ÐÏࡱá>þÿ xÌ;Î;S;T;U;V;W;X;Y;Z;[;\;];^;_;`;a;b;c;d;e;f;g;h;i;j;k;l;m;n;o;p;q;r;s;t;u;v;w;x;y;z;{;|;};~;;€;;‚;ƒ;„;…;†;‡;ˆ;‰;Š;‹;Œ;;Ž;;;‘;’;“;”;•;–;—;˜;™;š;›;œ;;ž;Ÿ; ;¡;¢;£;¤;¥;¦;§;¨;©;ª;«;¬;­;®;¯;°;±;²;³;´;µ;¶;·;¸;¹;º;»;¼;½;¾;¿;À;ì¥Á#` ð¿Ítbjbj¡¡ 4¢tÃÃ\Niÿÿÿÿÿÿ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤d Ú\Ú\Ú\Ú\Ô ®gÌv>ܶ†††††a€a€a€É®ˮˮˮˮˮˮ$ôÜh\ßJï® -¤a€a€a€a€a€ï®¤¤††ÛøÛ€€€a€¤†¤†É®€a€É®€€¤¤€†z PÉŽrÃËÇÚ\q€€€,.Ü0>Ü€¦ß€¦ß€¦ß¤€a€a€€a€a€a€a€a€ï®ï®€a€a€a€>Üa€a€a€a€vvvdMÚ\vvvÚ\¸4ì"¤¤¤¤¤¤ÿÿÿÿ A Dictionary of the Bible Library op ouderslu^ "g'*a*ii«»ii i* A Dictionary of the Bible DEALING WITH ITS LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND CONTENTS INCLUDING THE BIBLICAL THEOLOGY EDITED BY JAMES HASTINGS, M.A., D.R WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF JOHN A. SELBIE, M.A. AND, CHIEFLY IN THE REVISION OF THE PROOFS, OF A. B. DAVIDSON, D.D., LL.D. 8. R. DRIVER, D.D., Lrrr.D. PROFESSOR OF HEBREW, NEW COLLEGE, EDINBURGH REGIUS PROFESSOR OF HEBREW, OXFORD H. B. SWETE, D.D., Litt.D. REGIUS PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY, CAJIBRIDtlB VOLUME III KIR—PLEIADES NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Edinburgh : T. & T. CLARK 1902 Copyright, igoo, by CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS The Rights of Translation and of Reproduction are reserved PEEFACE This Dictionary op the Bible, as stated in the Preface to Volumes I. and II. already published, is intended as a contribution towards furnishing the Church for the great work of teaching. It is a Dictionary of the Old and New Testaments, together with the Old Testament Apocrypha, according to the Authorized and Eevised Versions, with j constant reference to the original tongues. Every effort has been used to make the j information it contains as full, reliable, and accessible as possible. 1. As to fulness. In a Dictionary of the Bible we expect an explanation of all the words occurring in the Bible whioh do not explain themselves. The present Dictionary meets that expectation more nearly than any work hitherto published. Articles will be found on all the Persons and Places that are mentioned in the Bible, on its Archaeology and Antiquities, its Ethnology, Geology, and Natural History, its Theology and Ethics, and on such words occurring in the Authorized or Eevised Version as are now unintelligible or liable to misapprehension. Much attention has been given to the' language, literature, religion, and customs of the nations around Israel. The Versions have been fully treated. Articles have been contributed on the Apocalyptic and other uncanonical writings of the Jews, as well as on such theological or ethical ideas as are believed to be contained in the Bible, though their modern names are not found there. 2. As to reliability. The writers have been chosen out of respect to their scholarship and nothing else. The articles have all been written immediately and solely for this Dictionary, and, except the shortest, they are all signed. Even the shortest, however, have been contributed by writers of recognized ability and authority. In addition to the work upon it of authors and editors, every sheet has passed through the hands of the three eminent scholars whose names are fcund on the title-page. 3. As to accessibility. The subjects are arranged in alphabetical order, and under the most familiar titles. All the modern devices of cross-reference and black-lettering have been freely resorted to, so that in the very few instances in which allied subjects have been grouped under one heading (such as Medicine in this volume) the particular subject wanted will be found at once. Proper Names are arranged according to the spelling of the Eevised Version, but wherever it seemed advisable the spelling of the Authorized Version is also given, with a cross- PREFACE reference. The Abbreviations, considering the size and scope of the work, will be seen to be few and easily mastered. A list of them, together with a simple scheme for the uniform transliteration of Hebrew and Arabic words, will be found on the following pages. It is with devout thankfulness that the Editor sees this third volume of an arduous though congenial work issued within reasonable limits of time. The fourth volume is in progress, and may be looked for next year. He has pleasure in again expressing his thanks to many friends and fellow-workers, including the authors of the various articles. But especially he desires to thank the members of the editorial staff, the publishers, the printers, and (without mentioning others whose names have already appeared in the Preface to Vols. I. and II.) Mr. G. F. Hill of the Department^ Coins and Medals in the British Museum for assistance and advice in the preparation of the illustrations to the article on the Money of the Bible. •„• Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, have the sole right of publication of this Dictionary of the Bible in the United States and Canada. SCHEME OF TRANSLITERATION ARABIC.HEBREWbbtgthd-ijhnhu, wikht7.tdhndhttorJ'- yzjksihshAm72sU°ndJ>sDt\> %?PaShikPfriks, shktn1J .inrnh*u, wi. yLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I. General , Alex. = Alexandrian. Apoc. = Apocalypse. Apocr. = Apocrypha. Aq. =Aquila. Arab. = Arabic. Aram. = Aramaic. Assyr. = Assyrian. . Bab. = Babyloniat. c. = circa, about. Can. = Canaanite. cf. = compare, ct. = contrast. D=Deuteronomist. E=Elohist. edd. = editions or editors. Egyp. = Egyptian. Eng. = English. Eth.