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DUBLINLATE BtTSSEY PROFESSOR OF NEW TESTAMENT  CRITICISM AND  INTERPMSTATIOK IK THE DIVINITY SCHOOL OF HARVARD UNIVERSITYFOURTH EDITIONEDINBURGH T.   &   T.   CLAEK    3 8   GEOEGE   STEEET[All rights reserved^Fourth Edition   ....      Printed   1901Eeprinted 1905, 1908, 1914, 1930 and 1951PRINTED IN GREAT  BRITAIH BYMOEKISON    AND    GIBB   LIMITEDFORT.   &   T.   CLARK,   EDINBURGHNEW  YORK :  CHARLES  SCRIBNER's  SONSPREFACE.''TN3WABDS the close of the year 1862, the "Arnoldische Buchhandlung" in Leipzig JL published the First Part of a Greek-Latin Lexicon of the New Testament, prepared, upon the basis of the " Clavis Novi Testamenti Philologica" of C. G. Wilke (second edition, 2 vols. 1851), by Professor C. L. Wilibald Ghimm of Jena. In his Prospectus Professor Grimm announced it as his purpose not only (in accordance with the improvements in classical lexicography embodied in the Paris edition of Stephen's Thesaurus and in the fifth edition of Passow's Dictionary edited by Eost and his coadjutors) to exhibit the historical growth of a word's significations and accordingly in selecting his vouchers for New Testament usage to show at what time and in what class of writers a given word became .current, but also duly to notice the usage of the Septuagint and of the Old Testament Apocrypha, and especially to produce a Lexicon which should correspond to the present condition of textual criticism, of exegesis, and of biblical theology. He devoted more than seven years to his task. The successive Parts of his work received, as they appeared, the outspoken commendation of scholars diverging as widely in their views as Hupfeld and Hengstenberg; and since its completion in 1868 it has been generally acknowledged to be by far the best Lexicon of the New Testament extant.An arrangement was early made with Professor Grimm and his publisher to reproduce the book in English, and an announcement of the same was given in the Bibliotheca Sacra for October 1864 (p. 886). The work of translating was promptly begun; but it was protracted by engrossing professional duties, and in particular by the necessity — as it seemed — of preparing the authorized translation of Ltinemann's edition of Winer's New Testament Grammar, which was followed by a translation of the New Testament Grammar of Alexander Buttmann. Meantime a new edition of Professor Grimm's work was called for. To the typographical accuracy of this edition liberal contributions were made from this side the water. It appeared in its completed form in 1879. " Admirable ", " unequalled ", " invaluable ", are some of the epithets it elicited from eminent judges in England; while as representing the estimate of the book by competent critics in Germany a few sentences may be quoted from Professor Schurer's review of it in the Theologische Literaturzeitung for January 5, 1878: "The use of Professor Grimm's book for years has convinced me that it is not only unquestionably the best among existing New Testament Lexicons, but that, apart from all comparisons, it is a workVI                                                               PREFACE.of the highest intrinsic merit, and one which is admirably adapted to initiate a learner into an acquaintance with the language of the New Testament. It ought to be regarded by every student as one of the first and most necessary requisites for the study of the New Testament, and consequently for the study of Theology in general."Both Professor Grimm and his publisher courteously gave me permission to make such changes in his work as might in my judgment the better adapt it to the needs of English-speaking students. But the emphatic commendation it called out from all quarters, in a strain similar to the specimens just given, determined me to dismiss the thought of issuing a new book prepared on my predecessor's as a basis, and — alike in justice to him and for the satisfaction of students — to reproduce his second edition in its integrity (with only the silent correction of obvious oversights), and to introduce my additions in such a form as should render them distinguishable-at once from Professor Grimm's work. (See [] in the list of " Explanations and Abbreviations" given below.) This decision has occasionally imposed on me some reserve and entailed some embarrassments. But notwithstanding all minor drawbacks the procedure will, I am sure, commend itself in the end, not only on the score of justice to the independent claims and responsibility of both authors, but also on account of the increased assurance (or, at least, the broader outlook) thus afforded the student respecting debatable matters, — whether of philology, of criticism, or of interpretation.Some of the leading objects with the editor in his work of revision were stated in connection with a few specimen pages privately printed and circulated in 1881, and may here be repeated in substance as follows: to verify all references (biblical, classical, and — so far as practicable — modern); to note more generally the extra-biblical usage of words; to give the derivation of words in cases where it is agreed upon by the best etymologists and is of interest to the general student; to render complete the enumeration of (representative) verbal forms actually found in the New Testament (and exclude all others); to append to every verb a list of those of its compounds which occur in the Greek Testament; to supply the New Testament passages accidentally omitted in words marked at the end with an asterisk; to note more fully the variations in the Greek text of current editions; to introduce brief discussions of New Testament synonyms; to give the more noteworthy renderings not only of the "Authorized Version" but also of the Eevised New Testament; to multiply cross references; references to grammatical works, both sacred (Winer, Buttmann, Green, etc.) and classical (Ktihner, Krttger, Jelf, Donaldson, Goodwin, etc.); also to the best English and American Commentaries (Lightfoot, Ellicott, Westcott, Alford, Morison, Beet, Hackett, Alexander, The Speaker's Commentary, The New Testament Commentary, etc.), as well as to the latest exegetical works that have appeared on the Continent (Weiss, Heinrici, Keil, Godet, Oltramare, etc.); and to the recent Bible Dictionaries and Cyclopaedias (Smith, Alexander's Kitto, McClintock and Strong, the completed Eiehm, the new Herzog, etc.), besides the various Lives of Christ and of the Apostle Paul.Eespecting a few of these specifications an additional remark or two may be in place:One of the most prominent and persistent embarrassments encountered by the New Testament lexicographer is occasioned by the diversity of readings in the current editions of the Greek text.   A slight change in the form or even in the punctuation of a passage mayPREFACE.                                                              VIIentail a change in its construction, and consequently in its classification in the Lexicon. In the absence of an acknowledged consensus of scholars in favor of any one of the extant printed texts to the exclusion of its rivals, it is incumbent on any Lexicon which aspires after general currency to reckon alike with them all. Professor Grimm originally took account of the text of the ' Eeceptus', together with that of Griesbach, of Lachmann, and of Tischendorf. In his second edition, he made occasional reference also to the readings of Tregelles. In the present work not only have the textual statements of Grimm's second edition undergone thorough revision (see, for example, " Griesbach " in the list of " Explanations and Abbreviations "), but the readings (whether in the text or the margin) of the editions of Tregelles and of Westcott and Hort have also been carefully noted.Again: the frequent reference, in the discussion of synonymous terms, to the distinctions holding in classic usage (as they are laid down by Schmidt in his voluminous work) must not be regarded as designed to modify the definitions given in the several articles. On the contrary, the exposition of classic usage is often intended merely to serve as a standard of comparison by which the direction and degree of a word's change in meaning can be measured. When so employed, the information given will often start suggestions alike interesting and instructive.On points of etymology the statements of Professor Grimm have been allowed to stand, although, in form at least, they often fail to accord with modern philological methods. But they have been supplemented by references to the works of Curtius and Fick, or even more frequently, perhaps, to the Etymological Dictionary of Vanicek, as the most compendious digest of the views of specialists. The meaning of radical words and of the component parts of compounds is added, except when it is indubitably suggested by the derivative, or when such words may be found in their proper place in the Lexicon.The nature and use of the New Testament writings require that the lexicographer should not be hampered by a too rigid adherence to the rules of scientific lexicography. A student often wants to know not so much the inherent meaning of a word as the particular sense it bears in a given context or discussion: — or, to state the same truth from another point of view, the lexicographer often cannot assign a particular New Testament reference to one or another of the acknowledged significations of a word without indicating his exposition of the passage in which the reference occurs. In such a case he is compelled to assume, at least to some extent, the functions of the exegete, although he can and should refrain from rehearsing the general arguments which support the interpretation adopted, as well as from arraying the objections to opposing interpretations.Professor Grimm, in his Preface, with reason calls attention to the labor he has expended upon the explanation of doctrinal terms, while yet guarding himself against encroaching upon the province of the dogmatic theologian. In this particular the editor has endeavored to enter into his labors. Any one who consults such articles as ahov, atanoos, /?a<nA«'a. rov Otov etc., SiVaios and its cognates, Sofa, eArn's, fun;, ftWros, 0eos, Koa-fios, Kvptos, irio-TK, TTveC/to, crdpi, a-o^ta, a-ut^ta and its cognates, vlbs rov avdpunmv, vLos tov Ocov, Xpurros, and the like, will find, it is believed, all the materials needed for a complete exposition of the biblical contents of those terms. On the comparatively few points respecting which doctrinal opinions still differ, references have beenTill             .                                          PREFACE.added to representative discussions on both sides, or to authors whose views may be regarded as supplementing or correcting those of Professor Grimm.Convenience often prescribes that the archaeological or historical facts requisite to the understanding of a passage be given the student on the spot, even though he be referred for fuller information to the works specially devoted to such topics. In this particular, too, the editor has been guided by the example of his predecessor; yet with the constant exercise of self-restraint lest the book be encumbered with unnecessary material, and be robbed of that succinctness which is one of the distinctive excellences of the original.In making his supplementary references and remarks the editor has been governed at different times by different considerations, corresponding to the different classes for whose use the Lexicon is designed. Primarily, indeed, it is intended to satisfy the needs and to guide the researches of the average student; although the specialist will often find it serviceable, and on the other hand the beginner will find that he has not been forgotten. Accordingly, a caveat must be entered against the hasty inference that the mention of a different interpretation from that given by Professor Grimm always and of necessity implies dissent from him. It may be intended merely to inform the student that the meaning of the passage is still in debate. And the particular works selected for reference have been chosen — now because they seem best suited to supplement the statements or references of the origi-' nal; now because they furnish the most copious references to other discussions of the same topic; now because they are familiar works or those to which a student can readily get access; now, again, because unfamiliar and likely otherwise to escape him altogether.It is in deference, also, to the wants of the ordinary student that the references to grammatical works — particularly Winer and Buttmann — have been greatly multiplied. The expert can easily train his eye to run over them ; and yet even for him they may have their use, not only as giving him the opinion of eminent philologists on a passage in question, but also as continually recalling his attention to those philological considerations on which the decision of exegetical questions must mainly rest.Moreover, in the case of a literature so limited in compass as the New Testament, it seems undesirable that even a beginner should be subjected to the inconvenience, expense, and especially the loss of facility, incident to a change of text-books. He will accordingly find that not only have his wants been heeded in the body of the Lexicon, but that at the close of the Appendix a list of verbal forms has been added especially for his benefit. The other portions of the Appendix will furnish students interested in the history of the New Testament vocabulary, or investigating questions—whether of criticism, authorship, or biblical theology — which involve its word-lists, with fuller and more trustworthy collections than can be found elsewhere.Should I attempt, in conclusion, to record the names of all those who during the many years in which this work has been preparing have encouraged or assisted me by word or pen, by counsel or book, the list would be a long one. Express acknowledgments, however, must be made to George B. Jewett, D.D., of Salem and to Professor "W. W. Eaton now of Middlebury College, Vermont.     