangelical interpretation. Christopher Smart published a version (1765), in which the introduction of New Testament matter is so great, that the characteristics of the Psalms are erased. In this book there is also a great variety of new metres, and among the rest that of Cowper's Alexander Selkirk, found in Charles Wesley, and in Shenstone. James Merrick published a Psalter (1765) which attracted attention from the known learning of the author. It bears signs of the influence of Bp. Lowth's theories of Hebrew poetry, and was also approved by Seeker. It is written in continuous lines, but was divided into stanzas for congregational use by Tatter-shall (1797), who added a prose paraphrase. It is weak and full of epithets. Montgomery calls it "immeasurableverbiage." Basil Woodd published a few psalms in 1794; other editions followed. The final one (1821) contained his own, with alternative renderings selected from Watts and Tate and Brady, &c. Timothy Dwight, the American theologian, published a revised edition of Watts (1800). A Version of a few Psalms by William Mason appeared in 1797, and with additions in 1811; and another in the same year (1811) by William Goode. A partial Version by Richard Cumberland (1801) may be mentioned for the sake of the author, not of the book. XVII. Montgomery, Mant, Harriet Auber, Lyte. James Montgomery's Songs of Zion (1822) contain nearly half of the Psalter. The sombre and plaintive verse of Ps. 39, " Lord, let me know mine end"; and Ps. 63, *' Oh God, Thou art my God alone "; are fine examples of lonely and sorrowful trust. The 131st, " Lord, for ever at Thy side," is of a tenderer character. Ps. 91, "Call Jehovah thy Salvation"; and Ps. 103, "Oh my soul, with all thy powers," are soft and musical. Far the finest is the rich and splendid Messianic hymn which few perhaps recognise as a Paraphrase of Ps. 72, "Hail to the Lord's Anointed." Bishop Mant published a version (1824) composed with great care, and founded much on Lowth's Lectures. But the language is cold, and the Psalms assume the form of stiff and stately odes. Harriet Auber's Spirit of the Psalms was published anonymously (1829), edited by a clergyman. She uses evangelical interpretation freely. Several renderings are full of gentle melody, such as Ps. 45, "With hearts in love abounding"; Ps. 73, " Whom have we, Lord, in heaven but Thee " ; and Ps. 78, " Oh praise our great and gracious Lord." A book with the same title, The Spirit of the Psalms, was published (1834) by H. F. Lyte. Though it touches nearly the whole Psalter, and though there ar<3 a few among the best that have a joyous tone, such as the sunny rendering of Ps. 84, " Pleasant are Thy courts above;" still it is with the tenderness and tearfulness of the Psalms that he is most deeply penetrated. His renderings are seldom close translations; they are either free paraphrases, or the expansion of a few PSALTERS, ENGLISH 921 Verses, as a theme, with free interweaving of his own thoughts and metaphors, and perhaps for this reason they are less known than they deserve. Ps. 55, " Oh had I, my Saviour, the wings of a dove," a successful treatment of an undignified metre, illustrates his habit of isolating the sad part of a psalm. Ps. 91, •' There is a safe and secret place," is good; and " Far from my heavenly home," exactly represents his method and his tenderness. Few probably are aware that it is founded on Ps. 137, "By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down ; yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion." XVIII. John Keble. The Psalter or Psalms of David in English verse, by a member of the University of Oxford (1839) is the work of the revered John Keble. That he should have deemed such a thing worth doing, is, in some sort, a measure of the advance of the last forty years in the matter of church music. There was " small hope," he thought, that the custom of chanting the psalms would come in ; and therefore, despite his conviction that the Hebrew was intended for chanting, not singing, and that success was "impossible," because the form and tone of English metre and Hebrew