=Ethiopic. f. =and following verse or page; as Ac 10s41-ff. =and following verses or pages j as Mt l Gr. = Greek. H = Law of Holiness. Heb. = Hebrew. Hel. = Hellenistic. Hex. = Hexateuch. Isr. = Israelite. J=Jah\vist. J" = Jehovah. Jems. = Jerusalem. Jos. = Josephus. LXX=Septuagint. MSS = Manuscripts. MT = Massoretic Text. n. =note. NT = New Testament. Onk. = Onkelos. OT = Old Testament. P=Priestly Narrative. Pal. = Palestine, Palestinian. Pent. = Pentateuch. Pers. = Persian. Phil. = Philistine. Phoen. = Phoenician. Pr. Bk. = Prayer Book. R = Redactor. Rom. = Roman. Sam. = Samaritan. Sem. = Semitic. Sept. = Septuagint. Sin. =Sinaitic. Symm. = Symmachus. Syr. =Syriac. Talm. = Talmud. Targ. =Targum. Theod. =Theodotion. TR=Textus Receptus. tr. = translate or translation. VSS=Versions. Vulg. = Vulgate. WH= Westcott and Hort's text. II. Books of the Bible Old Testament. On = Genesis. Ex = Exodus. Lv = Leviticus. Nu=Numbers. Dt=Deuteronomy. Jos=Joshua. Jg=Judges. Ru=Ruth. 1 S, 2 S = l and 2 Samuel. 1 K, 2K = 1 and 2 Kings. 1 Ch, 2 Ch = 1 and 2 Chronicles. Ezr=Ezra. Neh = Nehemiah. Est=Esther. Job. Ps = Psalms. Pr=Proverbs. Ec=Ecclesiastes. Apocrypha. 1 Es, 2 Es = 1 and 2 To=Tobit. Esdras. Jth=Judith. Ca=Canticles. Is = Isaiah. Jer=Jeremiah. La = Lamentations. Ezk = Ezekiel. Dn=Daniel. Hos = Hosea. Jl = Joel. Am=Amos. Ob = Obadiah. Jon = Jonah. Mic = Micah. Nah = Nahum. Hab=Habakkuk. Zeph = Zephaniah. Hag=Haggai. Zee=Zechariah. Mal = Malachi. Ad. Est = Additions to Esther. Wis=Wisdom. Sir = Sirach or Ecclesi- asticus. Bar=Baruch. Three = Song of the Three Children. Sus = Susanna. Bel = Bel and Dragon. Pr. Man = Prayer Manasses. 1 Mac, 2 Mac = l and 2 Maccabees. the of New Testament. Mt = Matthew. Mk=Mark. Lk=Luke. Jn=John. Ac = Acts. Ro = Romans. 1 Co, 2 Co = 1 and 2 Corinthians. Gal = Galatians. Eph = Ejiliesians. Ph = Phil ippians. Col=Colossians. 1 Th, 2 Th = 1 and 2 Thessalonians. 1 Ti, 2 Ti = 1 and 2 Timothy. Tit=Titus. Philem = Philemon. He=Hebrews. Ja=James. 1 P, 2P = 1 and 2 Peter. 1 Jn, 2 Jn, 3 Jn = l, 2, and 3 John. Jude. Re v=Revelatioii. LIST OF ABBKEVIATIOXS III. English Versions Wyc.=Wyclifs Bible (NT c. 1380, OT c. 1382, Purvey's Revision c. 1388). Tind. = Tindale's NT 1526 and 1534, Pent. 1530. Cov. =Coverdale's Bible 1535. Matt, or Rog.=Matthew's (i.e. prob. Rogers') Bible 1537. Cran. or Great=Cranmer's 'Great' Bible 1539. Tav.=Taverner's Bible 1539. Gen.=Geneva NT 1557, Bible 1560. Bish.= Bishops' Bible 1568. Tom. =Tomson's NT 1576. Rhem.=Rhemish NT 1582. Dou.=Douay OT 1609. AV=Authorized Version 1611. AVm=Authorized Version margin. RV = Revised Version NT 1881, OT 1885. RVm = Revised Version margin. EV=Auth. and Rev. Versions. IV. Foe the Literature AHT= Ancient Hebrew Tradition. AT=A\tea Testament. = Bam pton Lecture. =British Museum. = Biblical Researches in Palestine. CIG=Corpus Inscriptionum Grsecarum. CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. C7S=Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. COT= Cuneiform Inscriptions and the OT. DB=Dictionary of the Bible. BHH =Ea.rly History of the Hebrews. GUP = Geographic des alten Palastina. GGA = GSttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen. 6?(W\/«= Nachnchten der kdnigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenseliaften zu Gbttingen. GJV=ChauUivhte des Judischen Volkes. (?F7=Ge9ehichte des Volkes Israel. HCM= Higher Criticism and the Monuments. iT£=Histoiia Ecelesiastica. HGHL=Historical Geog. of Holy Land. ffl= History of Israel. ffJP—History of the Jewish People. HPM= History, Prophecy, and the Monuments. BPN= Hebrew Proper Names. 7/fi!=Israelitische und Jiidische Geschichte. JBL*t Journal of Biblical Literature. JjOrAasJahrbucher far deutsche Theologie. JQB=3evii&h. Quarterly Review. JBAS=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. JBL = Jewish Religious Life after the Exile. =Journal of Theological Studies. =Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Test. KJB= Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek. ZClM=Literarisches Centralblatt. XOT=Introd. to the Literature of the Old Test. A small superior number designates the particular edition of the work referred to, as KAT3, LOT*. NMWB =~ NTZG = Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte. ON =0tmm Norvicense. OP= Origin of the Psalter. OTJC= The Old Test, in the Jewish Church. PB= Polychrome Bible. PEF= Palestine Exploration Fund. PEFSt=Quarterly Statement of the same. PSBA = Proceedings of Soc. of Bibl. Archaeology