The former has verified and re-verified all the biblical and classicalPREFACE.                                                              IXreferences, besides noting in the main the various readings of the critical texts, and rendering valuable aid in correcting many of the proofs; the latter has gathered the passages omitted from words marked with a final asterisk, completed and corrected the enumeration of verbal forms, catalogued the compound verbs, had an eye to matters of etymology and accentuation, and in many other particulars given the work the benefit of his conscientious and scholarly labor. To these names one other would be added were it longer written on earth. Had the lamented Dr. Abbot been spared to make good his generous offer to read the final proofs, every user of the book would doubtless have had occasion to thank him. He did, however, go through the manuscript and add with his own hand the variant verse-notation, in accordance with the results of investigation subsequently given to the learned world in his Excursus on the subject published in the First Part of the Prolegomena to Tischendorf's Editio Octava Critica Major.To Dr. Caspar Kene Gregory of Leipzig (now Professor-elect at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore) my thanks are due for the privilege of using the sheets of the Prolegomena just named in advance of their publication; and to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press, Oxford, for a similar courtesy in the case of the Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott's Lexicon.No one can have a keener sense than the editor has of the shortcomings of the present volume. But he is convinced that whatever supersedes it must be the joint product of several laborers, having at their command larger resources than he has enjoyed, and ampler leisure than falls to the lot of the average teacher. Meantime, may the present work so approve itself to students of the Sacred Volume as to enlist their co-operation with him in ridding it of every remaining blemish— iva 6 Xoyog tov icupiov Tp&xxi Ka' So£a£i/T(u.J. H. THAYER.Cambridge, Massachusetts.Dec. 25, 1885.In issuing this "Corrected Edition" opportunity has been taken not only to revise the supplementary pages (725 sq.), but to add in the body of the work (as circumstances permitted) an occasional reference to special monographs on Biblical topics which have been published during the last three years, as well as to the Fourth Volume of Schmidt's Synonymik (1886), and also to works which (like Meisterhans) have appeared in an improved edition. The Third edition (1888) of Grimm, however, has yielded little new material; and Dr. Hatch's " Essays in Biblical Greek " comes to hand too late to permit references to its valuable discussions of words to be inserted.To the correspondents, both in England and this country, who have called my attention to errata, I beg to express my thanks; and I would earnestly ask all who use the book to send me similar favors in time to come : — dreXh oi8h> ovSevosApril 10, 1889.LIST  OF ANCIENT  AUTHORSQUOTED   OR   REFERRED   TO   IN   THE   LEXICON.K. B. In the preparation of this list, free use has been made of the lists in the Lexicons of Liddell and Scott and of Sophocles, also of Freund's Trienninm Philologicum (1874) vols. i. and ii., of Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, of Smith and Wace's Dictionary of Christian Biography, of Engelmann's Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum (8th ed. 1880), and of other current works of reference.   An asterisk (*) before a date denotes birth, an obelisk (t) death.Achilles Tatius.......Acts of Paul and Thecla, of Pilate, of Thomas, of Peter and Paid, of Barnabas, etc., at the earliest from   ...Aelian...........Aeschines  ..........        345Abschtlus.........*525, t456Aesop1...........        570Aetius...........Agathabchides........     117?Alcaettb Mytilenaetjs.....        610Alciphkon..........Alcman...........        610Alexander Apheodisiensis   .   .   .Alexis...........        350Ambrose, Bp. of Milan......Ammianus Mabcellinus     .... Ammonius, the grammarian ....Anacbeon2..........        530Anaxandbides.......        350Anaximander.........        580Andocides..........        405AntIphanes.........        380Antiphon..........        412Antoninus, M. Aurelitts   ....Apollodorus of Athens.....        140Afollonius Dyscolus.....Apollonius Rhodius......        200Appian.........- .   .Appuleius..........Aquila (translator of the O. T.)    .   .Aratus...........        270Archilochus.........        700Abchimedes, the mathematician   .    .        250 Akchttas..........c. 400A.D.500?2d cent, on c. 180c. 500200? 200374t c. 400 390tl80140150 160(2d cent, (under i      Hulriu.)1 But the current Fables are not his; on the History of Greek Fable, Bee Rutherford, Babrins, Introd. ch. ii.* Only a few fragments of the odes ascribed to him are genuine.B.C.           A.D.Aretaeus..........                  80?Aristaenetus........                 4503Aristeas1..........        270Aristides, P. Aelius.....                 160Aristophanes........*444, t380Aristophanes, the grammarian    .   .   .   200Aristotle.........*384, t322Arrian (pupil and friend of Epictetns)                 *c. 100Artemidorus   Daldianus    (oneiro-critica)...........                 160Athanasius.........                 t373Athenaeus, the grammarian    .   .   .                228Athenagoras of Athens.....                 177?Augustine, Bp. of Hippo.....                t430Ausonius, Decimus Magnus    ...                 t c. 390Babrius (see Rutherford, Babrius, Intr.ch. i.)........(some say 50?)   c. 225Barnabas, Epistle written     ....                 c. 100 ?Baruch, Apocryphal Book of ....                  c. 75 ?Basilica, the 2.........                 c. 900Basil the Great, Bp. of Caesarea    .                t379Basil of Selencia........                450Bel and the Dragon.......2d cent. ?Bion............        200Caesar, Gaius Julius    .   .    tMarch 15,44Callimachus..........   260Canons and Constitutions, Apostolic .    .                 Mana^hcw.Capitolinus, Julius (one of the " Hist.August, scriptores sex")     ....                 c. 310Cebes ............        399Cedbenus..........                 10501  But his letter is spurious; see Body, De Bibl. text. orig. 1. i. j A. Kurz, Arist. ep. etc. (Bern 1872).2  The law-book of the Byzantine Empire, founded upon the work of Justinian and consisting of sixty books.   It was begun under the emperor Basil of Macedonia (t886), completed under his sob Leo, and revised in 945 under Gonstantine Porphyrogenitus; (ed. Heimbaeh, 6 vols. 1833-70}Ancient Authors.XIIAncient Authors.Rb        A.D.Cblsus, A. Cornelius, the medicalwriter...........                20Chares...........        320Chariton..........               450 ?Chrysippus of Tyana (in Athenaeus)                ? Chrysostom, Dio, the orator, see Dio Otcya. Chbysostom, John, Bp. of Constantinople ...........                 t407Ciceko..........tDec. 7,43Clemens, Alexandrinus.....                200Clemens Romanus, Epistle written   .                93-97Cleomedes..........                100?CoLUMELLA  ..........                   50CONSTANTINITS         PORPHYROGENITUS,emperor from........               911-959Constitutiones apostolicae......                  m ana m cent.Cratinus..........       t423Critias...........        411Ctesias...........        401Curtius...........                  50Cyprian...........                  t257Cyril of Alexandria......                  t444Cyril of Jerusalem   .......                  f386Demooritus.........        430Demosthenes........*385, t322Dexippus, the historian.....                  c. 270Didymus of Alexandria    .....                  c. 395Dio Cassius.........                  200Dio Chrysostom.......                  100Diocles...........        470DlODORUS  SlCULUS.......           40Diogenes Laertius......                  c. 200DlOGNETUS, Epistle to......                  2d or 3d centDionysius Pseudo-Areopagita   .              %                                    5 0 0   ?  D i o n y s i u s   o f   H a l i c a r n a s s u s   . . . .                     3 0  D i o n y s i u s   P e r i e g e t e s . . . . .                                     3 0 0 ?  D l O S C O R I D E S . . . . . . . . .                                     1 0 0 ?  D i p h i l u s . . . . . . . . . .                 3 0 0  E c c l e s i a s t i c u s     ( W i s d o m     o f     J e s u s     t h e  S o n   o f   S i r a c h ;   G r k .   t r a n s . )     .   .    . c. 132?Ennius...........      tl69Enoch, Book of.......2d cent, onEphrem Syrus........                c. 375Epichakmus.........        480Epictetus..........                100Epicurus.........*342, t27OEpiMENIDES..........        600Epiphanius, Bp. of Salamis  ....                       t403Eratosthenes.........t c. 196Esdras, First Booh of( Vulgate Third) 1st cent. ?Esdras, Second Book of( Vulgate Fourth)                1st cent. ?Esther, Additions to......2d cent. ?Etymologicum Magnum    .......                              1000?EuBULUS...........        350Euclid...........        300Eupolis...........        429Euripides.........*480, t406Eusebius, Bp. of Csesareax   .   .   .   .                t c. 340 Eustathius of Constantinople, grammarian ...........                   11601 Called Pampblli (as friend of the martyr Pamphilus).B.C.         A.D. Euthymius Zigabenus or Zigadenus(Zygadenus).........                1100Florus, Julius........               c. 125Galen............                 #131, tc. 197Gellius,  Aulus   (author of  NoctesAtticae)..........                 150Genesius..........                 950Geoponica (20 bks. on agriculture compiled by Cassianus Bassus) ....                 c. 925 Gekmanus    of    Constantinople,   theyounger..........                 c. 1230Gorgias of Leontini.......        430Gregory of Nazianzus......                 t390Gregory of Nyssa.......                 f395Harpocration  (lexicon  to the   TenAttic Orators)........                 350?Hecataecs..........        510Hegesippus (quoted in Eusebius) .   .               c. 175Heliodorus, Bp. of Tricca in Thessaly               390 ?Heraclides Ponticus (but the Alleg.Homer, are spurious)......        390Heraclitus.........         500Hermas...........                140*Hermippus..........         432Hermogenes.........                 170Hero Alexandrinus......       250Herodian, the grammarian  ....                 160Herodian, the historian.....                 t240Herodotus......... *484, t408Hesiod...........850?Hesychius of Alexandria, the lexicographer   ...........                 600?Hierocxes..........                 450Hieronymus, see Jerome.Himerius..........                 360Hippocrates.........        430Hippolytus.........               225Hipponax..........        540Hirtius (the continuator of Caesar'sCommentaries)........        t43Homer...........900?Horapollo, grammarian.....               400!Horace...........         t8Hyperides..........       t322Ignatius...........               c. 110Irenaeus, Bp. of Lyons.....                178Isaeus............        370Isidokus Hispalensis, Bp. of Seville               f636Isocrates........."436, t338Jamblichus..........               300Jeremiah, Ep. of (6th ch. of Baruch)                     1st cent ?Jerome (Sophronius (?) Eusebius Hie-ronymus)..........                t420Joannes Damascenus......                730Joannes Moschus.......                f620Josephus..........                75Judith .   .'..........175-100Julian, Roman emperor from    .   .   .               361-363Justinian, Roman emperor from   .   .                527-565Justin, the historian......                150?Justin Martyr........                150Juvenal...........                100Ancient Authors.XIIIAncient Authors.B.C.           A.D.Lactantius.........,                  310Lampridius, the historian.....                  310Leo ' Philosophus', emperor ....                  886Libanius, the rhetorician.....                  350Litt............         *59    tl7LoNGINUS..........                250Long us...........                400?Lucan, the epic poet......                t65Lucian of Samosata, the satirist    .   .                 160 ?Lucilius, the Roman satirist     .    .   .      f 103 LtrcBETitrs, the Eoman poet ....        t55Lycophbon..........    e. 270Lycubgus of Athens, the orator   .   .      t329Ltncbus...........       300Ltsias, the Athenian orator, openedhis school..........        410Ltsippus...........        434Macabius..........                 c. 350Maccabees, First Book of    .   .   .   .     105-63 ?Maccabees, Second Book of.....c. 75 ?Maccabees, Third Book of.....                c. 40 ?Maccabees, Fourth Book of .   .   .   .   1st. cent ?Machon...........        280Macrobius .   .   .'.......                 420Malalas, John, the annalist    .   .   .                 600 ?Manasses, Prayer of......1st cent, ?Manetho, the Egyptian priest   .   .   .       300Makcion...........                 140Maximus Ttbius.......        150Mela, Pomponius, the Eoman geographer ...........                 45Meleageb, the founder of the epigram, anthologies.......          60Melito, Bp. of Sardis......                c. 175Menandeb, the poet.......        325Menander, the Byzantine historian   .                583Mimnermus, the poet   ......    c. 600Moekis, the "Atticist" and lexicographer  ...........                2d cent.Mosohion..........                 110?Moschus..........        200Mhsonius Rufus.......                 66Nemesius..........                400?Nepos...........*90, t24NlCANDER..........        160?Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople...........                 t828Nicephorus Bryennius, the historian ............               tll37Nicephorus Gregoras, Byzantine historian    ...........                 tl359Nicetas Acominatbs (also Choniates), Byzantine historian......                 1200Nicodemus, Gospel of, see Ads of PilateNicolaus Damascenes.....         14Nicomachus Gerasenus.....                50Nilus, the pupil and friend of JohnChrysostom.........                