parallelism were irreconcilable, he set himself to improve the Metrical Version, "adhering reverentially to the meaning of the original." He submitted the work to Dr. Pusey. The adverse criticism which has been given had been anticipated by Keble himself. The close adherence to the terseness and the images of the Hebrew has produced some constraint and obscurity. But in the judgment of the present writer no other version has such refinement of diction, sustained merit, lyric force and fire, and flashes of imaginative energy. There are occasional traces of the influence of Scott's chivalrous phrases. Ps. 93, "God the Lord a king remaineth," is one of the finest. Ps. 46, " God our Hope and Strength abiding," is of the same order, but less chastened; the trochaic, Ps. 96, " Sing the song unheard before," is good; as also Ps. 135, " Sound high Jehovah's Name"; Ps. 136, "Praise the Lord, for He is Love;" and Ps. 148, " Praise ye the Lord from heaven." XIX. Churton, Sir R. Grant, Conder, Hooliham Frere, Trower, &c. The Cleveland Psalter, by Archdeacon Churton (1854), is one of the best versions. It is written in firm, equal, and melodious verse, and though inferior to Keble in spirit and freshness, and high imagination, avoids his abruptness and compression by a slightly looser texture, and greater liberty of translation. Though thoroughly an original work, it adopts ideas and lines from the ancient Anglo-Saxon Version which Churton attributes to Aldhelm (see § in), from Wyatt, Sidney, Sandys, Miles Smyth and Keble. Portions of Ps. 16, " Lord keep me, for I trust in Thee " ; Ps. 37, " Vex not thy soul for men of pride," are in S. P. C. K. Ps. and Hys.: Ps. 67, " God of grace, oh let Thy light," is in H. A. & M. (364). Ps. 64, " Lord, to my sad voice attending"; and Ps. 131, "Lord, my heart is with the lowly," are like Herbert. 922 , ENGLISH The best is Ps. 96, " Raise the psalm; let earth adoring" in Kennedy, 1863, and the Wes. H. Bit. (604), 1875. A smooth, fairly-sustained Version, but deficient in spirit, had been published (1831) by Bp. Trower (revised in 1875). Sir Robert Grant had published some renderings early in the century, among which is the fine ornamentation of the old 104th, " Oh worship the King." J. Conder's Ps. 113, " Hallelujah, raise oh raise," is a lyric of great brightness and jubilance. A Selection of Psalms by Hookham Frere was privately printed, see his Poetical Works (1872). The Symmetrical Psalter by W. Vernon Harcourt appeared in 1856, and The Cambridge Psalter by Dr. Kennedy in 1860 (revised 1876). XX. Hecent Versions, The reader of this sketch will have observed that in one aspect it is the history of the long tenacious struggle of the Metrical Psalter against the growing power of original hymn3 as the material of praise. This conflict has been now long ended, and the task of versifying the Psalms greatly simplified by enfranchisement from the routine metres. But fresh efforts are still made under these freer conditions. A version of considerable freshness, freedom, and spirit appeared in 1863, with an irregular structure of verse, by Mr. A. Malet. The Companion Psalter, by Rev. T. R. Birks (1874), is a valuable compilation of the choicest pieces of preceding versions, and contains several of* his own developments of the meditative psalms. His lyric measures are often soft and melodious: he introduces freely Evangelical ideas; but they are not always the legitimate unfolding of the psalm, and sometimes the groundwork is scarcely perceptible. Ps. 19, " The heavens declare Thy glory " ; Ps. 20, " O Christ, whose intercession " ; Ps. 80, " Oh King of Mercy" ; and Ps. 89, " O comfort of the weary " ; are good specimens. The Marques3 of Lome published alternate renderings of the Scottish Version (1877). The late Dr. Irons promised a complete version, written with special attention to Hebrew parallelisms; an instalment of it appeared in 1875. The latest versions are by Digby Seymour (1882), and Digby S. Wrangham (1885). Among the efforts to make the Psalter compete with original hymns may bo noted Matthew Henry's Family Hymns (really