PiJJS=Real-Encyclopiidie fur protest. Theologie und Kirche. QPB=Queen's Printers' Bible. REJ— Revue des Etudes Juives. BP=Records of the Past. RS=Religion of the Semites. SB0T= Sacred Books of Old Test. <£ir=Studien und Kritiken. SP= Sinai and Palestine. SWP=Memoirs of the Survey of W. Palestine. ThL or ThLZ=Theo\. Literaturzeitung. rAT=Theol. Tijdschrift. TSBA = Transactions of Soc. of Bibl. Archaeology. TV=Texte und Untersuchungen. WAI= Western Asiatic Inscriptions. WZKM= Wiener Zeitschrift fur Kunde des Morgenlandes. ZA = Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie. ZAW or ^rfT=Zeitschrift fur die Alttest. Wissenschaft. ZDMG = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen- landischen Gesellschaft. ZDPV= Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina- Vereins. ZKSF= Zeitschrift fur Keilschriftforschung. ^=Zeitschrift fiir kirchliche Wissenschaft. PLATES AND MAP IN VOLUME III (Plates) Coins current in Palestine e. b.c. 500-a.d. 135 . between pages 424 and 425 (Map) St. Paul's Travels..........facing page 697 AUTHORS OF ARTICLES VOL. Ill Israel Abrahams, M.A., Editor of the Jewish Quarterly Review, and Senior Tutor of the Jews' College, London. Eev. Walter F. Adeney, M.A., Professor of New Testament Exegesis in New College, London. Ven. A. S. AGLEN, M.A., D.D., Archdeacon of St. Andrews. Rev. Willoughby C. Allen, M.A., Chaplain-Fellow, and Lecturer in Theology and Hebrew, Exeter College, Oxford. Rev. John S. Banks, Professor of Systematic Theology in the Headingley College, Leeds. Rev. W. Emeey Barnes, M.A., D.D., Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge. JAMES Vernon Bartlet, M.A., Professor of Church History, Mansfield College, Oxford. Rev. L. W. BATTEN, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Hebrew, Protestant Episcopal Divinity School, Philadelphia. Rev. Llewellyn J. M. Bebb, M.A., Principal of St. David's College, Lampeter; formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Rev. Willis Judson Beecher, D.D., Professor of Hebrew Language and Literature in Auburn Theological Seminary, New York. P. V. M. Bknecke, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Magdalen College, Oxford. Rev. William Henry Bennett, M. A., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in Hackney and New Colleges, London; sometime Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. Rev. John Henry Bernard, D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, and Archbishop King's Lecturer in Divinity in the University of Dublin. Frederick J. Bliss, B. A., Ph.D., Director of the Palestine Exploration Fund in Jerusalem. Rev. W. Adams Brown, M.A., Professor of Systematic Theology in Union Theological Seminary, New York. F. Crawford Burkitt, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. Rev. William Carslaw, M.A., M.D., of the Lebanon Schools, Beyrout, Syria. Rev. Arthur Thomas Chapman, M.A., Fellow, Tutor, and Hebrew Lecturer, Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Rev. Robert Henry Charles, D.D., Professor of Biblical Greek in the University of Dublin. Rev. Frederic Henry Chase, M.A., D.D., Christ's College, Principal of the Clergy Training School, Cambridge. Col. Claude Reignier Conder, R.B., LL.D.. M.R.A.S. Feed. C. Conybeare, M.A., formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Rev. G. A. Cooke, M.A., formerly Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Rev. Henry Cowan, M.A., D.D., Professor of Church History in the University of Aberdeen. W. E. CRUM, M.A., of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Rev. Edward Lewis Curtis, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Hebrew Language and Literature in the Divinity School of Yale University, New Haven. Rev. T. Witton Davies, B.A., Ph.D., M.R.A.S., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature in the Baptist College, Bangor, and Lecturer in Semitic Languages in University College, Bangor. Rev. W. T. Davison, M.A., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the Handsworth Theological College, Birmingham. Rev. James Denney, M.A., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the Free Church College, Glasgow. Rev. W. P. Dickson, D.D., LL.D., Emeritus Professor of Divinity in the University of Glasgow. E. VON Dobschutz, Lie. Theol., Professor of Theology, Jena, Germany. Rev. Samuel Rolles Driver, D.D., Litt.D., Canon of Christ Church, and Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University of Oxford. Rev. David Eaton, M.A., D.D., Glasgow. Rev. William Ewing, M.A., Glasgow, formerly of Tiberias, Palestine. Rev. W. Fairweather, M.A., Kirkcaldy. Rev. George Ferries, M.A., D.D., Cluny, Aber- deenshire. Rev. George G. Findlay, B.A., Professor of Biblical Literature, Headingley College, Leeds. xiu xlv AUTHOES OF ARTICLES IN VOL. Ill Rev. John Gibb, M.A., D.