420Nonnus of Panopolis in Upper Egypt, the poet..........                500 ?Numenius of Apameia, the philosopher (as quoted by Origen) ....                 c. 150B.C            A.D.Numenius (as quoted by Athen.)   .   .    c. 350 Ocellus Lucanus   .......     400?Oecumenius, Bp. of Tricca  ....                   950 ?Olympiodorus, the Neo-Platonic philosopher    ..........                   525Oppian of Anazarbus in Cilicia (auth.of the SiAifVTMd).......                 180 ?Oppian of Apameia in Syria (auth. ofthe Kvvriy(Tiled)........                210?Origen...........                 tc. 254Orosius Paulus........                415Orphica, the..........                 ?Ovid............                 f 17Palaephatus .........            ?Papias, Bp. of Hierapolis, first half of                2d cent.Pausanias..........                 160Petrus Alexandrinus.....                T311Phalaris, spurious epistles of   ...                 1Phavorinds, Vabinus1.....Philemon, Comicus......       330Philo............                39Philodemus.........          50Philostbatus.........                 237Phocylidbs.........        540Pseudo-Phocylides   (in   the   Sibyl.Orac.,q.v.).........                1st cent. 1Photius (Patriarch of Constantinople)                 850Phrynichcs, the grammarian   .   .   .                 180Phylabchus.........        210Pindar   .   . *521 (4 yrs. after Aeschylus), t441 Plato, Comicus, contemporary of Aristophanes ..........       427Plato, the philosopher.....*427, t347Plautus...........      tl84Pliny the elder, the naturalist   .   .   .                 t79Pliny the younger, the nephew andadopted son of the preceding   ...                 fH3Plotinus, the philosopher     ....                 t27OPlutabch..........                 tl20Pollux, author of the ovofiaariKov .    .                 180Polyaenus, author of the crrpaTi\yl\-fiara............                   163Polybius..........       tl22Polycarp..........                   tlS5,Feb.23Pobphyry, pupil of Plotinus ....                   270Posidipfus..........        280Posiponius, philosopher (teacher  of Cicero and Pompey)   ...:..           78Pboclus, philosopher......                   450Pbopebtius.........*48, tl6Protevangelium Jacobi......                 2d cent.Psalter of Solomon........63-48?Psellus the younger, philosopher .   .                 1050Ptolemy, the geographer.....                 160Pythagobas.........         531Quintilian,   rhetorieian,   teacher  ofPliny the younger.......               t95Quintus Smybnaeus......                380?1 The Latin name of tlie Italian Guarino Faworino, who died A. d. 1537, and was the author of a Greek Lexicon eompiled mainly from Sui'das, Hesychius, Harpooration, Eustathius, and Pluyni-ohus.   1st ed. Rome, 1523, and often elsewhere liAncient Authors.Ancient Authors.B.C.         A.D.Sallust   ..........*86, t35Sapientia (Sal.), see Wisdom of Solomon.Sappho...........        610Seneca, L. Annaeus, the philosopher(son of the rhetorician).....                  J65Septuagint, Greek translation of O.T. c. 280-150Sexttjs Emfiricus.......                 225 ?SibyUine Oracles, of various dates, ranging perhaps from     .......         170    loll. 4U.MB1Silius Italicus, poet......                 tlOlSimonides of AmorgOB, " Iambo-graphus"..........        693Simonides of Ceos (author of the epitaph on the Spartans that fell at Thermopylae)........        525Simplicius, the commentator on Aristotle and Epictetus......                 500Sirach, see Ecclesiasticus.Socrates 'Scholasticus', of Constantinople, historian......   .                439Socbatbs (in Stobaeus).....Solinus, surnamed Polyhistor   .    .   .               300 ?Solomon, Psalms of, see Psalter etc.Solomon, Wisdom of, see Wisdom etc.Solon, the lawgiver and poet....        594Song of the Three Children ....   2d cent. ?Sophocles.........*496, t406Sophbonius of Damascus.....                638SoTADES...........             1Sozomen, historian.......                450Statius, the Roman poet.....                t96Stobaeus, i. e. John of Stobi in Macedonia (compiler of Anthol.)     .    .    .                500?Stkabo, the geographer.....         *66    t24Stkaton, epigrammatist.....                1501Stratus, comic poet......        407Suetonius, the  historian, friend  ofPliny the younger.......               tl60Suidas, the lexicographer.....                1100?Susanna..........1st cent. ?Stmmachus (translator of the O. T.into Greek).........                200 ?Synesius,   pagan    philosopher    andbishop of Ptolemais......                410Tacitus...........                tc. 117Tatian...........                c. 160Teaching of the Twelve Apostles    ...                               2dcent. ?Terence ......   .....       t]59B.C.          A.D.Tertcllian.........               t220?Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs .   .               c. 125 ?Theages...........           1Themistics..........               355Theocritus.........       280Theodohet..........               420Theodorus Metochita.....                1300Theodotion (translator of O. T. intoGreek) before........                160Theognis..........        540Theophilus, Bp. of Antioch ....                180Theophrastub, pupil and successor ofAristotle..........        322Theophtlact, Abp. of Bulgaria   .   .                1078Theophtlact Simocatta    ....               610Thomas Magistbr, lexicographer andgrammarian.........                1310Thuctdidbs.........        423Tibullus..........        tl8Timaeus, the historian of Sicily     .   .        260 Timaeus the Sophist, author of Lexiconto Plato..........               250?Timaeus of Locri, Pythagorean philosopher    ..........     375?Timon, the " Sillographus " or satirist .    c 279Timocubs..........       350Tobit............c. 200?Trtphioporus, a versifier     ....                 400 ?Tzetzes, Byzantine grammarian andpoet............                 1150Valerius Maximcs......                 30Varro, " vir  Komanorum eruditissi-mus" (Quintil.)........        t26Vegbtius, on the art of war ....                 4201Vergil   ...........        tl9Vitruvius, the only Roman writer onarchitecture.........          30Vopiscus, historian (cf. Capitolinus) .                  c. 310Wisdom of Solomon   (abbr. Sap.)    .  . c. 100 ? Xbnophanes, founder of the Eleaticphilosophy.........        540Xenophon  .   .   .   . ..,     (Anabasis)        401XenophOn of Ephesus, romancer   .   .                   400 ?Zeno of Citium   ........        290Zenodotus, first librarian at Alexandria ............        280Zonaras, the chronicler     .....                   1118Zosimus, Roman historian      ....                   420LIST OF BOOKSREFERRED TO MERELY BY THEIR AUTHOR'S NAME OR BY SOME EXTREMEABRIDGMENT OF THE TITLE.Albert! = Joannes Alberti, Observationes Philologicae in sacros Novi Foederis Libros.   Lugd. Bat., 1725.Aristotle: when pages are cited, *the reference is to the edition of the Berlin Academy (edited by Bekker and Brandis; index by Bonitz) 5 vols. 4to, 1831-1870. Of the Ehetoric, Sandys's edition of Cope (3 vols., Cambridge, 1877) has been used.Baumlein = W. Baumlein, Untersuchungen fiber griechi-sche Partikeln.    Stuttgart, 1861.B.D. = Br. "William Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, 3 vols. London, 1860-64. The American.edition (4 vols., N. Y. 1868-1870), revised and edited by Professors Eackett and Abbot, has been the edition used, and is occasionally referred to by the abbreviation " Am. ed."BB. DD. = Bible Dictionaries: — comprising especially the work just named, and the third edition of Kitto's Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature, edited by Dr. W. L. Alexander: 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1870.Bnhdy. = G. Bernhardy, Wissenschaftliche Syntax der Griechischen Sprache.   Berlin, 1829.B. = Alexander Buttmann, Grammar of the New Testament Greek. (Authorized Translation with numerous Additions and Corrections by the Author: Andover, 1873.) Unless otherwise indicated, the reference is to the page of the translation, with the corresponding page of the German original added in a parenthesis.Bttm. Ausf. Spr. or Sprchl. = Philipp Buttmann, Ausfiihr-liche Griechische Sprachlehre. (2d ed., 1st vol. 1830, 2d vol. 1839.)Bttm. Gram. = Philipp Buttmann'g Griechische Gram-matik. The edition used (though not the latest) is the twenty-first (edited by Alexander Buttmann: Berlin, 1863). Its sections agree with those of the eighteenth edition, translated by Dr. Robinson and published by Harper & Brothers, 1851. When the page is given, the translation is referred to.Bttm. Lexil. = Philipp Buttmann's Lexilogus u. s. w. (1st vol. 2d ed. and 2d vol. Berlin, 1825.) The work was translated and edited by J. R. Fishlake, and issued in one volume by John Murray, London, 1836."Bible Educator" = a collection (with the preceding name) of miscellaneous papers on biblical topics by various writers under the editorship of Rev: Professor E. H.Plumptre, and published in 4 vols. (without date) by Cassell, Petter, and Galpin.Chandler = Henry W. Chandler, A. Practical Introductionia Greek Accentuation. Second edition, revised: Oxford, 1881.Cremer = Hermann Cremer, Biblisch-theologisches Worter-buch der Neutestamentlichen Gracitat. ' Third greatly enlarged and improved Edition': Gotha, 1883. Of the 'Fourth enlarged and improved Edition' nine parts (comprising nearly two thirds of the work) have come to hand, and are occasionally referred to. A translation of the second German edition was published in. 1878 by the Messrs. Clark.Curtius = Georg Curtius, Grundztige der Griechischen Ety-mologie. Fifth edition, with the co-operation of Ernst Windisch: Leipzig, 1879.Diet, of Antiq. = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Edited by Dr. William Smith. Second edition: Boston and London, 1869, also 1873.Diet, of Biog. = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Edited by Dr. William Smith. 3 vols. Boston and London, 1849.Diet, of Chris. Antiq. = A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, being a Continuation of the Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by Dr. William Smith and Professor Samuel Cheetham.    2 vols. 1875-1880.Diet, of Chris. Biog. = A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines; etc. Edited by Dr. William Smith and Professor Henry Wace: vol. i. 1877; vol. ii. 1880; vol. iii. 1882; (not yet complete).Diet, of Geogr. = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.   Edited by Dr. William Smith.   2 vols. 1854-1857.Edersheim = Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jeaus the Messiah. 2 vols. Second edition, stereotyped London and New York, 1884.Eisner = J. Eisner, Observationes sacrae in Nori Foederis libros etc.   2 vols., Traj. ad Rhen. 1720, 1728.Etym. Magn. = the Etymologicum Magnum (see List of Ancient Authors, etc.) Gaisford's edition (1 vol. folio, Oxford, 1848) has been used.Fick = August Pick, Vergleichendes WSrterhnch der Ih-dogermanischen Sprachen. Third edition. 4 vols. Got-tingen, 1874-1876.List of Books.XVIList of Books.Gottling = Carl Goettling, Allgemeine Lehre vom Accent der griechischen Sprache.    Jena, 1835.Goodwin = W. W. Goodwin, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb. 4th edition revised. Boston-and Cambridge, 1871.Graecus Venetus = the Greek version of the Pentateuch, Prov., Ruth, Canticles, Eccl., Lam., Dan., according to a unique MS. in the Library of St. Mark's, Venice; edited by O. v. Gebhardt.   Lips. 1875, 8vo pp. 592.Green =Thomas Sheldon Green, A Treatise on the Grammar of the New Testament etc. etc. A new Edition. London, Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1862.Also, by the same author," Critical Notes on the New Testament, supplementary to his Treatise on the Grammar of the New Testament Dialect." London, Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1867.Hamburger=/. Hamburger, Real-Encyclopadie f iir Bibel und Talmud.    Strelitz.   First Part 1870; Second Part 1883.Herm. ad Vig., see Vig. ed. Ilerm.Herzog = Real-Encyklopadie fur Protestantische Theologie und Kirche. Edited by Herzog. 21 vols. with index, 1854-1868.Herzog 2 or ed. 2 = a second edition of the above (edited by Herzogt, Plittt,and Hauck), begun in 1877 and not yet complete.llesych. = Hesychius (see List of Ancient Authors, etc.) The edition used is that of M. Schmidt (5 vols. Jena, 1858-1868).Jelf = W. E. Jelf, A Grammar of the Greek Language. Third edition. Oxford and London, 2 vols. 1861. (Subsequent editions have been issued, but without, it is believed, material alteration.)Kautzsch = E. Kautzsch, Grammatik des Biblisch-Arama-ischen.    Leipzig, 1884.Keim = Theodor Keitn, Geschichte Jesu von Nazara u. s. w. 3 vols.    Zurich, 1867-1872.Klotz ad Devar. = Matthaeus Devarius, Liber de Graecae Linguae Particulis, ed. R. Klotz, Lips., vol. i. 1835, vol. ii. sect. 1, 1840, vol. ii. sect. 2, 1842.Krebs, Observv. = J. T. Krebsii Observationes in Nov. Test. e Flavio Josepho.   Lips. 1755.Kruger = K. W. Kriiger, Griechische Sprachlehre fur Schu-len.    Fourth improved and enlarged edition, 1861 sq.Kypke, Observv. = G. D. Kypke, Observationes sacrae in Novi Foederis libros ex auctoribus potissimum Graecis et antiquitatibus.    2 vols. Wratisl. 1755.L. and S. = Lidded and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon etc. Seventh edition, 1883.Lob, ad Phryn., see Phryn. ed. Lob.Loesner = C. F. Loesneri Observationes ad Novum Test, e Philone Alexandrine   Lips. 1777.Lghtft. = Dr. John Lightfoot, the learned Hebraist of the 17th century.Bp. Lghtft. = J. B. Lightfoot, D.D., Bishop of Durham; the 8th edition of his commentary on the Epistle to the Gala-tians is the one referred to, the 7th edition of his commentary on Philippians, the 7th edition of his commentary on Colossians and Philemon.Lipsius = K. H. A. Lipsius, Grammatische Untersuchungen iiber die Biblische Gracitat (edited by Prof. R. A. Lip-aius, the author's son).    Leipzig, 1863.Matthiae = August Matthia, Ausfiihrlich Griechische Grammatik.   Third edition, 3 Pts., Leipz. 