selected Psalms, 1695) ; Dorrington's Devotions in Psalms and Hymns and Spiritual Songs, auunged as a hymnbook for Sundays, &c. ; Select Psalms and Hymns for the use of St. James's Westminster (1697). The most interesting is an arrangement by Jlomaine (1775), to which is prefixed an essay in defence of the Old Version, a strenuous protest against the growing power of Wesley's hymns. XXI. Conclusion. The quotations in the foregoing sketch shew that metrical psalms still contribute largely to our hymnals. The least successful renderings have been those of the Messianic psalms. Nor have the penitential psalms yielded much for Lenten use. In one or two instances the dauntless trust of the Psalmists has been nobly reproduced. And for the 1PSALTEKS, ENGLISH worship of the masses certain grand and simple psalms are unequalled. The indirect influence of the long tutelage of the Psalter must not be lost sight of. It gave to our earlier hymns a severity, a breadth, an objective tone, and a wide and deep base in natural religion. Nowhere is the glory of God in his works go magnificently exhibited as in the Psalms, and the strength of the presentation is grounded on the whole power of the works in themselves, not on some single and perhaps sentimental aspect of the works. Nowhere is the jubilance of praise, unchecked by the chilling and irrelevant thought—true and sad as it is—of the sinful-ness and inadequacy of our utterance, so majestic. These characteristics are impressed deeply on Watts; and they are of abiding value, as a counterpoise to the morbid emotion, effeminacy, self-consciousness, and anatomy of motives, which make some modern hymns so sickly. The influence of the Psalter on English hymns is by no means worked out. It may take new forms, select and develop more freely from the ideas, but it is impossible that the Psalms can cease to inspire many of the deepest, tenderest, most intense utterances in future hymn.?. [H. L. B.] Psalters, English. Minor Versifiers. Biographical articles of the greater versifiers of the Psalms named in the foregoing catalogue, are given under their respective names in this Dictionary. In the notes given below the writers of less importance, either in themselves or in the work which they have done in paraphrasing the Psalms in metre, are grouped together in alphabetical order ; and a reference number is added to aid in tracing out each person's work in the article on Psalters, Versions in English, p. 926. Atwood, George, b.d., sometime Archdeacon of Taunton. [No. 127.] Bartholomew, Alfred. From his Sacred Lyrics, 1831, we gather that he was an architect. B. 1801, d. 1845. [No. 227.] Beaumont, John. From his Original Psalms, 1834, the following have been transferred to Spurgeon's O. O. H. Bk., 1866:—(1) "I'll bless my Saviour, God." Ps. cxUv. (2) *' Lord, I daily call on Thee." Ps. cxli. (3) "Many times since days of youth." Ps. exxix. (4) " Praise ye Jehovah, shout and sing." Ps. cxlviii. [No. 243.] Bird, Charles Smith, was the author of Ever and Ever and other Poems, Liverpool, 1833. [No. 234.] Blackall, Elizabeth, author of Psalms and Hymns and Spiritual Songs, pub. in Dublin, 1835, which contained, along with other poems, versions of twelve Psalms. Her intention was "to complete the paraphrase of the Psalms," as she states in her Preface. This, however, so far as can be gathered, was never carried out. [No. 244.] Bowring, Edgar Alfred, was b. in 1826, and was m.p. for Exeter, 1868. According to Glass (p. 183) he has also " translated two small volumes of German hymns, selected by the Queen, and privately printed for her Majesty's use." [No. 292.] Boyse, Samuel, s. of a dissenting minister, was b. in 1708. He received the rudiments of his education in Dublin, and then passed on to the University of Glasgow. As a poet and man of letters he was well known and esteemed; but his manners were of the lowest, and his life most wretched. He d. in Shoe Lane, London, in obscure lodgings, in May, 1747, and was buried by the parish. [No. 133.] Brampton, Thomas, was one of the earliest translators of the Psalms into English metre. Nothing