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis in Westminster College, Cambridge. G. Buchanan Gray, M.A., Professor of Hebrew in Mansfield College, Oxford. Rev. Alexander Grieve, M.A., Ph.D., Forfar. Francis Lle-\vellyn Griffith, M.A., F.S.A., of the British Museum; Superintendent of the Archaeological Survey of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Rev. Henry Melvill Gwatkin, M.A., D.D., Fellow of Emmanuel College, and Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Cambridge. Rev. G. Harford - Battersby, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford; Vicar of Mossley Hill, Liverpool. Rev. Arthur Cayley Headlam, M.A., B.D., Rector of Welwyn, Herts; formerly Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. Edward Hull, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., late Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland, and Professor of Geology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin. Montague Rhodes James, M.A., Litt.D., Fellow and Dean of King's College, and Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Rev. C. H. W. Johns, M.A., Queens' College, Cambridge. Rev. Archibald R. S. Kennedy, M.A., D.D., Professor of Hebrew and Semitic Languages in the University of Edinburgh. Rev. H. A. A. Kennedy, M.A., D.Sc, Callander. Rev. Thomas B. Kilpatrick, M.A., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology and Apologetics in Manitoba College, Winnipeg, Canada. Eduard Konig, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in the University of Bonn. Rev. John Laidlaw, M.A., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the New College, Edinburgh. Rev. Walter Lock, M.A., D.D., Warden of Keble College, and Dean Ireland's Professor of New Testament Exegesis in the University of Oxford. Alexander Macalister, LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Fellow of St. John's College, and Professor of Anatomy in the University of Cambridge. Rev. J. A. M'Clymont, M.A., D.D., Aberdeen. Rev. George M. Mackie, M.A., Chaplain to the Church of Scotland at Beyrout, Syria. Rev. Hugh Macmillan, M.A., D.D., LL.D., Greenock. Rev. John Macpherson, M.A., Edinburgh. Rev. D. S; Margoliouth, M.A., Fellow of New College, and Laudian Professor of Arabic in the University of Oxford, Rev. John Turner Marshall, M.A., Principal of the Baptist College, Manchester. Rev. George Currie Martin, M.A., B.D., Rei-gate, Surrey. John Massie, M.A., Yates Professor of New Testament Exegesis in Mansfield College, Oxford; formerly Scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge. Joseph Bickersteth Mayor, M.A., Litt.D., Emeritus Professor of King's College, London, and Hon. Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. Rev. Selah Merrill, D.D., LL.D., U.S. Consul at Jerusalem. Rev. James Millar, M.A., B.D., New Cumuock. Ilev. George Milligan, M.A., B.D., Caputh, Perthshire. Rev. R. Waddy Moss, Professor of Classics in the Didsbury College, Manchester. Ilev. Warren Joseph Moulton, M.A., B.D., Ph.D., Instructor in the Biblical and Semitic Department of Yale University, New Haven. Rev. William Muir, M.A., BtD., B.L., Blair-gowrie. W. MAX MtiLLER, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Old Testament Literature in the Reformed Episcopal Church Seminary, Philadelphia. Rev. J. 0. F. Murray, M.A., Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. John L. Myres, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. Eberhard Nestle, Ph.D., D.D., Professor at Maulbronn. Rev. Thomas Nicol, M.A., D.D., Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism in the University of Aberdeen. W. Nowack, Ph.D., Professor of Theology in the University of Strassburg. Rev. James Orr, M.A., D.D., Professor of Church History in the United Presbyterian Hall, Edinburgh. Rev. William P. Paterson, M.A., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the University of Aberdeen. Rev. James Patrick, M.A., B.D., B.Sc., Examiner for Degrees in Divinity in the University of St. Andrews. Rev. John Patrick, M.A., D.D., Professor of Biblical Criticism and Biblical Antiquities in the University of Edinburgh. Arthur S. Peake, M.A., Professor in the Primitive Methodist College, Manchester, and Lecturer in Lancashire Independent College; sometime Fellow of Merton and Lecturer in Mansfield College, Oxford. William Flinders Petrie, M.A., D.C.L., Professor of Egyptology in University College, London. Theophilus Goldridge Pinches, M.R.A.S., of the Egyptian and Assyrian Department in the British Museum. Rev. Alfred Plummer, M.A., D.D., Master of University College, Durham. Rev. Frank Chamberlin Porter, M.A., Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Biblical Theology in the Divinity School of Yale University, New Haven. Rev. Harvey Porter, B.A., Ph.D., Professor in the American College, Beyrout, Syria. Rev. George Post, M.D., F.L.S., Professor in the American College, Beyrout, Syria. AUTHOES OF ARTICLES IN VOL. Ill xv Ira Maurice Price, M.A., B.D., Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages and Literatures in the University of Chicago. Eev. Cyril Henry Prichard, M.A., late Classical Scholar of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and