1835.McC. and S = McClintock and Strong's Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. 10 vols. 1867-1881; with Supplement, vol. i. (1885), vol. ii. with Addenda (1887). New York : Harper and Brothers.Meisterhans = K. Meisterhans, Grammatik der Attischen Inschriften.   Berlin, 1885.    (2d edition, 1888.)Mullach = /''. W. A. Mullach, Grammatik der Griechischen Vulgarsprache u. s. w.   Berlin, 1856.Munthe = C. F. Munthe, Observationes philolog. in aacros Nov. Test, libros ex Diod. Sic. collectae etc. (Hafn. et Lips. 1755.)Palairet = E. Palairet, Observationes philol.-crit. in sacros Novi Foederis libros etc.    Lugd. Bat. 1752.Pape= W. Pape, Griechisch-Deutsches Handworterbuch. Second edition. 2 vols. Brunswick, 1866. A continuation of the preceding work is the " Worterbuch der Griechischen Eigennamen." Third edition, edited by G. E. Ben-seler.    1863-1870.Passow = Franz Passow's Handworterbuch der Griechischen Sprache as re-edited by Rost, Palm, and others. Leipz. 1841-1857.Phryn. ed. Lob. = Phrynichi Eclogae Nominum et Verbo-rum Atticorum etc. as edited by C. A. Lobeck. Leipzig, 1820.    (Cf. Rutherford.)Poll. = Pollux (see List of Ancient Authors, etc.) The edition used is that published at Amsterdam, 1 vol. folio, 1706. (The most serviceable is that of William Dindorf, 5 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1824.)Pss. of Sol. = Psalter of Solomon; see List of Ancient Authors, etc.Raphel = G. Raphelii annotationes in Sacram Scripturam ... ex Xen., Polyb., Arrian., et Herodoto collectae. 2 vols.   Lugd. Bat. 1747.Riddell, Platonic Idioms=A Digest of Idioms given as an Appendix to " The Apology of Plato " as edited by th6 Rev. James Riddell, M. A.; Oxford, 1867.Riehm (or Eiehm, HWB.) = Handworterbuch des Biblischen Altertums u. s. w. edited by Professor Edward C. A. Riehm in nineteen parts (2 vols.) 1875-1884.Rutherford, New Phryn. = The New Phrynichus, being a revised text of the Ecloga of the Grammarian Phrynichus, etc., by W. Gunion Rutherford.    London, 1881.Schaff-Herzog = A Religious Encyclopaedia etc. by Philip Schaff and associates. 3 vols. 1882-1884. Funk and Wagnalls, New York.    Revised edition, 1887.SchenkeL (or Schenkd, BL.) = Bibel-Lexikon u. s. w. edited by Professor Daniel Schenkel.  5 vols.  Leipz. 1869-1875.Schmidt = J. H. Heinrich Schmidt, Synonymik der Griechischen Sprache.  4 vols.    Leipz.    1876, 1878, 1879, 1886.Schottgen = Christiani Schoettgenii Horae Hebraicae et Tal-mudicae etc.   2 vols.   Dresden and Leipzig, 1733, 1742.Schiirer = Emil Schiirer, Lehrbuch der Neutestamentlichen Zeitgeschichte. Leipzig, 1874. The " Second Part" of a new and revised edition has already appeared under the title of Geschichte des Judischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, and to this new edition (for the portion of the original work which it covers) the references have been made, although for convenience the title of the first edition has been retained. An English translation is appearing at Edinburgh (T. and T. Clark).Scrivener, F. H. A.: -•— A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament etc. Third Edition. Cambridge and London, 1883.List of Books.zvnList of Books.Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis etc. Cambridge and London, 1864.A Full Collation of the Codex Sinaiticus with the Received Text of the New Testament etc. Second Edition, Revised.   Cambridge and London, 1867.Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament etc. Cambridge and London, 1875.Sept. = the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint. Unless otherwise stated, the sixth edition of Tischendorf's text (edited by Nestle) is referred to; 2 vols. (with supplement), Leipzig, 1880. The double verse-notation occasionally given in the Apocryphal books has reference to the edition of the Apocrypha and select Pseudepigrapha by 0. F. Fritzsche; Leipzig, 1871. Readings peculiar to the Complutensian, Aldine, Vatican, or Alexandrian form of the text are marked respectively by an appended Comp., Aid., Vat., Alex. * For the first two the testimony of the edition of Lambert Bos, Franck. 1709, has been relied on.The abbreviations Aq., Symm., Theod. or Theodot, appended to a reference to the O. T. denote respectively the Greek versions ascribed to Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion ; see List of Ancient Authors, etc." Lag." designates the text as edited by Paul Lagarde, of which the first half appeared at Gottingen in 1883. Soph. = E. A. Sophocles, Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods (from B.C. 146 to ajd. 1100.) Boston : Little, Brown & Co. 1870. The forerunner (once or twice referred to) of the above work bears the title " A Glossary of Later and Byzantine Greek. Forming vol. vii. (new series) of the Memoirs of the American Academy."   Cambridge, 1860.Steph. Thes. = the " Thesaurus Graecae Linguae " of Henry Stephen as edited by Hase and the Dindorfs. 8 vols. Paris, 1831-1865. Occasionally the London (Valpy's) edition (1816-1826) of the same work has been referred to. Suid. = Su'idas (see List of Ancient Authors, etc.) Gaisf ord'sedition (2 vols. folio, Oxford, 1834) has been followed. 'Teaching' = The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (Ai-Saxb tuv SiiSetca dirooToAow.)    The edition of Harnack ,(in Gebhardt and Harnack's Texte und Untersuchungen u. s. w. Second vol., Pts. i. and ii., Leipzig 1884) has been followed, together with his division of the chapters into verses.Thiersch=Friedrich Thiersch, Griechische Grammatik u. s. w. Third edition.   Leipzig, 1826.Trench = Abp. R. C. Trench's Synonyms of the New Testament.   Ninth edition, improved.   London, 1880.Vanicek = Alois Vanicek, Griechisch-Lateinisches Etymolo-gisches Worterbuch.   2 vols. Leipz. 1877.By the same author is " Fremdworter im Griechischen nnd Lateinischen."   Leipzig, 1878.Veitch= William Veitch, Greek Verbs irregular and ae-fective, etc.   New Edition.    Oxford, 1879.Vig. ed. Herm. = Vigeri de praecipuis Graecae dictionis Idiotismis. Edited by G. Hermann. Fourth edition. Leipzig, 1834. A meagre abridgment and translation by Rev. John Seager was published at London in 1828.Vulg. = the translation into Latin known as the Vulgate. Professor Tischendorf's edition (Leipzig, 1864) has been followed.Wetst. or Wetstein = J. J. Wetstein's Novum Testamen-tum Graecum etc.   2 vols. folio.   Amsterdam, 1751,1752.W. = G. B. Winer, Grammar of the Idiom of the New Testament etc. Revised and Authorized Translation of the seventh (German) edition of the original, edited by Liine-mann; Andover, 1883. Unless otherwise indicated, it is referred to by pages, the corresponding page of the original being added in a parenthesis. When Dr. Moulton's translation of the sixth German edition is referred to, that fact is stated.Win. RWB. = G. B. Winer, Biblisches Realworterbuch u. s. w. Third edition. 2 vols., Leipzig and New York, 1849.Win. De verb. Comp. etc. = G. B. Winer, De verborum cum praepositionibus compositorum in Novo Testamento usu.   Five academic programs; Leipzig, 1843.Other titles, it is believed, are so fully given as to be easily verifiableEXPLANATIONS AND  ABBREVIATIONS.As respects Punctuation—it should be noticed, that since only those verbal forms (or their representatives) are given in the Lexicon which actually occur in the Greek Testament, it becomes necessary to distinguish between a form of the Present Tense which is in use, and one which is given merely to secure for a verb its place in the alphabet. This is done by putting a semi-colon after a Present which actually occurs, and a colon after a Present which is a mere alphabetic locum tenens.Further: a punctuation-mark inserted before a classic voucher or a reference to the Old Testament (whether such voucher or reference be included in a parenthesis or not) (ndicates that said voucher or reference applies to other passages, definitions, etc., besides the one which it immediately follows. The same principle governs the insertion or the omission of a comma after such abbreviations as "absol.", "pass.", etc.A hyphen has been placed between the component parts of Greek compounds only in case each separate part is in actual use; otherwise the hyphen is omitted[ ] Brackets have been used to mark additions by the American editor. To avoid, however, a complexity which might prove to the reader confusing, they have been occasionally dispensed with when the editorial additions serve only to complete a statement already made in part by Professor Grimm (as, in enumerating the forms of verbs, the readings of the critical editors, the verbs compounded with trty which observe assimilation, etc. etc.) ; but in no instance have they been intentionally omitted where the omission might seem to attribute to Professor Grimm an opinion for which he is not responsible.* An asterisk at the close of an article indicates that all the . instances of the word's occurrence in the New Testament are noticed in the article. Of the 5594 words composing the vocabulary of the New Testament 5300 are marked with an asterisk. To this extent, therefore, the present work may serve as a concordance as well as a lexicon.A superior * or * or • etc. appended to a verse-numeral designates the first, second, third, etc., occurrence of a given word or construction in that verse. The same letters appended to a page-numeral designate respectively the first, second, third, columns of that page. A small a. b. c. etc. after a page-numeral designates the subdivision of the page.,The various forms of the Greek Text referred to are represented by the following abbreviations: R or Rec. = what is commonly known as the Textus Recep-tus. Dr. F .   H .   A .   S c r i v e n e r ' s   l a s t   e d i t i o n   ( C a m b r i d g e   a n d   L o n d o n   1 8 7 7 )   h a s   b e e n   t a k e n   a s   t h e   s t a n d a r d . 1   T o   d e s i g n a t e   a   p a r t i c u l a r   f o r m   o f   t h i s   "   P r o t e a n   t e x t "   a n   a b b r e v i a t i o n   h a s   b e e n   a p p e n d e d   i n   s u p e r i o r   t y p e ;   a s ,   " '  %  f o r   E l z e v i r ,   " '   f o r   S t e p h e n ,   b "   f o r   B e z a ,   « * »   for Erasmus. G or Grsb. = the Greek text of Griesbach as given in his manual edition, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1805. Owing to a disregard of the signs by which Griesbach indicated his judgment respecting the various degrees of probability belonging to different readings, he is cited not infrequently, even in critical works, as supporting readings which he expressly questioned, but was not quite ready to expel from the text.L or Lchm. = Lachmann's Greek text as given in his larger edition, 2 vols., Berlin, 1842 and 1850. "When the text of his smaller or stereotyped edition (Berlin, 1831) is referred to, the abbreviation "min." or " ster." is added to his initial. T or Tdf. = the  text  of  Tischendorf's "Editio OctavaCritica Major" (Leipzig, 1869-1872). TrorTreg. = "The Greek New Testament" etc. by S. P.Tregelles (London, 1857-1879).WH = " The New Testament in the Original Greek. The Text Revised by Brooke Foss Westcott D.D. and Fen-ton John Anthony Hort D.D. Cambridge and London, Macmillan and Co. 1881."KC = "Novum Testamentum adFidem Codicis Vaticani" as edited by Professors Kuenen and Cobet (Leyden, I860).The textual variations noticed are of course mainly those which affect the individual word or construction under discussion. Where an extended passage or entire section is textually debatable (as, for example, Mk. xvi. 9-20; Jn. v. 3 fin.-4; vii. 53 fin. — viii. 11), that fact is assumed to be known, or at least it is not stated under every word containedAs respects the ntimbeking of the verses —the edition of Robert Stephen, in 2 vols. 16°, Geneva 1551, has been1 Respecting the edition issued by the Bible Society, which w«a followed by Professor Grimm, see Carl Bertheere in the Theolo-gische LVteraturzettung for 1877, No. 5, pp. 103-106.ExplanationsXIXAbbreviations.followed as the standard (as it is in the critical editions of Tregelles, Westcott and Hort, etc.). Variations from this standard are indicated by subjoining the variant verse-numeral within marks of parenthesis. The similar addition in the case of references to the Old Testament indicates the variation between the Hebrew notation and the Greek.In quotations from the English Bible — A. V. = the current or so-called " Authorized Version " ; H. V. = the Kevised New Testament of 1881.   But when a rendering is ascribed to the former version it may be assumed to be retained also in the latter, unless the contrary be expressly stated.    A translation preceded by R. V. is found in the Revision only.A.  S. = Anglo-Saxon. Abp. = Archbishop, absol. = absolutely.ace. or accus. = accusative.ace. to = according to.ad 1. or ad loc. = at or on the passage.al. = others or elsewhere.al. al. = others otherwise.Aid. = the Aldine text of the Septuagint (see Sept. in Listof Books). Alex. = the Alexandrian text of the Septuagiut (see Sept.in List of Books), ap. = (quoted) in App. = Appendix, appos. = apposition.Aqi = Aquila (see Sept. in List of Books). art. = article, augm. = augment, auth. or author. = author or authorities.B. or Bttm. see List of Books.B. D. or BB. DD. see List of Books, betw. = between. Bibl. = Biblical. Bp. = Bishop.br. = brackets or enclose in brackets, c. before a date = about. Cantabr. = Cambridge cf. = compare, ch. = chapter, cl. = clause.cod., codd. = manuscript, manuscripts. Com., Comm. = commentary, commentaries, comp. = compound, compounded, etc. compar. = comparative.Comp. or Compl. = the Complutensian text of the Septuagint (see Sept. in List of Books), contr. = contracted, contract, dim. or dimin. = diminutive. dir. disc. = direct discourse, e. g. = for example, •sp. = especially.ex., exx. = example, examples.exc. = except.excrpt. = an excerpt or extract.fin. or ad fin. = at or near the end.G or Grsb. = Griesbach's Greek text (see above).Graec. Ven. = Graecus Venetus (see List of Books).i. e. = that is.ib. or ibid.