is known of him, save what is recorded on the ms. copy of the Seven Penitential Psalms, which is preserved in the British Museum. At the beginning of this ms. is written—" Frater Thomas Brampton Sacrae Theologiae PSALTERS, ENGLISH l)octor fr' minore pauperib' confesso' de Latino in Anglia Anno Dom. 1414, ad Dei honorem et incrementuni devo-tionis." This little work is written on beautiful vellum, and in an old curious mixture of Anglo-Saxon characters, and old English words, which tends to show that it was made at a time when the language was in a state of change. [No. 1.] Brathwaite, Richard, b. 1588, d. 1673, at one time Deputy-Lieutenant of the county of Westmoreland, was the author of several metrical works. Hazlewood, the editor of Brathwaite's Barnabee's Journal, is of opinion that No. 63 by "11. B." is his work. Bryan, Joseph, one of the " other gentlemen " referred to in No. 51. Concerning him we know nothing except that his name is prefixed to the Introduction to the ms. named, and that he wrote some of the versions therein. See Davison, C, below. Byrd, William, one of the " Gentlemen of the Queen's honourable Chappell," s. of Thomas Byrd, was b. circa 1538, and d. in London, July 4, 1623. He was a chorister in St. Paul's Cathedral; Organist of Lincoln Cathedral, 1563-1569; and Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, 1569. He was the composer of several well-known anthems. [No. 32.] Carey, Thomas. A gentleman attached to the court of King Charles I. See Davison, C, below. Cayley, C. B., b.a., translator of Dante's Divine Comedy, author of Pysche's Interludes, &c. [No. 296.] Chamberlayne, James, composed a few poems that he might "not trifle away too much of his time," and pub. a selection therefrom as:—A Sacred Poem on the Birth, Miracles, Death, Sepulture, Resurrection, and Ascension of the Most Holy Jesus. 1680. To this were added 18 Psalm Versions, the Lamentations of Jeremiah in verse, &c. [No. 93.] Cobb, Samuel, m.a., sometime Master of Christ's Hospital, pub. in 1707, Poems on Several Occasions. He d. in 1713. [No. 113.] Cole, Benjamin Thomas Halcott, m.a , sometime Fellow of Magdalen College, Cambridge, and Kector of Warbleton, Sussex, b.a. 1803, m.a. 1807. [No. 278.] Coleraine, Henry Hare, second Baron (Irish Peerage), d. at Tottenham in 1708. In addition to his paraphrases from the Italian, &c, he was the author of a History of Tottenham: [No. 85.] Coldwell, William, sometime resident in Sheffield as an architect and surveyor, was a local preacher in the Methodist New Connexion body. He pub. (1) Fables and Moral Poems, Halifax 1818 ; (2) Hebrew Harmonics and Allusions, 1820; and (3) The Bk. of Praises, &c. [No. 204]. Colman, George, the younger, s. of George Colman, a dramatic writer, and for some time the Lord Chamberlain's Examiner of Plays, was b. at London, Oct. 21, 1762, and d. in 1836. [No. 177.] Coney, Thomas, i>.r>., sometime Rector of Chedzoy, Somersetshire, and Prebendary of Wells. [No. 123.] Cosowarth, Michael. This versifier's history is unknown to us. His Version of Some Select Psalms is in the British Museum (Harl. 6906). [No. 37.] Cradock, Thomas, a native of Staffordshire, and sometime Hector of St. Thomas's Church, Baltimore County, Maryland, pub. his paraphrase of the Psalrns as below. He d. in 1760. [No. 144.] Cumberland, Henry Clifford, Earl of, was b. in 1591, and d. at York, Dec, 1643. " In the dissensions which arose between Charles the First and his Parliament the Earl is said to have ' distinguished himself more bj' his fidelity to the King's cause, than by his activity or skill:' his charactvr will be found in Clarendon's History, where he is called * a man of great honour and integrity;' and Dr. Bliss has introduced a brief memoir of him into his edition of Wood's Athenrn Oxonienses " (Holland). [No. 53.] Cumberland, Richard, dramatic and miscellaneous writer, was b. at Cambridge, 1732, and d. at Tunbridge, 1811. He was for some time Secretary to the Board of Trade; but during the latter part of his life he devoted himself entirely to literature. [No. 188.] Daniel, Richard, d.d., sometime Dean