Lecturer at St. Olave's, Southwark. Eev. George T. Purves, D.D., LL.D., recently Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis in Princeton Theological Seminary, New Jersey. William M. Ramsay, D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Professor of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen, Honorary Fellow of Exeter and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford. Eev. Henry A. Eedpath, M.A., Rector of St. Dunstan's in the East, London. Rev. Archibald Robertson, M.A., D.D., Principal of King's College, London, late Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. Rev. Stewart Dingwall Fordyce Salmond, M.A., D.D., F.E.I.S., Principal and Professor of Systematic Theology in the Free Church College, Aberdeen. Rev. Archibald Henry Sayce, M.A., LL.D., Fellow of Queen's College, and Professor of Assyriology in the University of Oxford. Rev. John A. Selbie, M.A., Maryculter, Kin-cardineshire. Rev. Vincent Henry Stanton, M.A., D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, and Ely Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge. John F. Stenning, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer in Hebrew and Theology, AVadham College, Oxford. W. B. Stevenson, M.A., B.D., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Introduction in the Theological College, Bala. Rev. Alexander Stewart, M.A., D.D., Principal of St. Mary's College, and Professor of Systematic Theology in the University of St. Andrews. Rev. Aaron Emmanuel Suffrin, M.A., Curate of Sparsholt with Kingstone Lisle, Berks. Rev. Henry Barclay Swete, M.A., D.D., Litt.D., Regius Professor of Divinity, Cambridge. Rev. John Taylor, M.A., Litt.D., Vicar of Winchcombe. Henry St. John Thackeray, M.A., Examiner in the Board of Education, formerly Divinity Lecturer in Selwyn College, Cambridge. Rev. G. W. Thatcher, M.A., B.D., Hebrew Tutor and Lecturer on Old Testament History and Literature in Mansfield College, Oxford. Rev. Joseph Henry Thayer, M. A., D.D., Litt.D., Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation in the Divinity School of Harvard University. Cuthbert Hamilton Turner, M.A., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Lieut. General Sir Charles Warren. G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., Royal Engineers. Rev. Adam C. Welch, M.A., B.D., Helensburgh. The late Rev*- Henry Alcock White, M. A., Tutor in the University of Durham, and formerly Fellow of New College, Oxford. Rev. Nfwport J. D. White, M. A., B.D., Librarian of Archbishop Marsh's Library, and Assistant Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew in the University of Dublin. Rev. Owen C. Whitehouse, M.A., Principal and Professor of Biblical Exegesis and Theology, Cheshunt College, Herts. Major-General Sir Charles William Wilson, R.E., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. Rev. Francis Henry Woods, M.A., B.D., Vicar of Chalfont St. Peter, and late Fellow and Theological Lecturer of St. John's College, Oxford. Rev. JOHN Wortabet, M.A., M.D., Beyrout, Syria. . DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE KIR (Tp).—The name of a country and nation. It occurs in the following passages:—(1) Am 97 Kir is the land from which God brought the Aramaeans (Syrians), as He led the Israelites from Egypt> etc. It must, after this analogy, be a country remote from the principal seat (i.e. Damascus) of the Aramaeans in Amos' time. The LXX reads 'depth,' 'pit' (p68pos, i.e. lyp). (2) 2 K I69 After the capture of Damascus, the Aramaeans were carried captive to Kir by the king (Tiglath-pileser III.) of Assyria. This would indicate that Jf.ii was under Assyrian dominion, and, again, at a considerable distance from the region of Damascus near the borders of the Assyrian empire. But the name of the country was wanting in the LXX originally (B), and inserted later (A, etc. Kvpr/rfvSe) from the Hebrew text (after Sym-machus). Therefore this passage is suspicious; see Field, Hexap. pp. xxii, 682. (3) Am I5 threatens indeed: the people of Aram shall go into captivity unto Kir (LXX 'the one called as ally,' (vWK-qros, Nip?). But this passage also seems to be interpolated from Am W. If Kir was the original home of the Aramaeans (Am 97), the Assyrians would never have deported them back to their old country, where they would have found remainders of the original stock of their nation, and would have, by union with them, become strong again and dangerous to the king of Nineveh. The Assyrians, as well as other nations, deported their captives always to countries where they were strangers, separated by language and race from the inhabitants of the new country, and therefore forced to rely upon the government which had settled them there. Consequently, the name Kir in this passage is strange, and to be used only with caution. (4) Is 22s an attack on Jerusalem is described, evidently that of the Assyrian army under Sennacherib (cf. 2 K 18): ' And Elam ba,re the quiver with chariots of men* and horsemen, and Kir (LXX awaywyfi, cf. mpl) uncovered (rrjg).the shield' (i.e. prepared it for fighting). Consequently, Kir was among the allies or subjects of the Assyrians, and was a warlike nation. (5) Also Is 225 seems to belong here: inrr^ eW] ip "ljjnpip, RV ' a breaking Jown (others, surrounding) of the walls (sing. .') and a crying to the mountains,' LXX ds-d /wcpoD £ws /ieydXov irXaravrcu (wl t& 6pr), Vulg. 