=in the same place.indir. disc. = indirect discourse.init. or ad init. = at or near the beginning.in 1. or in loc. = in or on the passage.i. q. = the same as, or equivalent to.KC = Kuenen and Cobet's edition of the Vatican text (seeabove).L orLchm. = Lachmann's Greek text (see above). L. and S. =Liddell and Scott (see List of Books). 1. or lib. = book.1. c, 11. cc. = passage cited, passages cited. Lag. = Lagarde's edition of the Septuagint (see Sept. inList of Books), mrg. =the marginal reading (of a critical edition of theGreek Testament). Opp. = Works, opp. to = opposed to.paral. = the parallel accounts (in the Synoptic Gospels). Pt. or pt. = part. q. v. = which see.R or Rec. = the common Greek text (see above). r. = root.rel. or relat. = relative, sc. = namely, to wit. Skr. = Sanskrit, sq., sqq. = following.Steph. = Stephanus's Thesaurus (see List of Books). Stud. u. Krit. =the Studien und Kritiken, a leading German Theological Quarterly. s. v. = under the word. Symm. = Symmachus, translator of the Old Testament intoGreek (see Sept. in the List of Books). T or Tdf. = Tischendorf's Greek text (see above). Theod. or Theodot. = Theodotion (see Sept. in the List ofBooks).Tr or Treg. = Tregelles's Greek text (see above), n. i. = as below, u. s. = as above. v. = see.var. = variant or variants (various readings). Vat. = the Vatican Greek text (see above, and Sept. in theList of Books).Vulg. = the Vulgate (see List of Books). w.=with (especially before abbreviated names of cases), writ. = writer, writers, writings. WH= Westcott and Hort's Greek text (see above).Other abbreviations will, it is hoped, explain themselves.NEW  TESTAMENT  LEXICON.A, a,A, o, SX+o, rS, the first letter of th e   G r e e k   a l p h a b e t ,   o p e n i n g   t h e   s e r i e s   w h i c h   t h e   l e t t e r   <  %>   c l o s e s .   H e n c e   t h e   e x p r e s s i o n   i y &   t l p t   t 6   A   [ L T T r W H   S K ( p a ]   x m   t o   Q   [ * a   L   W H ] ,   R e v .   i .   8 ,   1 1   R e c ,   w h i c h   i s   e x p l a i n e d   b y   t h e   a p p e n d e d   w o r d s   f )   a p x h   ^   T ^   *  %& < « ,   x x i .   6 ,   a n d   b y   t h e   f u r t h e r   a d d i t i o n   6   i r paros koI 6 co-xarog, xxii. 13. On the meaning of the phrase cf. Rev. xi. 17; Is. xli. 4; xliv. 6; xlviii. 12; [esp. B. D. Am. ed. p. 73].          A,when prefixed to words as an inseparable syllable, is1.  privative (artprfiKov), like the Lat. in-, the Eng. un~, giving a negative sense to the word to which it is prefixed, as aj3ap)jr; or signifying what is contrary to it, as otn/ios, arifioa; before vowels generally iv-, as avairmt.2.  copulative (adpourriK&v), akin to the particle apa [cf. Curtius § 598], indicating community and fellowship, as in A8e\<p6s, aicokovSos.   Hence it is       3. intensive (eViToruoSi'), strengthening the force of terms, like the Lat. con in composition; as arcvifa fr. arevq? [yet cf. W. 100 (95)].   This use, however, is doubted or denied now by many [e. g. Lob. Path. Element, i.  84 sq.].   Cf. Kiihner i. 741, § 339 Anm. 5; [Jelf §242 8]; Bttm. Gram. § 120 Anm. 11; [Donaldson, Gram. p. 334; New Crat. §§ 185, 213; L. and 8. s. v.].*'Aopuv, indecl. prop, name (6 'hapi>v, -Stvos in Joseph.),pHK (fr. the unused Hebr. radical "in«,— Syr.]^fl!|libidinosus, lascivus, — [enlightened, Fiirstj ace. to Dietrich wealthy, or fluent, like ID^S], ace. to Philo, de ebriet. § 32, fr. 171 mountain and equiv. to opawfe), Aaron, the brother of Moses, the first high-priest of the Israelites and the head of the whole sacerdotal order: Lk. i. 5; Acts vii. 40; Heb. v.4; vii. 11; ix. 4.*'AfiaSSuv, indecl., jftaK, 1. ruin, destruction, (fr. na« to perish), Job xxxi. 12. 2. the place of destruction i. q. Orcus, joined with Vlttrf, Job xxvi. 6; Prov. xv. 11. 3. as a proper name it is given to the angel-prince of the infernal regions, the minister of death and author of havoc on earth, and is rendered in Greek by 'AttoAXuW Destroyer, Rev. ix. 11.* •&, (fi&pat weight), without weight, light; trop. not burdensome: a/Sapi} ifiiv ipavrbv irr)pr)<ra I have avoided burdening you with expense on my account, 2 Co. xi. 9; see 1 Th. ii. 9, cf. 6. (Fr. Aristot. down.)*'Appa [WH -/3a], Hebr. 38 father, in the Chald. emphatic state, K3S i. e. 6 warrip, a customary tide of God in prayer. Whenever it occurs in the N. T. (Mk. xiv. 86; Ro. viii. 15; Gal. iv. 6) it has the Greek interpretation subjoined to it; this is apparently to be explained by the fact that the Chaldee *GK, through frequent use in prayer, gradually acquired the nature of a most sacred proper name, to which the Greek-speaking Jews added the appellative from their own tongue.*"Apc\ [WH "A/3. (see their Intr. § 408)], indecl. prop, name (in Joseph, [e. g. antt. 1, 2, 1] "A|3eXoj, -ov), S30 (breath, vanity), Abel, the second son born to Adam (Gen. iv. 2 sqq.), so called from his short life and sudden death [cf. B. D. Am. ed. p. 5], (Job vii. 16; Ps. xxxix. 6) : Mt. xxiii. 35;  Lk. xi. 51; Heb. xi. 4; xii. 24.*'AfJid, indecl. prop, name (Joseph, antt. 7, 10, 3; 8, 10, 1 6 'Afilas [W. § 6,1 m.], -a), rV3« and m;3K (my father is Jehovah), Abia [or Abijah, cf. B. D. s.v.], 1. a king of Judah, son of Rehpboam: Mt. i. 7 (1 K. xiv. 31; xv. 1). 2. a priest, the head of a sacerdotal family, from whom, when David divided the priests into twenty-four classes (1 Chr. xxiv. 10), the class Abia, the eighth in order, took its name: Lk. i. 5.*'Apuffiop, indecl. prop, name (though in Joseph, antt. 6, 14, 6 'AfiidBapos, -ov), 1JV3S (father of abundance), Abiathar, a certain Hebrew high-priest: Mk. ii. 26,— where he is by mistake confounded with Ahimelech his father (1 S. xxi. 1 sqq.) ; [yet cf. 1 S. xxii. 20 with 1 Chr. xviii. 16; xxiv. 6, 31; also 2 S. xv. 24-29; 1 K. ii. 26, 27 with 2 S. viii. 17; 1 Chr. xxiv. 6, 31. It would seem that double names were esp. common in the case of priests (cf. 1 Mace. ii. 1-5; Joseph, vit §§ 1, 2) and that father and son often bore the same name (cf. Lk. i. 5, 59; Joseph. 1. c. and antt. 20, 9, 1). See Me-Clellan adloc. and B. D. Am. ed. p. 7].* [WH 'A/3«A. (see s. v. «)], -ijs, {,, (sc. xFh the district belonging to the city AbUa), Abilene, the name of a region lying between Lebanon and Hermon towards Phoenicia, 18 miles distant fr o m   D a m a s c u s   a n d   3 7   [ a o c .   t o   t h e   B i n .   A n t o n .   3 8 ]   f r o m   H e l i o p o l i s :   L k .   i i i .   1 .   C f .   A v a - a v i a s   [ a n d   B .   D .   s .   v . ] . »  ' A p i o v ' 8 ,   6 ,   i n d e c l .   p r o p ,   n a m e ,   " l l i r r i K   ( f a t h e r   o f   t h e   J e w s   [ a L   o f   g l o r y ] ) ,   A b i u d ,   s o n   o f   Z o r o b a b e l   o r   Z e r u b - b a b e l :   M t .   i .   1 3 . *   %A P p a < i | A   [ R e d ' 'Afip.; cf. Tdf. Proleg. p. 106] (Joseph. 'Afipapos, -ov), Drn38 (father of a multitude, cf. Gen. xvii. 5), Abraham, the renowned founder of the Jewish nation: Mt. i. 1 sq.; xxii. 32; Lk. xix. 9; Jn. viii. 33; Acts iii. 25 ; Heb. vii. 1 sqq., and elsewhere. He is extolled by the apostle Paul as a pattern of faith, Ko. iv. 1 sqq. 17 sqq.; Gal. iii. 6 (cf. Heb. xi. 8), on which account all believers in Christ hare a claim to the title sons or posterity of Abraham, Gal. iii. 7, 29; cf. Bo. iv. 11.d-fWo-os, in classic Greek an adj., -of, -ov, (fr. 6 ftv<rrr6s i. q. fiv86s), bottomless (so perhaps in Sap. x. 19), unbounded (ttXovtos 3pvo~o-os, AeschyL Sept. (931) 950). In the Scriptures ij afivo-o-os (Sept. for oVlPi) so. x&pa, the pit, the immeasurable depth,' the abyss. Hence of ' the deep' sea: Gen. i. 2; vii. 11; Deut, viii. 7; Sir. i. 3; xvi. 18, etc.; of Orcus (a very deep gulf or chasm in the lowest parts of the earth: Ps. lxx. (lxxi.) 21 Ac rS>v dfivo--<ra>» rfjs yrjs, Eur. Phoen. 1632 (1605) raprdpov Sfivo-a-a xdcpMra, Clem. Rom. 1 Cor. 20, 5 afivtTo-wv dve^i^viaarra KkifuxTa, ibid. 59, 3 6 f'mfiXeirav iv rais dfiv<r<rois, of God; [Act. Thorn. 32 6 ttji; &/3v<r<rov rod raprdpov oIk&v, of the dragon]), both as the common receptacle of the dead, Bo. x. 7, and especially as the abode of demons, Lk. viii. 31; Rev. ix. 1 sq. 11; xL 7; xvii. 8; xx. 1,3. Among prof, auth. used as a subst. only by Diog. Laert. 4, (5,) 27 KarfjK-des els p.e\awav HKovreios afivatrov. Cf. Knapp, Scripta var. Arg. p. 554 sq.; [/. G. Midler, Philo's Lehre von der Weltschopfung, p. 173 sq.; B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Deep].*"A-yafJos [on the breathing see WH. Intr. § 408], -ov, 6, the name of a Christian prophet, Agabus: Acts xi. 28; xxi. 10.    (Perhaps from 3J;? to love [cf. B. D. s. v.].)*AyaSoEpycu, S>; (fr. the unused EPTC2 —- equiv. to epSa>, ipydiftptu — and dya66v); to be dyadoepy6s, beneficent (towards the poor, the needy) : 1 Tim. vi. 18 [A. V. do good]. Cf. dyadovpyew. Found besides only in eccl. writ., but in the sense to do well, act rightly*d-yaOo-TTOieu, S>; 1 aor. inf. dyadoiroirjo-ai.; (fr. dyado->ro«fc) ; 1. to do good, do something which profits others: Mk. iii. 4 [Tdf. dyad6v noirjtrai; Lk. vi. 9]; to show one's self beneficent, Acts xiv. 17 Kec.; nvd, to do some one a favor, to benefit, Lk. vi. 33, 35, (equiv. to yQ'TX, Zeph. i. 12; Num. x. 32; Tob. xii. 13, etc.). 2. to do well, do right: 1 Pet. ii. 15, 20 (opp. to afiaprdvai); iii. 6, 17; 3 Jn. 11. (Not found in secular authors, except in a few of the later in an astrological sense, to furnish a good omen.)*dyaOomuta [WH -irot/a (see I,»)], -at, f), a course of right action, well-doing: iv dyadowoitq, 1 Pet. iv. 19 i. q. dyadoirotovms acting uprightly [cf. xii. Patr. Jos. § 18};'                                                                       dya0O9if we read here with L Ti- mrg. iv dyadunoitats we must understand it of single acts of rectitude [cf. W. § 27, 3; B. § 123, 2]. (In eccl. writ. dyadm. denotes beneficence.)*AyaSoirouSs, -6v, acting rightly, doing well: 1 Pet. ii. 14. [Sir. xliL 14; Plut. de Is. et Osir. § 42.]*aya06s, -f), -6v, (akin to ctya/xai to wonder at, think highly of, dyaaros admirable, as explained by Plato, Crat. p. 412 c. [al. al.; cf. Donaldson, New Crat. § 323]), in general denotes "perfectus, . . . qui habet in se ac facit omnia quae habere et facere debet pro notione nominis, officio ac lege" (Irmisch ad Hdian. 1, 4, p. 134), excelling in any respect, distinguished, good. It can be predicated of persons, things, conditions, qualities and affections of the soul, deeds, times and seasons. To this general signif. can be traced back all those senses which the word gathers fr. the connection in which it stands; X.ofa good constitution or nature: yij, Lk. viii. 8; devSpov, Mt. vii. 18, in sense equiv. to 'fertile soil,' 'a fruitful tree,' (Xen. oec. 16, 7 yrj dyaBfj,. • .yi) kokt;, an. 2,4, 22 x&>pat traXXjjc k. dyaBSjt oiaijc). In Lk. viii. 15 dyatii) KapSia corresponds to the fig. expression " good ground ", and denotes a soul in* clined to goodness, and accordingly eager to learn saving truth and ready to bear the fruits (na/mobs dya8ois, Jas. iii. 17) of a Christian life. 2. useful, salutary: 86o-is dya&r) (joined to Sapijpa reXnov) a gift which is truly a gift, salutary, Jas. i. 17; bofiara dyada, Mt. vii. 11; evroKfj dy. a commandment profitable to those who keep it, Ro. vii. 12, ace. to a Grk. scholium equiv. to fir t6 (rvjMpfpov tlar^oupivt), hence the question in vs. 13: ro oSv dyadov ipjol yeyove ddvaros; dy. pepis the 'good par t , '   w h i c h   i n s u r e s   s a l v a t i o n   t o   h i m   w h o   c h o o s e s   i t ,   L k .   x .   4 2 ;   t p y o v   d y .   ( d i f f e r e n t l y   i n   R o .   i i .   7 ,   e t c . )   t h e   s a v i n g   w o r k   o f   G o d ,   i .   e .   s u b s t a n t i a l l y ,   t h e   C h r i s t i a n   l i f e ,   d u e   t o   d i v i n e   e f f i c i e n c y ,   P h i l .   i .   6   [ c f .   t h e   C o m m .   a d   l o c . ] ;   e l s   d y a d o v   f o r   g o o d ,   t o   a d v a n t a g e ,   R o .   v i i i .   2 8   ( S i r .   v i i .   1 3 ;   n d v r a   r o i s   ¬ v o - e / 3 e a r i   e l s   d y a d a ,   .   .   .   r o i s   a p a p -  %f a \ o i s   e l s   K a x d ,   S i r .   x x x i x .   2 7 ;   t o   k o k o v   .   .   .   y i y v e r a i   e l s   d y a d o v ,   T h e o g n i s   1 6 2 )   ;   g o o d   f o r ,   s u i t e d   t o   s o m e t h i n g :   T r p o r   o l K o b o p . { , v ,   E p h .   i v .   2 9   [ c f .   W .   3 6 3   ( 3 4 0 ) ]  (Xen. mem. 4, 6,10). 3. of the feeling awakened by what is good,pleasant, agreeable, joyful, happy: Tjfiepai dy- 1 Pet. iii. 10 (Ps. xxxiii. (xxxiv.) 13; Sir. xiv. 14; 1 Mace. x. 55) ; Anw, 2 Th. ii. 16 Quueapla eXiris, Tit. ii. 18) ; avvel8t]<rK, a peaceful conscience, i. q. consciousness of rectitude, Acts xxiii. 1; 1 Tim. i. 5, 19; 1 Pet. iii. 16; reconciled to God, vs. 21. 4. excellent, distinguished: so rj dyadSv, Jn. i. 46 (47).           5. upright, honorable:Mt. xii. 34 ; xix. 16 ; Lk. vi. 45; Acts xi. 24 ; 1 Pet. iii. 11, etc.; wovrjpol k. dyadol, Mt. v. 45; xxii. 10; dyad. «ii Straw?, Lk. xxiii. 50; napbla dyadrj k. xaXq, Lk. viii. 15 (see KdXor, b.); fulfilling the duty or service demanded, dov\e dyaOi k. more, Mt. xxv. 21, 23; upright, free from guile, particularly from a desire to corrupt the people, Jn. vii. 12; pre-eminently of God, as consum-mately and essentially good, Mt. xix. 17 (Mk. x. 18; Lk. xviii. 19) ; dy. dt)travp6s in Mt. xii. 35; Lk. vi. 45ayaOovpyea)denotes the soul considered as the repository of pure thoughts which are brought forth in speech; itiarts ay. the fidelity due from a servant to his master, Tit. ii. 10 [WH mrg. om.]; on dyad- fpyov, ay. epya, see tpyov. In a narrower sense, benevolent, kind, generous: Mt. xx. 15; 1 Pet. ii. 18; pveia, 1 Th. iii. 6 (cf. 2 Mace. vii. 20) ; beneficent (Xen. Cyr. 3, 3, 4; 2)0, Jer. xxxiii. 11; Ps. xxxiv. 9; Cic. nat. deor. 2, 25, 64 " optimus i. e. beneficentissimus"), Ro. v. 7, where the meaning is, Hardly for an innocent man does one encounter death; for if he even dares hazard his life for another, he does so for a benefactor (one from whom he has received favors); cf. W. 117 (111); [Gifford in the Speaker's Com. p. 123]. The neuter used substantively denotes 1. a good thing, convenience, advantage, and in partic. a. in the plur., external goods, riches: Lk. i. 53; xii. 18 sq. (Sir. xiv. 4; Sap. vii. 11) ; rh ayatid aov comforts and delights which thy .wealth procured for thee in abundance, Lk. xvi. 25 (opp. to Kcutd, as in Sir. xi. 14) ; outward and inward good things, Gal. vi. 6, cf. Wieseler ad loc. b. the benefits of the Messianic kingdom : Bo. x. 15; ra /tc'XXovra ay. Heb. ix. 11; x. 1. 