of Armagh an 1 Chaplain to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. [No. 122.] Darby, Charles, m.a., was for some time Rector of Kedington, Suffolk. Beyond this we have no details. [No. ill.] Davies, Sir John (Davis), b. in 1570, d. Dec. 7th, 1626. His works make 3 vols. in Dr. Grosart's Fuller Worthies' Library, 1876. [No. 38.] PSALTERS, ENGLISH 923 Davison, Christopher, second s. of William Davison and brother of Francis Davison (see below), w as a member of Gray's Inn. We cannot ascertain the dates of his birth or death. He is one of the " other gentlemen " referred to in No. 51. Davison, Francis, eldest s. of William Davison, Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, and brother of the above, was b. circa 1575, and was a member of Gray's Inn. He d. circa 1G21. His Poetical Bhapsodie was pub. in 1602. [No. 51.] The Harl. MS. referred to in No. 51 is one of three mss. which are thus referred to by W. T. Brooke in his ed. of Giles Fletcher's Christ's Victory and Triumph, &c, Loud., Griffith, Farran, &c, 1888, p. 242:—"No complete edition of the psalms of Francis and Christopher Davison has hitherto appeared; and for the first time (with the hitherto unknown Introduction of Francis Davison himself) they are here completely given. It is probable that Davison's death interrupted the plan of the collection, and it remained unfinished. At least three mss. of it have survived [i.] the apparently original Ms. in the Harleian Collection; [ii.] a transcript by Ralph Crane-with additional poems [referred to by Farr in his Select Poetry, &c, 1845, p. xxx., under T. Carey, whose version of Ps. 91 is therein]; and [iii.] the anonymous ms., formerly Archdeacon Cotton's and the late Alexander Gardyne's, from which we print. Of the fellow-workers of the Davisons—Joseph Bryan, Richard Gipps, and Thomas Carey—little is known. Bryan contributed twenty-two psalms to the collection ; Francis Davison eighteen; Christopher Davison and Richard Gipps each two; and T. Carey a single psalm." Mr. Brooke reprints about one half of the ms., all of Bryan's but one being omitted. Dennis, Thomas. Concerning this author our information is limited to the titlepage of his version. [No. 191.] Dickson, Thomas, a schoolmaster at Chirnside, Berwickshire. [No. 242.] Dod, Henry, is called by G. Wither "Dod the silk-man." Beyond this, and that his " late ridiculous translations of the Psalms was, by authority, worthily condemned to the five" (i.e. burntoby the common hangman), and that he turned the Act of Parliament enjoining a Public Thanksgiving on the Fifth of November, into metre to be sung in church, we know nothing of him. [No. 40.] Donald, Robert, an illiterate person of Woking, Surrey, was persuaded in his own mind that he had a divine call to prepare a new version of the Psalms, and when done had to get the assistance of a friend to correct the grammar. [No. 196.] Ducarel, P. J. Our knowledge of this versifier is confined to the details on the titlepage of No. 23G. Eden, John, b.d., b. circa 1770, and d. in 1840, was for 41 years Vicar of St. Nicholas and St. Leonard's, Bristol. His version of the Psalms was pub. posthumously with a Memoir. [No. 267.] Fairfax, Thomas, Lord, eldest s. of Ferdinando, Lord Fairfax, was b. at Denton, Yorkshire, in 1611, and d. at New Appleton, Yorkshire, in 1671. He is well known in history as a general of the Parliamentary Army during the Civil War. [No. 80.] Farr, Edward. Of this versifier we know nothing beyond the information on the title page of No. 249. Fenwick, George, b.i>., b. in 1689, was rector of Hallaton, Uppingham, for 37 year?, and d. April 10, 1760. [No. 154.] Feilde, Edward, m.a., b. in 1795, and educated at Cambridge. He was for some time a master in a large school at Ealing, and curate of Plaistow. Whilst at Pkdstow he pub. Church of England Psalmody; or,^ Portions of the New Version adapted to every Day of the Month, and to the Services'or Circumstances of every Sunday throughout the Year. Lond., Rivington.