'scrutans murum et magnificus super montem.' The passage was rendered by Cheyne (following Delitzsch, Parodies, 236), ' Kir undermineth, and Shoa is at the mount.' Klostermann, Bredenkamp, Cornill, Winckler (Alttest, Untersuch. 177, who conjectures, 'who * ' Of men' may be a gloss, see Duhm. VOL. III.—I stirs up Koa' and Shoa' against the mountain') have, however, given up the paronomasia and corrected Kir to Koa (Kip), a nation mentioned together with Shoa' in Ezk 23s3; the Kutti, or Ku of the Assyrian inscriptions, a warlike nomadic tribe S.E. of Assyria, chiefly on the banks of the modern rivers pij&la (the Gyndes of the classics) and Adhem adjoining the £>ut4, i.e. the biblical Shoa'. This agrees with Is 22", where Kir is a neighbour of Elam. It results that we have to try the same emendation also in this passage (Is 226), and indeed the LXX reads there consonants which come nearer to yip than to Tp, likewise in Am 9 (where iyp=original yip). See, further, art. Koa, footnote. It is very probable, then, that in all passages the same pastoral people Koa' yip, were originally meant. The corruption of one may have caused that of the other places. (For the Assyrian and Babylonian texts see Delitzsch, Parodies, 233; Schroder, KATf 425). The country Guthtm, Gutl, which is mentioned as early as B.C. 3000 in inscriptions, seems to be the same as Kuti, KutA, K$, which is only the later spelling.* The inhabitants seem to have been always Semites, so that their relationship to the Aramaeans, who appear in cuneiform inscriptions first in Southern Babylonia, is very plausible. Otherwise, the cuneiform inscriptions nave been searched in vain for a nation Kir. The ancient versions (Aq., Vulg., partly LXX, Targum) were guessing when they introduced the Libyan Cyrene, which is absurd, t By those to whom the emendation of Kir to Koa' seems too bold, the conjecture may be hazarded that some day the name Kir will be discovered in the same region E. of the Lower and Middle Tigris, where various nomadic tribes roamed with the rapacious Shoa' and Koa'. But the emendation seems more plausible. W. Max Mullek. KIR (OF MOAB) (a&terp, rb reiXos rrjs Mua.p(e)lTi8os, murus Moab).—One of the chief towns of the land of Moab, coupled with Ar of Moab, Is 151. Since in the Moabite tongue Mr=Keh. 'tr or 'ar, it is conceivable that Kir of Moab and Ar of Moab are identical. The almost universally accepted identification of Kir of Moab with the modern Kerak * Perhaps ocourring also in Egyptian texts as Gut, see W. M. Muller, Asien, p. 281. t More modern guesses: the Kv/hk or Kvppes, river of Armenia, the modern Kur (Michaelis). But this name has k not k, and is too far north. Bochart proposes Kcuprm (Ptol.) in Eastern Media, but this place is obscure and too far east. Furrer suggests the region near Antioch called Kippcs, Kvppvrrixt, but this name was given only in later times in imiuUon of a Macedonian city (see Mannert). KIRAMA KIEIATH rests upon the Targum on Isaiah, where Kir is? rendered by Kerakka (so also apparently Ar of Moab). This may have been a native name which has survived, or it may be a rendering of that name which has supplanted it. The modern name of Kerak can be traced back as belonging to the place in early times. Under the form XapaKfiu^a it appears in the' acts of the Council of Jerusalem A.D. 536, and in the geographers Ptolemy and Stephanus of Byzantium. The Crusaders discerned the strategic importance of the place as commanding the trade route from Egypt and Arabia into Syria. Under king Fulco of Jerusalem, A.D. 1131, a castle was built there, of which extensive remains may yet be seen. Saladin in A.D. 1183 unsuccessfully besieged it; it fell into his hands in A.D. 1188. The contributions which the Chroniclers of the Crusades make to the localizing of the site are full and interesting; it was then the chief city of Arabia Secunda, or Petra-censis; it is specified as in the Belka, and distinguished from Moab or Rabbat, and from Mons Regalis or Montreal. The Crusaders further identified it with Petra, or gave that name to it; an error which the Greek Church has perpetuated, for the Greek bishop of Petra has his seat at Kerak. It is frequently referred to in writers of the*. Christian period as Charak-Moba (also Mobu-Vharax), corrupted to Charakoma, Charagmucna, Karach, and Kara. On the question of the identity of Kir of Moab with Kir-hareseth or Kir-heres see art. on these names. The Wady el-Kerak runs S.E, from the head of the bay of the Dead Sea, which lies east of the peninsula