2. what is upright, honorable, and acceptable to God: Ro. xii. 2; ipya(«r6ai tA ay. Ro. ii. 10; Eph. iv. 28; irpavcreiv, Ro. ix. 11; [2 Co. v. 10]; 8i6Ktiv, 1 Th. v. 15; /u/iri-trSai, 8 Jn. 11; KoKK&aOai ra try. Ro. xii. 9; rt fit ipwrips mp\ toS ayaBov, Mt. xix. 17 G L T Tr WH, where the word expresses the general idea of right. Spec, what is salutary, suited to the course of human affairs: in the phrase bi&Kovos tls t6 ay. Ro. xiii. 4; of rendering service, Gal. vi. 10; Ro. xii. 21; tA dy. a-ov the favor thou conferrest, Philem. 14.[" It is to be regarded as a peculiarity in the usage of the Sept. that 31D good is predominantly [t] rendered by Kak6s. ... The translator of Gen. uses iya84s only in the neut., good, goods, and this has been to a degree the model for the other translators. ... In the Greek O. T., where ol Slxatoi is the technical designation of the pious, ol hya8o( or $ i.yaS6s does not occur in so general a sense. The iviip i.yaS6s is peculiar only to the Prov. (xiii. 22, 24; xv. 3); cf. besides the solitary instance in 1 Kings ii. 32. Thus even in the usage of the O. T. we are reminded of Christ's words, Mk. x. 18, obSeU ityaBbs el ph tTs i 9eis. In the O. T. the term 'righteous ' makes reference rather to a covenant and to one's relation to a positive standard; &ya96s would express the absolute idea of moral goodness" (Zezschwitz, Profangraec. u. bibl. Sprachgeist, Leipz. 1859, p. 60). Cf. Tittm. p. 19. On the comparison of &yut)6s see B. 27 (24).]d-yaeovpYc'oi, S>; Acts xiv. 17 L T Tr WH for R ayaBo-voi&. ,.The contracted form is the rarer [cf. WH. App. p. 145], see dyaSoepytw; but cf. Kwcovpyos, Ifpovpyeco*6.yaQaa~vvT\, -i;r, f/, [on its formation see W. 95 (90); WH. App. p. 152], found only in bibl. and eccl. writ., uprightness of heart and life, [A. V. goodness]: 2 Th. i. 11; Gal. v. 22 (unless here it denote kindness, beneficence); Ro. xv. 14; Eph. v. 9. [Cf. Trench § lxiii.; Ellic. and Bp. Lghtft. on Gal. 1. c] •&-ya\Xido|iai, see dyaKKida.d-yaXXCao-is, -tas, 17, (dyaXXma), not used by prof. writ. bat often by the Sept.; exultation, extreme joy: Lk. i.3                                                              wyairdta14, 44; Acts ii. 46; Jude 24. Heb. i. 9 (fr. Ps. xliv. (xiv.) 8) oil of gladness with which persons were anointed at feasts (Ps. xxiii. 5), and which the writer, alluding to the inaugural ceremony of anointing, uses as an emblem of the divine power and majesty to which the Son of God has been exalted.*A/yaMuio), S>, and -ao/tai, (but the act. is not used exc. in Lk. i. 47 [jjyoXAuura], in Rev. xix. 7 [dyaX-\iancv] L T Tr WH [and in 1 Pet. L 8 WH Tr mrg. (dyaT&.ia.Te), cf. WH. App. p. 169]) ; 1 aor. qyaXXwcrd-jujv, and (with a mid. signif.) fryaXXiddrju (Jn. v. 35; Rec. T)yaKKwur6t)v); a word of Hellenistic coinage (fr. dydXXo/uu to rejoice, glory [yet cf. B. 51 (45)]), often in Sept. (for S'J, yhpr, Jjn, \OW), to exult, rejoice exceedingly: Mt.v. 12; Lk.x.21; Acts ii. 26; xvi. 84; 1 Pet. i. 8; iv. 13; ev ran, 1 Pet. i. 6, dat. of the thing in which the joy originates [cf. W. § 33 a.; B. 185 (160)]; but Jn. v. 35 means,' to rejoice while his light shone' [i. e. in (the midst of) etc.]. iiri nvi, Lk. i. 47; foil, by iva, Jn. viii. 56 that he should see, rejoiced because it had been promised him that he should see. This divine promise was fulfilled to him at length in paradise; cf. W. 389 (318); B. 289 (206). On this word see Gelpke in the Stud. u. Krit. for 1849, p. 645 sq.*d-yaiios, -ov, (yapos), unmarried: 1 Co. vii. 8, 32; used even of women, 1 Co. vii. 11,34 (Eur. Hel. 690 [and elsewhere]), where the Grks. commonly said avav&pos*dyavaKTt'u, -S>; 1 aor. r/yavaKTrjO-a; (asn-Xeovcxrc'u comes fr. irkocveKTTjs, and this fr. irkiov and ?x«>, so'through »t conjectural dyavaKTrjs fr. Syav and &xpiiuu to feel pain, grieve, [al. al.]); to be indignant, moved with indignation: Mt.xxi. 15; xxvi.8; Mk.x. 14; xiv.4; mplnvos [cf. W. §33 a.], Mt. xx. 24; Mk. x. 41; foil, by 5n, Lk. xiii. 14.    (From Hdt. down.)*ayavrfucTTjcris, -ear, 17, indignation: 2 Co. vii. 11. [(From Plat, on.)] *ayawiM, -&; [impf. rrydiravj ; fut. dyarrqaa; 1 aor. rryd-nrjo-a; pf. act. [1 pers. plur. riymrfiKafiep 1 Jn. iv. 10 WH txt.], ptcp. rjyamjKas (2 Tim. iv. 8); Pass., [pres. dya-7T»jU<u] ; pf. ptcp. riyairrmevot; 1 fut. dyamj^o-o/wu; (akin to Syapai [Fick, Pt. iv. 12; see dyados, init.]); to love, to be full of good-will and exhibit the same: Lk. vii. 47; 1 Jn. iv. 7 sq.; with ace. of the p e r s o n, to have a preference for, wish well to, regard the welfare of: Mt. v. 48 sqq.; xix. 19; Lk.vii. 5; Jn. xi. 5; Ro. xiii. 8; 2 Co. xi. 11; xii. 15; Gal. v. 14; Eph. v. 25, 28; 1 Pet. i. 22, and elsewhere; often in 1 Ep. of Jn. of the love of Christians towards one another; of the benevolence which God, in providing salvation for men, has exhibited by sending his Son to them and giving him up to death, Jn. iii. 16; Ro. viii. 37; 2 Th. ii. 16 ; 1 Jn. iv. 11, 19; [noteworthy is Jude 1 L T Tr WH rots iv 6e$ narpl rryairrijuvois; see iv, I. 4, and cf. Bp. Lghtft. on Col. iii. 12]; of the love which led Christ, in procuring human salvation, to undergo sufferings and death, Gal. ii. 20; Eph. v. 2; of the love with which God regards Christ, Jn. iii. 35; [v. 20 L mrg.]; x. 17; xv. 9; Eph. i. 6. When used of love to a master, God or Christ, the wordinvolves the idea of affectionate reverence, prompt obedience, grateful recognition gf-henefits received: Mt. vi. 24; xxii. 37; Ro. viii. 28; ^CoTuTih viii. 3; Jas. i. 12; 1 Pet. i. 8; 1 Jn. iv. 10, 20, ancl elsewhere. With an ace. of the thing dyawdca denotes to take pleasure in the thing, prize it above other things, be unwilling to abandon it or do without it: SiKauMrvvtjv, Heb. i. 9 (i. e. steadfastly to cleave to); ttjv 86£ai>, Jn. xii. 43; njv irpa>Toica9ftSplav, Lk. xi. 43; t6 crkotos and to <f>ios, Jn. iii. 19; top KdVpop, 1 Jn. ii. 15 ; roi> vvv alava, 2 Tim. iv. 10, — both which last phrases signify to set the heart on earthly advantages and joys; r^i» ^nixv" "tow, Rev. xii. 11; £<j>t]v, 1 Pet. iii. 10 (to derive pleasure from life, render it agreeable to himself) ; to welcome with desire, long for : njv firicpdveuiv avrov, 2 Tim. iv. 8 (Sap. i. 1; vi. 13; Sir. iv. 12, etc.; so of a person: tjyairfjBri, Sap. iv. 10, cf. Grimm ad loc). Concerning the unique proof of love which Jesus gave the apostles by washing their feet, it is said r)yd7n)<rt» airovs, Jn. xiii. 1, cf. Liicke or Meyer ad loc. [but al. take jjyajr. here more comprehensively, see Weiss's Mey., Godet, Westcott, Keil]. The combination dyam\v dyanav rtva occurs, when a relative intervenes, in Jn. xvii. 26-; Eph. ii. 4, (2 S. xiii. 15 where to futros t cfit&ijo'ev avrrfv is contrasted; cf. Gen. xhx. 25 fi\$yri<rf «re fiXoyiau; Ps. Sal. xvii. 35 [in cod. Pseude-pig. Vet. Test. ed. Fabric, i. p. 966; Libri Apocr. etc., ed. Fritzsche, p. 588] $6gav Ijv- e86£<urcv avrqv); cf. W. § 32, 2; [B. 148 sq. (129)]; Grimm on 1 Mace. ii. 54.On the difference betw. dyemda and <j>ikf<o, see <j>i\(a>. Cf. dydirr), 1 fin.&Y&1TI), i/s, ff, a purely bibl. and eccl. word (for Wyt-tenbach, following Reiske's conjecture, long ago restored Ay(mr)cra>v in place of dydmjs, &v in Flut. sympos. quaestt. 7, 6, 3 [vol. viii. p. 835 ed. Reiske]). Prof, auth. fr. [Aristot.], Plut. on used dydrnjais. " The Sept. use oyamj for rnnK, Cant. ii. 4, 5, 7; iii. 5, 10; v. 8; vii. 6; viii. 4, 6, 7; [" It is noticeable that the word first makes its appearance as a current term in the Song of Sol.; — certainly no undesigned evidence respects ing the idea which the Alex, translators had of the love in this Song" {Zezschwitz, Profangraec. u. bibl. Sprachgeist, p. 63)]; Jer. ii. 2; Eccl. ix. 1, 6; [2 S. xiii. 15]. It occurs besides in Sap. iii. 9; vi. 19. In Philo and Joseph. I do not remember to have met with it. Nor is it found in the N. T. in Acts, Mk., or Jas.; it occurs only once in Mt. and Lk., twice in Heb. and Rev., but frequently in the writings of Paul, John, Peter, Jude " {Bretschn. Lex. s. v.); [Philo, deus immut. § 14].In signification it follows the verb dyairdat; consequently it denotes 1. affection, good-will, love, benevolence: Jn. xv. 13; Ro. xiii. 10; 1 Jn. iv. 18. Of the love of men to men; esp. of that love of Christians towards Christians which is enjoined and prompted by their religion, whether the love be viewed as in the soul or as expressed: Mt. xxiv. 12; 1 Co. xiii. 1-4, 8 ; xiv. I; 2 Co. ii. 4; Gal. v. 6 ; Philem. 5, 7; 1 Tim. i. 6; Heb. vi. 10; x. 24; Jn. xiii. 35; 1 Jn. iv. 7; Rev. ii. 4,19, etc.   Of the love of men towards God: !j dydirr)rov 6tov (obj. gen. [W. 185 (175)]), Lk. xi. 42; Jn. v. 42; 1 Jn. ii. 15 (tov irarp6i) ; iii. 17; iv. 12; v. 3. Of the love of God towards men: Ro. v. 8 ; viii. 39; 2 Co. xiii. 13(14). Of the love of God towards Christ: Jn. xv. 10; xvii. 26. Of the love of Christ towards men: Jn. xv. 9 sq.; 2 Co. v. 14; Ro. viii. 35; Eph. iii. 19. In construction : dy. t's rtva, 2 Co. ii. 8 [?]; Eph. i. 15 [L WH om. Tr mrg. br. -rip aydjnjv]; rg «f fyuw iv rjy.lv i. e. love going forth from your soul and taking up its abode as it were in ours, i. q. your love to us, 2 Co. viii. 7 [W. 198 (181 sq.); B. 329 (288)]; mff v/iav i. e. is present with (embraces) you, 1 Co. xvi. 24; ptff r]jiSiv i. e. seen among us, 1 Jn. iv. 17. Phrases: ex*1" ayditip t's rum, 2 Co. ii. 4 ; Col. i. 4 [L T Tr, but WH br.]; 1 Pet. iv. 8; dydirrju $i86vat to give a proof of love, 1 Jn. iii. 1 ; dyanav dydirrjv nvd, Jn. xvii. 26; Eph. ii. 4 (v. in dyanda, sub fin.); ay. rov imtifiarot i. e. enkindled by the Holy Spirit, Ro. xv. 80; 6 vios rrjs dydm/r the Son who is the object of love, i. q. dyanryrdt, Col. i. 13 (W. 287 (222); [B. 162 (141)]) ; 6 6t6s ir,s ay. the author of love, 2 Co. xiii. 11; kottos rrfs ay. troublesome service, toil, undertaken from love, 1 Th. i. 3 ; dy. rtjs dXtjOfias love which embraces the truth, 2 Th. ii. 10 ; 6 6e6s dyami iarlv God is wholly love, his nature is summed up in love, 1 Jn. iv. 8, 16; (jjCXrma dydnTji a kiss as a sign among Christians of mutual affection, 1 Pet. v. 14; fiia rt)v dy- that love may have opportunity of influencing thee ('in order to give scope to the power of love' De W., Wies.), Philem. 9, cf. 14; h dydirj) lovingly, in an affectionate spirit, 1 Co. iv. 21; on love as a basis [al. in love as the sphere or element], Eph. iv. 15 (where iv dy. is to be connected not with dXq&vovrcr but with ai(-r)o-a>pcv), vs. 16; c£ dyamjc influenced by love, Phil. i. 17 (16) ; koto, dydirrjv in a manner befitting love, Ro. xiv. 15. Love is mentioned together with faith and hope in 1 Co. xiii. 13; 1 Th. i. 3; v. 8; Col. i. 4 sq.; Heb. x. 22-24. On the words dydin), dyemav, cf. Gelpke in the Stud. u. Krit. for 1849, p. 646 sq.; on the idea and nature of Christian love see Kostlin, Lehrbgr. des Ev. Joh. etc. p. 248 sqq., 332 sqq.; Rilckert, Theologie, ii. 452 sqq.; Lipsius, Paulin. Rechtfertigungsl. p. 188 sqq.; [Reuss, Thdol. Chr£t. livr. vii. chap. 18].          2.  Plur. dydirat, S>v,agapae, love-feasts, feasts expressing and fostering mutual love which used to be held by Christians before the celebration of the Lord's supper, and at which the poorer Christians mingled with the wealthier and partook in common with the rest of food provided at the expense of the wealthy: Jude 12 (and in 2 Pet. ii. 13 L Tr txt. WH mrg.), cf. 1 Co. xi. 17 sqq.; Acts ii. 42, 46 ; xx. 7; Tertull. Apol. c. 89, and ad Martyr, c. 3; Cypr. ad Quirin. 8, 3; Drescher, De vet. christ. Agapis. Giess. 1824; Mangold in Schenkel i. 58 sq.; [B. D. s. v. Love-Feasts; Diet, of Christ. Antiq. s. v. Agapae; more fully in McC. and S. s. v. Agape].4"yainpr6s, -ij, -6v, (dyanda), beloved, esteemed, dear, favorite; (opp. to ix6p6s, Ro. xi. 28) : 6 vlos fiov (rov Oeov) 6 dyawqr6t, of Jesus, the Messiah, Mt. iii.  17¥Ayap[here WH mrg. take 6 Ay. absol., connecting it with what follows] j xii. 18; xvii. 5 ; Mk. i. 11; is. 7; Lk. ( iii. 22; ix. 35 (where L mrg. T Tr WH 6 iicXfXeyufvos); 2 Pet. i. 17, cf. Mk. xii. 6; Lk. xx. 13; [cf. Ascensio Isa. (ed. Dillmann) vii. 23 sq.; viii. 18, 25, etc.]. dya-mtrol Oeod [W. 194 (182 sq.) ; B. 190 (165)] is applied to Christians as being reconciled to God and judged by him to be worthy of eternal life: Ro. i. 7, cf. xi. 28; 1 Th. i. 4; Col. iii. 12, (Sept., Ps. lix. (lx.) 7; cvii. (cviii.) 7; cxxvi. (cxxvii.) 2, dyainfroi <rov and avrov, of pious Israelites). But Christians, bound together by mutual love, are dyarnjroi also to one another (Philem. 16; 1 Tim. vi. 2); hence they are dignified with this epithet very often in tender address, both indirect (Ro. xvi. 5, 8; Col. iv. 14; Eph. vi. 21, etc.) and direct (Ro. xii. 19 ; 1 Co. iv. 14 ; [Philem. 2 Rec] ; Heb. vi. 9; Jas. i. 16; 1 Pet. ii. 11; 2 Pet. iii. 1; [1 Jn. ii. 7 G L T Tr WH], etc.). Generally foil, by the gen.; once by the dat. ayair. 17/10', 1 Th. ii. 8 [yet cf. W. § 31, 2; B. 190 (165)]. ayarnirbs iv Kvpia beloved in the fellowship of Christ, equiv. to dear fellow-Christian, Ro. xvi. 8. [Not used in the Fourth Gospel or the Rev. In class. Grk. fr. Horn. II. 6, 401 on; cf. Cope on Aristot. rhet. 1, 7, 41.]"Avap [WH'Ay. (see their Intr. § 408)], 7, indecl., (in Joseph. 'Aydpa, -ijr), "^JfJ (flight), Hagar, a bondmaid of Abraham, and by him the mother of Ishmael (Gen. xvi.) : Gal. iv. 24, [25 L txt. T om. Tr br.]. Since the Arabians according to Paul (who had formerly dwelt among them, Gal. i. 17) called the rocky Mt. Sinai by a name similar in sound to "UH ( **"--i. e. rock), the apostle in the passage referred*to employs the name Hagar allegorically to denote the servile sense of fear with which the Mosaic economy imbued its subjects. [Cf. B. D. Am. ed. pp. 978, 2366 note'; Bp. Lghtft.'s remarks appended to his Com. on Gal. Lc.]*AyYoprfo," fut. dyyapevtrw; 1 aor. rfyyapetxra ; to employ a courier, despatch a mounted messenger. A word of Persian origin [used by Menander, Sicyon. 4], but adopted also into Lat. (Vulg. angariare). 