% 183!. The Preface is signed " E. F." He was incumbent of Rock and Rennington from 1834 to 1848, and it was during his residence there that he pub. his Ps. of David. He is said by those who knew him to have been a learned man and a devoted parish priest. He d. at Harrogate, Jan. 25, 1851. [No. 273.] Fleming, Robert, s. of Robert Fleming, a Scottish Presbyterian minister, was b. at Cambuslang, and studied at Leyden and Utrecht. He was for a time minister of an English congregation at Leyden, and then at Amsterdam. Eventually he became pastor of the Scottish Church in Lothbury, and was also lecturer at Salters' Hall. He d. May 21, 1716. He was the author of Christology, in 3 vols., and of the Rise and Fall of Rome Papal, 1701. [No. 101.] 924 PSALTEBS, ENGLISH Ford, Simon, d.d., b. in Devonshire in 1619, and d. in 1699. He was for some time Rector of Old Swinford, Worcestershire, and pub. his version of the Psalms in i688. He wrote extensively on religious subjects. [No. 97.] Forrest, Sir William, Chaplain to Queen Mary during her short reign, was a polemical poet and skilled musician. He pub. works from circa 1550 to 1560. His Certayne Psalmes of Davyd are dated 1551, and his latest bis. [Reg. 17, A. xxi.] is dated 1572. Specimens from bis mss. are given in the Early English Text Society's publications, and in the German periodical Anglia. [No. 12.] Franch, James. [No. 160.] The correct name is James Fanch. (See p. 364, i.) Fraunce, Abraham, a native of Shropshire, took his degree (b.a.) at St. John's, Cambridge, in 1579; was elected Fellow in 1580; and removed to Gray's Inn in 1583. He was living in 1633, but the date of his death we have not been able to ascertain. [No. 35.] Frere, John Hookham, h.a., s. of John Frere, some-time High Sheriff of Suffolk and M.P. for Norwich, was b. in London, May 21, 1769, and educated at Eton, and Caius College, Cambridge (b.a., 1792). He was subsequently a Fellow of Caius. On leaving the University he entered the Foreign Office. He was M.P. for West Looe, Cornwall, 1796-1802; Under Secretary of State in the Foreign Office, 1799; Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Portugal, 1800, to Spain, 1802, to Berlin, 1807, and to Spaiu again, 1808. Ho d., Jan. 7, 1846. [No. 261.] Gahagan, Henry, h.a., was a graduate of Christ Church, Oxford, and a Barrister-at-Law. [No. 231.] Gipps, Richard, is one of the " other gentlemen" referred to in No. 51. We know nothing concerning him except that he wrote some of the versions in the ms. named. See Francis Davison, above. Good, John Mason, M.D.;s.ofan Independent minister, was b. at Epping, Essex, in 1761, and educated for the medical profession. He became r.u.s. 1805 and m.d. 1820. He wrote largely on medical, theological, and classical subjects. He d. in 1827, and his Memoirs, by Dr. Gregory, were pub. in 1828. [No. 222a.] Gregory, George [No. 176], b. in 1754 ; d. 1808. Grymeston, Elizabeth, nee Barney, dau. of Martin Barney, or Bernye, of Grimeston, in Suffolk, and wife of Christopher, s. of Thomas Grymeston, of Yorkshire, pub. her Miscellanea in 1604, and again enlarged it circa 1610. [No. 41.] Hall, John, m.d., was b. in 1529. He was a celebrated writer on anatomy, &c. He resided at Maidstone in Kent. [No. 10.] Hall, Joseph, d.d., was b. at Ashby-de-la-Zouch in 1574, and educated at Cambridge. He was successively Rector of Halstead, Prebendary of Wolverhampton, Dean of Worcester, Bishop of Exeter, and Bishop of Norwich. In July, 1616, he attended Lord Doncaster into France, and on his return he was appointed by King James as one of his divines to accompany him into Scotland. At the Synod of Dort he was appointed to preach the Latin Sermon to the Assembly. He d. in 1656. His works are numerous, and include his versions of Ps. i.