el-Lisan, uniting with the Wady 'Ain Franji about 10 miles up. Kerak is situated on a lofty spur between these two ravines, and is about four thousand feet above the level of the Dead Sea. The sides of the hill descend steeply some thousand feet to the bottom of the valleys, but the height on the other side is much greater, so that the town is commanded by hills on every side. (This may explain 2 K 326eud). Such a position was for ancient warfare almost impregnable. The great weakness must have been want of water, and there are remains of enormous rock-hewn cisterns. The city was surrounded by a wall of great thickness, which had but two entrances—one on the N.W., the other on the S., each being approached by a long tunnel cut through the solid rock. There are remains of five great towers; but further investigation seems needed to decide what is ancient Moabite work, and what is due to mediaeval engineers. A map of the town is given in de Saulcy, La Mer Morte, 8, 20. Litebatoke.—Reland, Pal. 463, 553, 705 ; Bohaeddin, Vita Salad, ch. 25; Georgius Cyprius, ed. Gelzer, 63, 198 ; Quatre-mere, Hist. Sultans Mamloaks, ii. 236 ; Schultens, Index Geo-gra.ph.ica, s. 'Caracha1; Robinson, BRPi ii. 167 i.; Stanley, Sinai and Palestine, p. 467 ; Seetzen, lieisen, i. 412 f., ii. 358 ; Burckhardt, Travels, 379-390 ; Irby, ch. vii.; de Saulcy, La Mer Morte, i. 356 f. ; Schwarz, 217 ; Tristram, Land of Moab, 68 ff. ; Due de Luynes, Voyage, j. 99 ft., ii. 108 £E.; and lor modern aspect Baedeker, Palestine^, p. 191 f. C. H. W. Johns. KIRAMA (A Ktpa/ul, B Keipd/ia, AV Cirama), 1 Es 520.—The people of Kirama and Gabbe returned from Babylon under Zerub., 621 strong. In Ezr 226 Ramah and Geba (rei.rt, A 'Pa/«£, B 'Apa/i); cf. Neh 730 ('Apaixi). The form in 1 Es is due to the definite article n being read as ij. KIR-HARESETH (n^nrpvp, rots kgtoikovcti A4y most OT scholars that in Jos 1828 Kiriath is a mistake for Kiriath-jearim, * 'Harosheth of the Gentiles' (Jg 42-13.16) is a similar namo, and both it and Hareseth may go back to Canaanite sources. t There is a Kasr hdraia still, 35 minutes' walk above Dera'a {ZDPV, 1895, p. 69ff.). KIEIATHAIM KIEIATH-SANNAH 3 onj;; having been dropped through confusion with the following mj. Not only does rnp bear the appearance of a construct, but the same conclusion is supported by the LXX, B /36k p.Tp-p&iro\is (i.e. ox not \3i<) "Evdic, and in 1415 Vnjn Dixn is another mis-correction. It may be noted further that these last two words gave rise to a curious piece of Rabbinical exegesis, 'ha'dddm haggadfil' being supposed to imply that Adam was buried at Kiriath-arba (Hebron), 'the city of four saints,' namely, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Adam. J. A. Selbie. KIRIATH-ARIM, Ezr 225.— See Kiriath-jearim. KIRIATH-BAAL Kiriath-jearim. nrp 'city of Baal').—See KIRIATH-HUZOTH (nixn n;ip ' city of Streets' (?), LXX w6\eis iiratiXeav, which perhaps implies a reading nnxn instead of msn).—One of the places to which Balak first went with Balaam, Nu 2239. It seems to have been near Ir of Moab (v.36), and may have been a suburb of that city. Tristram {Land of Moab, 305) is inclined to identify it with Kiriathaim, others (e.g. Knobel, Keil) think it is the same as Kerioth. C. R. Conder. * So e.g. Moore and Hommel, the latter of whom identifies Kiriath-arba with the Mub&ti of the Tel el-Amarna letters (AHT234, t), but see Konig's art. on the JTabiri in Expos. Times, March 1900. Sayce and Petrie make Rubuti = Rabbah of Jos 156°. KIRIATH-JEARIM (on«; nrjp 'city of thickets'), —One of the chief towns of the Gibeonites, Jos 917, on the border of Judah and Benjamin (assigned to the former tribe in Jos 159-6018", Jg 1812, to the latter in Jos 1828 if Kiriath [which see] = Kiriath-jearim). The position is more particularly described in Jg 1812, where the Mahaneh-dan (' camp of Dan'), which was near Zorah and Eshtaol (Jg 13z5), is said to have been 'behind' (i.e. west of) Kiriath-jearim. Kiriath-jearim appears also to have been near Beth-shemesh (1 S 621), which was near Zorah. It may have been the city beyond the border of Ben: jamin where Saul first met Samuel (IS 96-6, cf. 102). When the ark was sent back by the Philistines, it remained at Kiriath-jearim till the time of David (1 S 71£>, 2 S 62, where the city is called Baale Judah [but '^3 is an error for te]). In Jos 1560 it bears the name Kiriath-baa], ' city of Baal,' and it is the same place that is called in Jos 159-10 and 1 Ch 138 Baalah. Its inhabitants seem to have been related to the Hebronites, 1 Ch 260. After the Captivity it is mentioned as re-peopled (Neh I"!; Ezr 225, where Kiriath-arim {ami nrjp] is a clerical error for Kiriath-jearim [D'lj;; 'p]; 1 Es 519, where it appears as Kariathiarius). It is prob^ ably Kiriath-jearim that is referred to in Ps 132s, where 'the field of the wood' is mentioned as the place where the ark was found. The nrophet Uriah ben-Shemaiah, who was put to death by Jehoiakim, was a native of Kiriath-jearim (Jer 2820ff-). In the 4th cent. A.D. (Onomasticon, s. 