'Ayyapoi were public couriers (tabellarii), stationed by appointment of the king of Persia at fixed localities, with horses ready for use, in order to transmit royal messages from one to another and so convey them the more speedily to their destination. See Hdt. 8, 98 [and Rawlinson's note]; Xen. Cyr. 8, 6, 17 (9); cf. Gesenius, Thesaur. s. v. r^iVt; [B. D. s. v. Angareuo; Vanilek, Fremd-wdrter s. v. ayyapos~\. These couriers had authority to press into their service, in case of need, horses, vessels, even men they met, [cf. Joseph, antt. 13, 2, 3]. Hence dyyaptveiv raid denotes to compel one to go a journey, to bear a burden, or to perform any other service: Mt. v. 41 (oorir ae dyyaptitret iuKiov tv i. e. whoever shall compel thee to go one mile); xxvii. 32 (r/yydpcvo-av iva Spy i. e. they forced him to carry), so Mk. xv. 21.*&Yyctov, -ov, to, (i. q. tA iyyoi), a vessel, receptacle : Mt. xiii. 48 [R G L]; xxv. 4.   (From Hdt. down.) * -at, $, (SyytXog), a message, announcement, thing announced; precept declared, 1 Jn. i. 5 (where Rec. has inayyiKla) [cf. Is. xxviii. 9]; iii. 11. [From Horn, down.] *&niKk»; [1 aor. $yy«Xa, Jn. iv. 51 T (for dirr/yy. R G L Tr br. ) ] ;   ( S y y e X o s )   ;   t o   a n n o u n c e :   d y y e X X o v a - a ,   J n .   x x .   1 8   L   T   T r   W H ,   f o r   R   G   d n a y y i X X .   [ F r o m   H o r n ,   d o w n .   C o m p .   :   d v - ,   a n - - ,   8 1 - ,   i g - ,   i n - ,   r r p o t i t - ,   k o t - ,    %n p o - K a . T - , 7 r a p - a y y t W u . ~ \ *  a y y t X o s ,   - o v ,   6 ,   1 .   a   m e s s e n g e r ,   e n v o y ,   o n e   w h o   i s   s e n t :   M t .   x i .   1 0 ;   L k .   v i i .   24, 27; ix. 52; Mk. i. 2; Jas. ii. 25. [Fr. Horn, down.] 2. In the Scriptures, both of the Old Test, and of the New, one of that host of heavenly spirits that, according alike to Jewish and Christian opinion, wait upon the monarch of the universe, and are sent by him to earth, now to execute his purposes (Mt. iv. 6, 11; xxviii. 2; Mk. i. 13; Lk. xvi. ?2; xxii. 43 [L br. WH reject the pass.]; Acts vii. 35; xii. 23; Gal. iii. 19, cf. Heb. i. 14), now to make them known to men (Lk. i. 11, 26; ii. 9 sqq.; Acts x. 3 ; xxvii. 23; Mt. i. 20; ii. 13 ; xxviii. 5 ; Jn. xx. 12 sq.); hence the frequent expressions ayytXos (angel, messenger of Ood, ytho) and SyyeXot icvplov or Syy. tov 6tov. They are subject not only to God but also to Christ (Heb. i. 4 sqq.; 1 Pet. iii. 22, cf. Eph. i. 21; Gal. iv. 14), who is described as hereafter to return to judgment surrounded by a multitude of them as servants and attendants: Mt. xiii. 41, 49; xvi. 27; xxiv. 31; xxv. 31; 2 Th. i. 7, cf. Jude 14. Single angels have the charge of separate elements; as fire, Rev. xiv. 18; waters, Rev. xvi. 5, cf. vii. 1 sq.; Jn. v. 4 [R L]. Respecting the ayyeXos ttjs djivanrov, Rev. ix. 11, see yAfia88av, 3. Guardian angels of individuals are mentioned in Mt. xviii. 10; Acts xii. 15. «The angels of the churches' in Rev. i. 20; ii. 1, 8,12,18; iii. 1, 7,14 are not their presbyters or bishops, but heavenly spirits who exercise such a superintendence and guardianship over them that whatever in their assemblies is worthy of praise or of censure is counted to the praise or the blame of their angels also, as though the latter infused their spirit into the assemblies; cf. De Wette, Diisterdieck, [Alford,] on Rev. i. 20, and Liicke, Einl. in d. Offenb. d. Johan. ii. p. 429 sq. ed. 2; [Bp. Lghtft. on Philip, p. 199 sq.]. Sia roiis dyyiXovt that she may show reverence for the angels, invisibly present in the religious assemblies of Christians, and not displease them, 1 Co. xi. 10. axpdrj dyyiXois in 1 Tim. iii. 16 is probably to be explained neither of angels to whom Christ exhibited himself in heaven, nor of demons triumphed over .by him in the nether world, but of the apostles, his messengers, to whom he appeared after his resurrection. This appellation, which is certainly extraordinary, is easily understood from the nature of the hymn from which the passage i<pavep&6ri. .. iv 86$n seems to have been taken; cf. W. 639 sq. (594), [for other interpretations see Ellic. ad loc.]. In Jn. i. 51 (52) angels are employed, by a beautiful image borrowed from Gen. xxviii. 12, to represent the divine power that will aid Jesus in the dischargeof his Messianic office, and the signal proofs to appear in his history of a divine superintendence. Certain of tie angels have proved faithless to the trust committed to them by God, and have given themselves up to sin, Jude 6; 2 Pet. ii. 4 (Enoch c. vi. etc., cf. Gen. vi. 2), and now obey the devil, Mt. xxv. 41; Rev. xii. 7, cf. 1 Co. vi. 8 [yet on this last passage cf. Meyer; he and others maintain that Syy. without an epithet or limitation never in the N. T. signifies other than good angels]. Hence cfyyeXos SarSv is trop. used in 2 Co. xii. 7 to denote a grievous bodily malady sent by Satan. See Sat'fuov; [Soph. Lex. s. v. SyyeKos; and for the literature on the whole subject B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Angels, — and to the reff. there given add G. L. Hahn, Theol. des N. T., i. pp. 260-384; Delitzsch in Riehm s. v. Engel; Kilbel in Herzog ed. 2, ibid.].4yy°s> •*»*! t<5, (plur. Syyri), i. q. dyyeTov q. v.: Mt. xiii. 48 T Tr WH. (From Horn, down; [cf. Rutherford, Kew Phryn. p. 23].) *&y«, (properly impv. of 3ya>), come! come now! used, as it often is in the classics (W. 516 (481)), even when more than one is addressed: Jas. iv. 13; v. 1.*&7c\t), -ijs, ij, (Sy<o to drive), a herd: Mt. viii. 30 sqq.; Mk. v. 11, 13; Lk. viii. 82 sq.   (From Horn, down.) *&YcycaX6yT)Tos, -ov, 6, (yeveaXoyea>), of whose descent there is no account (in the 0. T.), [R. V. without genealogy"} : Heb. vii. 3 (vs. 6 /uj ytveaKoyoifxtvos). Nowhere found in prof, auth.*&7«rfjs, -tos (-out), S, f/, (yevos), opp. to tvytvf\s, of no family, a man of base birth, a man of no name or reputation ; often used by prof, writ., also in the secondary sense ignoble, cowardly, mean, base. In the N. T. only in 1 Co. i. 28, rck aycvrj toB Koapov i. e. those who among men are held of no account; on the use of a neut. adj. in ref. to persons, see W. 178 (167) ; [B. 122 (107)].*d-yid^u; 1 aor. fryiao-a; Pass., [pres. dyid^ofiat]; pf. fryi-aa-fixu; 1 aor. jjytdp-ftjv; a word for which the Greeks use iylfctv, but very freq. in bibl. (as equiv. to Efap, EPIBn) and eccl. writ.; to make &yiov, render or declare sacred or holy, consecrate. Hence it denotes 1. to render or acknowledge to be venerable, to hallow : to Svopa rov Oeov, Mt. vi. 9 (so of God, Is. xxix. 23; Ezek. xx. 41; xxxviii. 23 ; Sir. xxxiii. (xxxvi.) 4); [Lk. xi. 2] ; rbv Xpio-Tov, 1 Pet. iii. 15 (R G deov).          Since the stampof sacredness passes over from the holiness of God to whatever has any connection with God, dytd£cu> denotes 2. to separate from things profane and dedicate to God, to consecrate and so render inviolable; a. things (nav irpardroKov, ra dp<rcvuta, Deut. xv. 19; ripipav, Ex. xx. 8; o'kox, 2 Chr. vii. 16, etc.) : rbv xpwrov, Mt. xxiii. 17; rbBapov, vs. 19; o-kwos, 2 Tim. ii. 21. b. persons. So Christ is said by undergoing death to consecrate himself to God, whose will he in that way fulfils, Jn. xvii. 19; God is said dyida-ai Christ, i. e. to have selected him for his service (cf. dcpopi£>u>, Gal. i. 15) by having committed to him the office of Messiah, Jn. x. 36, cf. Jer. i. 5; Sir. xxxvi. 12 [«'£ airav rryiaxre, Kai n-pot airbv v, of his selection of men for the priesthood] ; xlv.4; xlix. 7.          Since only what is pure and withoutblemish can be devoted and offered to God (Lev. xxii. 20; Deut. xv. 21; xvii. 1), dyidfo) signifies 3. to purify, (dn-0 rau axaBapat&v is added in Lev. xvi. 19; 2 S. xi. 4) ; and a. to cleanse externally (irpbs t^w T?jr o-apubs KaflapoVjpra), to purify levitically: Heb. ix. 13; 1 Tim. iv. 5f*-)x~to~pvrify by expiation, free from the guilt of siniN^Co. vi. llS Eph. v. 26; Heb. x. 10,14, 29; xiii. 12; ii. Ufsqw^ to 1^3, Ex. xxix. 83, 36); cf. Pfieiderer, Paulinismus, p. 840 sqq., [Eng. trans, ii. 68 sq.]. o. to purify internally by reformation of soul: Jn. xvii. 17,19 (through knowledge of the truth, cf. Jn. viii. 32); 1 Th. v. 23 ; 1 Co. i. 2 (ev Xpurrq 'Iijtrov in the fellowship of Christ, the Holy One); Ro. xv. 16 (iv nveifMTi dytij) imbued with the Holy Spirit, the divine source of holiness); Jude 1 (L T Tr WH qyamjfwVois [q. v.j); Rev. xxii. 11. In general, Christians are called fiyiaa-ufvoi [cf. Deut. xxxiii. 8], as those who, freed from the impurity of wickedness, have been brought near to God by their faith and sanctity, Acts xx. 32; xxvi. 18. In 1 Co. vii. 14 iytafcoSai is used in a peculiar sense of those who, although not Christians themselves, are yet, by marriage with a Christian, withdrawn from the contamination of heathen impiety and brought under the saving influence of the Holy Spirit displaying itself among Christians; cf. Neander ad loc.*d-yiao-(i6s, -ov, 6, a word used only by bibl. and eccl. writ, (for in Diod. 4, 39; Dion. Hal. 1, 21, &yi<Tjx6i is the more correct reading), signifying 1. consecration, purification, rb ayiageiv. 2. the effect of consecration: sanctification of heart and life, 1 Co. i. 30 (Christ is he to whom we are indebted for sanctification) ; 1 Th. iv. 7 ; Ro. vi. 19, 22 ; 1 Tim. ii. 15; Heb. xii. 14; Ayiao-pbs nvtifMToi sanctification wrought by the Holy Spirit, 2 Th. ii. 13; 1 Pet. i. 2. It is opposed to lust in 1 Th. iv. 8 sq. (It is used in a ritual sense, Judg. xvii. 3 [Alex.]; Ezek. xlv. 4; [Am. ii. 11] ; Sir. vii. 31, etc.) [On its use in the N. T. cf. Ellic. on 1 Th. iv. 8; iii. 18.]*£yio$, -a, -ov, (fr. to S.yos religious awe, reverence; &£<o, &£oiuu, to venerate, revere, esp. the gods, parents, [Curtius § 118]), rare in prof, auth.; very frequent in the sacred writ.; in the Sept. for BftiP; 1. properly reverend, worthy of veneration : rd ovojia rov 6eov, Lk. i. 49; God, on account of his incomparable majesty, Rev. iv. 8 (Is. vi. 3, etc.), i. q. evbogos. Hence used a. of things which on account of some connection with God possess a certain distinction and claim to reverence, as places sacred to God which are not to be profaned, Acts vii. 33; toVos Syios the temple, Mt. xxiv. 15 (on which pass, see pbeXvypa, c); Acts vi. 13; xxi. 28; the holy land or Palestine, 2 Mace. i. 29; ii. 18; to ayiop and rh S.yui [W. 177 (167)] the temple, Heb. ix. 1, 24 (cf. Bleek on Heb. vol. ii. 2, p. 477 sq.) ; spec, that part of the temple or tabernacle which is called 'the holy place' (KftDD, Ezek. xxxvii. 28; xlv. 18), Heb. ix. 2 [here Rec? reads Ayi'a]; Syta dyiW [W. 246 (231), cf. Ex. xxix. 87; xxx. 10, etc.] the most hallowed portion of the temple, 'the holy of holies,' (Ex. xxvi. 38 [cf. Joseph.ayiovantt. 3, 6, 4]), Heb. ix. 8, in ref. to which the simple ra ayux is also used: Heb. ix. 8, 25; x. 19; xiii. 11; fig. of heaven, Heb. viii. 2; ix. 8, 12 ; x. 19; iyia itoKk Jerusalem, on account of the temple there, Mt. iv. 5; xxvii. 53; Kev. xi. 2 ; xxi. 2; xxii. 19, (Is. xlviii. 2; Neh. xi. 1,18 [Compl.], etc.) ; to Spos to &yu>v, because Christ's transfiguration occurred there, 2 Pet. i. 18; ri (6tov) iyia Siafljmj i. e. which is the more sacred because made by God himself, Lk. i. 72; to ayiov, that worshipful offspring of divine power, Lk. i. 35; the blessing of the gospel, Mt. vii. 6; ayiarrdrri m'ortr, faith (q u a e creditor i.e. the o b j e c t of faith) which came from God and is therefore to be heeded most sacredly, Jude 20; in the same sense iyia tVroAij, 2 Pet. ii. 21; ickjjo-is iyia, because it is the invitation of God and claims us as his, 2 Tim. i. 9 ; Syiai ypacpai (to /3ij3Xt'a ra ayia, 1 Mace. xii. 9), which came from God and contain his words, Ro. i. 2. b. of persons whose services God employs; as for example, apostles, Eph. iii. 5 ; angels, 1 Th. iii. 13 ; Mt. xxv. 31 [Rec] ; Rev. xiv. 10 ; Jude 14; prophets, Acts iii. 21; Lk. i. 70, (Sap. xi. 1); (o<) 5y«oi (tov) 6cov SvOptmoi, 2 Pet. i. 21 [R G L Tr txt.]; worthies of the O. T. accepted by God for their piety, Mt. xxvii. 52 ; 1 Pet. iii. 5.          2. set apart for God,to be, as it were, exclusively his; foil, by a gen. or dat.: to Kvpla, Lk. ii. 23; tov 6eov (i. q. «'kX«t6s tov 6(ov) of Christ, Mk. i. 24; Lk. iv. 34, and ace. to the true reading in Jn. vi. 69, cf. x. 36 ; he is called also 6 ayios n-air tov deov, Acts iv. 80, and simply o Syios, 1 Jn. ii. 20. Just as the Israelites claimed for themselves the title oi ayi.oi, because God selected them from the other nations to lead a life acceptable to him and rejoice in his favor and protection (Dan. vii. 18, 22 ; 2 Esdr. viii. 28), so this appellation is very often in the N. T. transferred to Christians, as those whom God has selected cic tov Koa/iov (Jn. xvii. 14, 16), that under the influence of the Holy Spirit they may be rendered, through holiness,' partakers of salvation in the kingdom of God : 1 Pet. ii. 9 (Ex. xix. 6), cf. vs. 5 ; Acts ix. 13, 32, 41; xxvi. 10; Ro. i. 7; viii. 27; xii. 13; xvi. 15; 1 Co. vi. 1, 2; Phil. iv. 21 sq.; Col. i. 12; Heb. vi. 10; Jude 3 ; Rev. v. 8, etc.; [cf. B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Saints]. 3. of sacrifices and offerings; prepared for God with solemn rite, pure, clean, (opp. to duddapros) : 1 Co. vii. 14, (cf. Eph. v. 3) ; connected with S/juoftos, Eph. i. 4 ; v. 27 ; Col. i. 22; airapxn, Ro. xi. 16 ; dvaia, Ro. xii. 1. Hence 4. in a moral sense, pure, sinless, upright, holy : 1 Pet. i. 16 (Lev. xix. 2 ; xi. 44) ; 1 Co. vii. 34; Sikoios k. ayios, of John the Baptist, Mk. vi. 20 ; ayios k. SUaios, of Christ, Acts iii. 14; distinctively of him, Rev. iii. 7; vi. 10; of God pre-eminently, 1 Pet. i. 15; Jn. xvii. 11 ; Syiai dvaarpotpai, 2 Pet. iii. 11 ; vofios and ivToKfi, i. e. containing nothing exceptionable, Ro. vii. 12; {pikrjfia, such a kiss as is a sign of the purest love, 1 Th. v. 26 ; 1 Co. xvi. 20 ; 2 Co. xiii. 12 ; Ro. xvi. 16. On the phrase to ayiov nvevfia and to irvevpa to ayiov, see Trvcvua, 4 a. Cf. Diestel, Die Heiligkeit Gottes, in Jahrbb. f. deutsch. Theol. iv. p. 1 sqq.; [BaudissintStud. z. Semitisch. Religionsgesch. Heft ii. p. 3 sqq.; Delitzsch in Herzog ed. 2, v. 714 sqq.; esp.] Cremer, Worterbuch, 4te Aufl. p. 32 sqq. [trans, of 2d ed. p. 34 sqq.; Oehler in Herzog xix. 618 sqq.; Zezschwitz, Pro-fangracitat u. s. w. p. 15 sqq.; Trench § lxxxviii.; Campbell, Dissertations, diss. vi., pt. iv.; esp. Schmidt ch. 181].a7u5rt)s, -jjtos, fj, sanctity, in a moral sense; holiness: 2 Co. i. 12 L T Tr WE; Heb. xii. 10. (Besides only in 2 Mace. xv. 2; [cf. W. 25, and on words of this termination Lob. ad Phryn. p. 350].) *dyuta-ivr) [on the a> see reff. in dyaduwvt], init.], -ijt, ij, a word unknown to prof. auth. [B. 73 (64)]; 1. (God's incomparable) majesty, (joined to neyaXoirptmia, Ps. xcv. (xcvi.) 6, cf. cxliv. (cxlv.) 5) : nvtvfia &ytaaivijs a spirit to which belongs ayiao-vprj, not equiv. to n-iw/ia fiyiov, but the divine [?] spiritual nature in Christ as contrasted with his odpg, Ro. i. 4 ; cf. Riickert ad loc., and Zeller in his Theol. Jahrbb. for 1842, p. 486 sqq.; [yet cf. Mey. ad loc.; Gifford (in the Speaker's Com.). Most commentators (cf. e. g. Ellic. on Thess. as below) regard the word as uniformly and only signifying holiness]. 