-ix. [No. 43.] His Works were pub. in London by Pavier, 1625. [Psalters, English, $ x.] Hamilton, William, a native of Scotland, b. 1704, d. 1754. [No. 136.] Hare, Francis, d.t>., who d. 26th April, 1740, was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge. He was for some time chaplain-general to the army. He subsequently became Dean of Worcester, aud then Bishop of Chichester. He also held the Deanery of St. Paul's with his bishopric. He was the author of several works. His version of the Psalms was pub. posthumously in 1755. [So. 150.] Hare, Julius Charles, m.a., was b. in 1796, educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and d. in 1855. In conjunction with his brother Augustus William he pub. the celebrated Guesses at Truth. He also assisted Bp. Thirlwall in translating Niebuhr's History of Rome. His Essays, Sermons, and other publications were numerous and important. He was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, Rector of Hurstmonceux, and Chaplain to the Queen. The following of his Psalm versions are in C. TJ. at the present time :—(1) " Lo, I come to do Thy will (Ps. xl.)t and (2) " Lord God, my Saviour, day and night {Ps. Ixxxviii.) [No. 263.] Harte, Walter, m.a., s. of a clergyman, was b. at Taunton, circa 1695, educated at Oxford, where he was lor some time Vice Principal of St. Mary HalL He PSALTEES, ENGLISH Was also a canon of Windsor. He d. at Bath in March} 1774. He pub. History of the Life of Gusiavus Adolphus, and other works. [No. 125.] Holford, G. F. The British Museum copy of No. 201, contains a ms. note by a former owner, " This is llol-ford's version." The Holford here referred to is probably G. F. Holford, m.p. Hunnis, William, a get) tie man of the Chapel Royal under Edward VI., and afterwards Master of the Children in'the reign of Elizabeth. In addition to his Psalm versions of 1550 and 15b5, he pub. A Handful of Honeysuckles and A Hive Full of Honey, being paraphrases of various portions of Holy Sciipture. Some of his pieces are reprinted in E. Farr's Select Poetry chiejly Devotional of the Reign of Q. Elizabeth. (Parker Society.) [No. 11.] He d. June 6, 1597. [English Hymnody, Early, $ vn.] See also Various. Jones, Abner. An American Professor of Music. [No. 286.] Keith, James. H. A. Glass, p. 192, says that this versifier •' was a bookseller at Dingwall, N.B." [No. 309.] King, Henry, d.d., eldest s. of John King, some time Bishop of London, was born at Worniinghall, Buckinghamshire, 16 Jany. 1501-2, and educated at Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in 1611. In January 1615-16, when only twenty-four years old, he was collated to the Prebend of St. Pancras, in the Cathedral of St. Paul's, and also "the office of Penitentiary or Confessor in that Cathedral, and the Rectory and Patronage of Chigwell, Essex." In April, 1617, he was advanced to the Archdeaconry of Colchester, and subsequently to the sinecure Rectory of Fulhain. Later, in Feby. 1638-9 he was preferred to the Deanery of Rochester, and on the 6th Feby. 1641-2 he was consecrated Bishop of Chichester. In Dec. 1642, he was imprisoned by the Parliamentary Army, on the fall of Chichester. On his release from prison he resided for a time at Langley, Bucks. At the Restoration he wad reinstated in his Bishopric at Chichester, where he d. Sep. 30, 1669. His Metrical Version of the Psalms was pub. in 1651 [see Psalters, Eng. $ 11]; and his Poems 1657. Extracts from these were republished with elaborate Historical and Biographical notes by the Rev. J. Hannah, b.a., as Poems & Psalms. Lon.: Pickering, 1843. [No. 78.] Leapor, Mary, the daughter of a gardener to Judge Blencour, of Marston, St. Lawrence, Nottinghamshire, was b. in 1722, and d. in 1746. Her Poems were pub. posthumously in 1748 for the benefit of her father. A second volume appeared in 1751. [No. 134.] Lok, Henry, second s. of Henry Lok, or Locke, a London merchant. Concerning the dates of his birth and death we have ascertained nothing. His Ecclesiastes, otherwise called the Preacher, was pub. in 1597 (Licensed in 1593.) [No. 36.] Lome, John-Douglas-Sutherland-Campbell, Marquess of, sou of the Duke of Argyle, b. Aug. 6, 1845, m. H.R.H. Princess Louise, 1871 ; Governor-General of Canada, 1878. [No. 320.] Marsh, Edward Garrard, m.a.. was b. in 1783, and educated at Wadham College, Oxford, (b.a. 1804.) He was appointed Vicar of Aylesford in 1M41, having previously been Minister of Hampstead Chapel. His Sixty Ps. and Hys., 1st set, were pub. in 1«23. The entire Book of Psalms was pub. in 1832. The 4th ed. of his Ps.