'Cariathiarim'), it was shown 9 Roman miles from Jerusalem, on the way to Diospolis (Lydda), but this would not be near Bfith-shemesh or Zorah. In the upper part of the valley of Sorek an ancient ruined site called 'Errna exists, on the south side of a very rugged ravine. It is evidently a town, with a remarkable rock terrace, and wells in the valley to the east. This site (suggested by Henderson) -is suitable, being within sight of the mouth of the ravine, beyond which lies Beth-shemesh in the more open part of the valley, east of Zorah and Eshtaol, which appears to answer to the ' camp of Dan' (Mahaneh-dan). The ruin is on the ridge on which Chesalbn (which see) stands, and therefore in the required position on the border which appears to have run north from Kiriath-jearim to Chesalon (Jos 159' Io), or to have left Chesalon in Benjamin, north of the border which followed the valley of Sorek, The whole ridge is covered with copse to the present time. Possibly, Kiriath-jearim is noticed in the Tel el-Amarna letters (No. 106 Berlin) as Bitd BUu or Beth Baal, a city revolting against Jerusalem (others suppose Jerus. itself to be so called in this passage); and it is remarkable that it was one of the few cities that submitted, without fighting, to the Hebrews. Robinson's identification of Kiriath-jearim with Kuriet el-Mnab or A bu Ghdsh does not meet the requirements of Jg 1812 and 1 S 6. Literature.—The whole question of the site is fully discussed in SWP vol. iii. sheet xvii. ; see also Henderson, Palestine (Index); G. A. Smith, HGHL 225 f.; Moore, Judgis, S93 f. ; Dillmann on Jos 9" ; Buhl, GAP (Index) ; Robinson, Blip* ii. 11 f. (Smith, Moore, Dillmann, Buhl, all speak with more or less suspicion of the correctness of Robinson's identification with guriet el-'Enab, but decline to commit themselves to the 'Erma site, which Buhl pronounces to be still more improbable, and Smith remarks that it would place Kiriath-jearim very far away from the other members of the Gibeonite league. Neither of these writers, however, gives due weight to the position near Chesalon). C. R. CONDER. KIRIATH-SANNAH (njp rqp, xd?us ypa/j./idT0)v) occurs once (Jos 1549 P) as another and presumably an older name for Debir (wh. see). A third name was Kiriath-sepher (which see for site); and this, not Kiriath-sannah, was the reading of the LXX here. To those who retain the Massor. reading the KIRIATH-SEPHER KISHON meaning is obscure. Gesenius (Thes.) takes Sannah for a contraction of Sansannah, and translates 'palm-city' ; but, besides that the contraction is unlikely, one hardly expects a palm city in' the hill-country.' Sayce (HCM 54), following a suggestion mentioned by Ewald {Gesch. i. 347 n.), translates ' city of instruction,' and uses the name to support his very precarious theory that Debir was a library and archive town of the Canaanites. He further suggests that the name may he present as Bit 'Sani in a fragmentary letter from Ebed-tob the vassal king of Jerusalem, in the Tel el-Amarna collection. A. C. Welch. KIRIATH-SEPHER (-195 n;-ip, *-6Xis ypanpATOiv  % Kapia<7ffd(pap it" 7", B in Jg I11) is twice mentioned in the parallel passages (Jos 1516% Jg lnl>, J) as the older name of a town which the victors called Debir. It is frequently identified with the present ed-Dhaheriyeh, a village which lies ' 4 or 5 hours S.W. of Hebron,' on a high road down Wady Khulil, and which is on the frontier of the hill-country towards the Negeb (see. however, Debir). Many commentators from the earliest times, accepting the word as Heb., have translated with various shades of sense 'book town' (cf. LXX above, Vulg. civitas litterarum, Targ.  %g-ifc "p). Sayce (HCM 54) has based on this a theory about the condition of literary culture among the early Canaanites. The three town names yield him proof of the presence of an oracle, which gave rise to a library, and so attracted students to a university. It is utterly unwarranted to build so much on the uncertain etymology of a non-Heb. word. Smith (Hist. Geogr. 279 n.) suggests that the sense may be ' toll-town,' and he compares for the translation 2 Ch 217, and for the toll the town's position on a road into Syria. But the sense given to "isd is somewhat artificial. It is much more likely that traces of the same foreign root are to be found in Sephar of S. Arabia (Gn 1030) and Sepharvaim (2 K 1724). See the whole subject very fully and fairly discussed by Moore, Judges, 26 f. A. C. Welch. KISEUS (K« 22 24281-, 2 Ch 2912). 4. A Benjamite ancestor of Mordecai, queen Esther's cousin (Es25). See Esther. W. Mum. KISHI (V'p).—A Merarite Levite, ancestor of Ethan, 1 Ch 6*> [Heb.29]. In the parallel passage 1 Ch 15" the MT has myip, Kushaiah. In all probability the latter is the correct form of the name. It is supported by Luc. Kouo-e/ in the first of the above passages. Kittel (in SBOT) prefers ?n#'p, or rather ?n;e>'p, pointing out that the LXX (B) in 1 Ch 644 has K«