2. moral purity: 1 Th. iii. 13; 2 Co. vii. 1.*&YKdXi), -ijs, {), (ayKt), dyicas [fr. r. ak to bend, curve, cf. Lat. uncus, angulus, Eng. angle, etc.; cf. Curtius § 1; Vanicek p. 2 sq.]), the curve or inner angle of the arm: 8i£ao-0ai els ras dyica\as, Lk. ii. 28. The Greeks also said dyicas Xaftelv, iv dyKaXais irtpitpepctv, etc., see fvay KaXt^bjucu.   [(From Aeschyl. and Hdt. down.)] *AyKurrpov, -ov, to, (fr. an unused dyirifa to angle [see the preceding word]), a fish-hook: Mt. xvii. 27.*a-yxvpa, -as, q, [see ayuaXTj], an anchoi----[ancient anchors resembled modern in form: were of iron, provided with a stock, and with two teeth-like extremities often but by no means always without flukes; see Roschach in Daremberg and Saglio's Diet, des Antiq. (1873) p. 267; Guhl and Koner p. 258] : plirreiv to cast (Lat. jacere), Acts xxvii. 29 ; ixreivuv, vs. 30; mpiaipeiv, vs. 40. Figuratively, any slay or safeguard: as hope, Heb. vi. 19; Eur. Hec. 78 (80) ; Heliod. vii. p. 352 (350).*ayva^os, -ov, 6, ij, (ywBrTo) to dress or full cloth, cf. &p£ad)os), unmilled, unfulled,undressed: Mt.ix. 16^Mk; ^uTglT^Cf. Moeris s. v. aKvawrov; Thom. Mag. p. 12,14Tf*iyveta [WH dyvia (see I, t)], -ay, ^, (iyveito), purity, sinlessness of life : 1 Tim. iv. 12; v. 2. (Of a Nazirite, Num. vi. 2, 21.)    [From Soph. O. T. 864 down.] *d-yv(£<»; 1 aor. tjyviaa; pf. ptcp. act. i)yvu<a>s', pass. ijyKicr/xevoy; 1 aor.pass.iyyviV0ijj>[W. 252(237)]; (iyvos); to purify; 1. ceremonially: ijunrrov, Jo. xi. 55 (to cleanse themselves from levitical pollution by means of prayers, abstinence, washings, sacrifices); the pass, has a reflexive force, to take upon one's self a purification, Acts xxi. 24, 26; xxiv. 18 (T-tn, Num. vi. 8), and is used of Nazirites or those who had taken upon themselves a temp o r a r y   o r   a   l i f e - l o n g   v o w   t o   a b s t a i n   f r o m   w i n e   a n d   a l l   k i n d s   o f   i n t o x i c a t i n g   d r i n k ,   f r o m   e v e r y   d e f i l e m e n t   a n d   f r o m   s h a v i n g   t h e   h e a d   [ c f .   B B .   D D .   s .   v .   N a z a r i t e ] .   2 .   m o r a l l y :   r a s   x a p S i a t ,   J a s .   i v .   8 ;   T a s   V " > X " r >   *   ^ e t l   *  %  2 2 ;   i a v r a v ,   1   J n .   i i i .   3 .       ( S o p h . ,  Eur., Plut., aL)# 8aypavXea -ov, 6, purification, lustration, [Dion. Hal. 3, 22, i. p. 469,13; Plut. de defect, orac. 15]: Acts xxi. 26 (equiv. to "i.y, Num. vi. 5), Naziritic; see <tyw'£a>, 1.*fryvoca (rNO [cf. ytvaacneco]), -co, [impv. dyvoeka 1 Co. xiv. 38 R G Tr txt. WH mrg.]; impf. rjyvoow; 1 aor. r/yvor/tra; [Pass., pres. dyvooip&t, ptcp. ayvoovpcvos; fr. Horn, down]; a. to be ignorant, not to know: absol., 1 Tim. i. 13; two, ti, Acts xiii. 27 ; xvii. 23; Ro. x. 3; tv tivi (as in [Test. Jos. § 14] Fabricii Pseudepigr. ii. p. 717 [but the reading r/yvoovv e'jrt iracri rovrott is now given here; see Test. xii. Patr. ad fid. cod. Cant, etc., ed. Sinker, Cambr. 1869]), 2 Pet. ii. 12, unless one prefer to resolve the expression thus: tv tovtois, <$ dyvooia-i /SXaer-<t>ruiovvrfs,W. 629 (584), [cf.B. 287 (246jj ; foil, by 6Vt, Ro. ii. 4; vi. 3; vii. 1; 1 Co. xiv. 38 (where the antecedent clause ort ktA. is to be supplied again) ; ov 8i\a> vpas dyvotiv, a phrase often used by Paul, [an emphatic] scitote: foil, by an ace. of the obj., Ro. xi. 25; imp twos, on, 2 Co. i. 8; itcpi ruw, 1 Co. xii. 1; 1 Th. iv. 13; foil, by on, Ro. i. 13; 1 Co. x. 1; in the pass, dyvofhat 'he is not known' i. e. ace. to the context 'he is disregarded,'1 Co. xiv. 38 L T Tr mrg. WH txt.; dyuoovpevot (opp. to firiyivatrKopeuoi) men unknown, obscure, 2 Co. vi. 9; dyvoovpevot ran unknown to one, Gal. i. 22 ; owe dyvotiv to know very well, rt, 2 Co. ii. 11 (Sap. xii. 10).   b. not to understand: rt, Mk. ix. 32; Lk. ix. 45.    c. to err, sin through mistake, spoken mildly of those who are not high-handed or wilful transgressors (Sir. v. 15; 2 Mace. xi. 31) : Heb. v. 2, on which see DeUtzsch.*cvyvATipa, -ror, to, a sin, (strictly, that committed through ignorance or thoughtlessness [A. "V. error]): Heb. ix. 7 (1 Mace. xiii. 39; Tob. iii. 3; Sir. xxiii. 2); cf. dyvoia, c. [and Trench § lxvi.].*dvvoia, -as, f), [fr. Aeschyl. down], want of knowledge, ignorance, esp. of divine things: Acts xvii. 30; 1 Pet. i. 14; such as is inexcusable, Eph. iv. 18 (Sap. xiv. 22); of moral blindness, Acts iii. 17.    [Cf. dyvota>.~]*d-yvos, -q. -ov, (&£op.ai, see ayios) ; 1. exciting reverence, venerable, sacred: nip koI ij irrro&os, 2 Mace. xiii. 8; Eur. El. 812. 2. pure (Eur. Or. 1604 ayvbsyap tlju \eipas, aXK' ov ras (ppevas, Hipp. 316 sq. ayvas . . • \eipas aifiaros (pepeis, X*lPes /*** dyval, (ppljv 8' ?x" ju'ao>ta, ; a. pure from carnality, chaste, modest: Tit. ii. 5; napde vos an unsullied virgin, 2 Co. xi. 2 (4 Mace, xviii. 7). b. pure from every fault, immaculate : 2 Co. vii. 11; Phil. iv. 8 ; 1 Tim. v. 22; 1 Pet. iii. 2; 1 Jn. iii. 3 (of God [yet cf. ctcdvos: 1 b.]); Jas. iii. 17. (From Horn, down, i   [Cf. reff. s. v. ayms, fin.; Westc. on 1 Jn. iii. 3.]*eryv<5rr|s, -jjtos, tj, [ayvos], purity, uprightness of life :2  Co. vi. 6;   in  2 Co. xi. 3  some critical authorities add Kal ttjs dyvorijTos after &7rK6rr]Tos (so L Tr txt., but Tr mrg. TO br.), others read t^s ayvortjTos teal before tfarXor.    Found once in prof, auth., see Boeckh, Corp. Inscrr. i. p. 583 no. 1133 1. 15: cWaiocrvitjc tvticev teat iyvo-avvws, adv.,purely, with, sincerity: Phil. i. 16 (17).* d-yvexrla, -as, fj,   (yvaxns), want of knowledge, ignorance : 1 Pet. ii. 15: 1 Co. xv. 34, (Sap. xiii. 1).*fi-7v<«rrosi -ov, [fr. Horn.-down], unknown: Acts xvii. 23 [cf. B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Altar].*4-yopA, -as, {), (ayeipa, pf. ijyopa, to collect), [fr. Horn. down] ; 1. any collection of men, congregation, assembly. 2. place where assemblies are held; in the N. T. the forum or public place,—where trials are held, Actsxvi. 19; and the citizens resort, Acts xvii. 17; and commodities are exposed for sale, Mk. vii. 4 (dw* dyopds sc. cKdovrcs on returning from the market if they have not washed themselves they eat not; W. § 66, 2 d. note) ; accordingly, the most frequented part of a city or village : Mt. xi. 16, (Lk. vii. 32) ; Mk. vi. 56 ; Mt. xx. 3; xxiii. 7; Mk. xii. 38; [Lk. xi. 43]; xx. 46. [See B. D. Am. ed. s. v. Market.] *dyopcilu ; [impf. tjyopa^ou; fut. dyopdtra]; 1 aor. ijyo-patra; Pass., pf. ptcp. ifyopaapivos; 1 aor. rjyopda&rjv; (dyopd) ; 1. to frequent the market-place. 2. to buy (properly, in the market-place), [Arstph., Xen., al.]; used a. literally: absol., Mt. xxi. 12; Mk. xi. 15; Lk. xix. 45 [not G T Tr WH]; ti, Mt. xiii. 44, 46 ; xiv. 15 and parallel pass., Jn. iv. 8; vi. 5 ; with napa and gen. of the pers. fr. whom, Rev. iii. 18, [Sept., Polyb.]; e(c and gen. of price, Mt. xxvii. 7; simple gen. of price, Mk. vi. 87. b. figuratively: Christ is said to have purchased his disciples i^e^-H^ade them, as it were, his private property, {Xo^vi^^-Lthis is commonly understood of God; but cf. Jn. xvii. 9, 10]; 1 Co. vii. 23 (with gen. of price added; see n/tfi, 1); 2 Pet. ii. 1. He is also said to have bought them for God iv ryMTi airov, by shedding his blood, Rev. v. 9; they, too, are spoken of as purchased diro rijs "fys, Rev. xiv. 3, and dird t5>v dvdpimav, vs. 4, so that they are withdrawn from the earth (and its miseries) and from (wicked) men.    But dyopa£a> does not mean r e d e e m   ( e t - a y o p d f a ) ,   %  a s   i s   c o m m o n l y   B a i d .         [ C o m p .   :   * £ - a y o p d £ a . ~ \  d - y o ' p a t o s   ( r a r e l y   - a m ) ,   - a t e w ,   ( d y o p d ) ,   r e l a t i n g   t o   t h e   m a r k e t - p l a c e ;   1 .   f r e q u e n t i n g   t h e   m a r k e t - p l a c e ,   ( e i t h e r   t r a n s a c t i n g   b u s i n e s s ,   a s   t h e   K a i r r j X o t ,   o r )   s a u n t e r i n g   i d l y ,   ( L a t .   s u b r o s t ranus, subbasilicanus, Germ. Pflastertreter, our loafer) : Acts xvii. 5, (Plat. Prot. 347 c. dyopawi xal tpaiXoi, Arstph. ran. 1015, al.). 2.' of affairs usually transacted in the market-place: dyopa'ioi (sc. tnupai [W. 590 (549)] or cvvohoi [Mey. et al.]) ayovrai, judicial days or assemblies, [A. V. mrg. court-days'], Acts xix. 38 (ras dyopaiovs nwier&u, Strabo 13, p. 982), but many think we ought to read dyopawi here, so G L cf. W. 53 (52); but see [Alf. and Tdf. ad loc.; Lipsius, Gram. Untersuch. p. 26;] Meyer on Acts xvii. 5; Gottling p. 297; [Chandler ed. 1 p. 269].*cvypa, -as, q, [ayw]; 1. a catching, hunting: Lk. v. 4. 2. the thing caught: fj ay pa rav l^Ovav 'the catch or haul of fish' i. e. the fishes taken [A. V. draught], Lk. v. 9.*cV-ypA|i|iaTOs, -ov, [ypafi/M], illiterate, without learning: Acts iv. 13 (i. e. unversed in the learning of the Jewish schools ; cf. Jn. vii. 15 ypafifiara pf/ p.tpa&r)Ka>s)*d-yp-avXe'o, -dj to be an aypavXos (dypos, ai\ij), i. e. to live in the fields, be vtnder the open sky, even by night: Lk. ii. 8, (Strabo p. 301 a.; Plut. Num. 4).*aypevco                                                               9iyptio: 1 aor. rjyptwra; (Sypa); to catch (properly, wild animals, fishes): fig., Mk. xii. 18 tm clvtov dypevo-ao-i \6ytp in order to entrap him by some inconsiderate remark elicited from him in conversation, cf. Lk. xx. 20. (In Anthol. it often denotes to ensnare in the toils of love, captivate; cf. nayi&eva, Mt. xxii. 15; crayrjveva, Lcian. Tim. 25.) *&ypi-cX.<uo $ ,   - o k ,   ( a y p i o s   a n d   e k c u o s   o r   c \ a i a ,   l i k e   a y p i a / i - n t \ o s ) ;   1 .   o f   o r   b e l o n g i n g   t o   t h e   o l e a s t e r ,   o r   w i l d   o l i v e ,    %  ( t n c v r d X ^ v   d y p t e X a i o v ,   A n t h o l .   9 ,   2 3 7 ,   4 ;   [ c f .   L o b .   P a r a - l i p ,   p .   3 7 6 ] ) ;   s p o k e n   o f   a   s c i o n ,   K o .   x i .   1 7 .   2 .   A s   s u b s t .   1 7   a y p u k t u o s   t h e   o l e a s t e r ,   t he wild olive, (opp. to KaWUXaios [cf. Aristot. plant. 1, 6]), also called by the Greeks kotlvos, Ro. xi. 24 ; cf. Fritzsche on Rom. voL ii. 495 sqq. [See B. D. s. v. Olive, and Tristram, Nat. Hist, of the Bible, s. v. Olive. The latter says, p. 377, ' the wild olive must not be confounded with the Oleaster or Oil-tree '.]*ovpios, -a, -ov, (dypis), [fr. Horn, down] ; 1. living or growing in the fields or the woods, used of animals in a state of nature, and of plants which grow without culture: fte\t aypiov wild honey, either that which is deposited by bees in hollow trees, clefts of rocks, on the bare ground (1 S. xiv. 25 [cf. vs. 26]), etc., or more correctly that which distils from certain trees, and is gathered when it has become hard, (Diod. Sic. 19, 94 fin. speaking of the Nabathaean Arabians says <pverai nap' airrols /*«Xi jroXi ro Kakavptvov aypiov, <u xpavrai irora luff vSaros; cf. Suid. andesp. Suicer s. v. dxpls): Mt. iii. 4; Mk. i. 6.         2. fierce, untamed: ni/tara 6a\do-oyjt,Jude 13 (Sap. xiv.l).*'Aypfanras, -a (respecting this gen. see W. § 8, 1 p. 60 (59); B. 20 (18)), 6, see 'Hpi>St]s, (3 and) 4.&yp6?, -oC, 6, [fr. 3.ya>; prop, a drove or driving-place, then, pasturage; cf. Lat. ager, Germ. Acker, Eng. acre; Fick, Pt. i. p. 8];          a. a field, the country: Mt. vi. 28;xxiv. 18; Lk. xv. 15; [Mk. xi. 8 T Tr WH], etc.         b.i. q. Xctyn'ov, a piece ofland, bit oftillage: Actsiv.37; Mk x. 29 ; Mt. xiii. 24, 27, etc. c. ol aypol the farms, country-seats, neighboring hamlets: Mk. v. 14 (opp. to ttoKis) ; vi. 36 ; Lk. ix. 12.   [(From Horn, on.)]dypvirvc'w, -S>; (aypvirvos equiv. to Svnvos); to be sleepless, keep awake, watch, (i. q. yptryopea [see below]) ; [fr. Theognis down] ; trop. to be circumspect, attentive, ready : Mk. xiii. 33; Lk. xxi. 36 ; ets n, to be intent upon a thing, Eph. vi. 18; xnrep twos, to exercise constant vigilance over something (an image drawn from shepherds), Heb. xiii. 17. [Syn. dypvnvetv, ypijyo-pelv, VT/<peiv: "dypvirveiv may be taken to express simply .. . absence of sleep, and, pointedly, the absence of it when due to nature, and thence a wakeful frame of mind as opposed to listlessness; while yprryopeiv (the offspring of eypffyopa) represents a waking state as the effect of some arousing effort... i. e. a more stirring image than the former. The group of synonyms is completed by vrj<peiv, which signifies a state untouched by any slumberous or beclouding influences, and thence, •Hie that is guarded against advances of drowsiness ordryeebewilderment. Thus it becomes a term for wariness (cf. vaxpt Kal pe'nvtur' dmoreiv) against spiritual dangers and beguilements, 1 Pet, v. 8, etc." Green, Crit. Notes on the N. T. (note on Mk. xiii. 38 sq.).]*&YpvirvCa, -at, 17, sleeplessness, watching: 2 Co. vi. 5 ; xi. 27.   [From Hdt. down.]*d-ycn ; impf. f/yov, fut. 8£a; 2 aor. ijyayov, inf. dyayelv, (more rarely 1 aor. ?£a, in irraya 2 Pet. ii. 5); Pass., pres. Ayo/juu; impf. nyop.rjv; 1 aor. faV; 1 fut. 0**7-o-ofiai; [fr. Horn, down]; to drive, lead. 1. properly [A. V. ordinarily, to bring]; a. to lead by laying hold of, and in this way to bring to the point of destination : of an animal, Mt. xxi. 7; Lk. xix. 85 ; Mk. xi. 7 (T Tr WH <pepov<nv) ; [Lk. xix. 80]; nva foil, by els with ace. of place, Lk. iv. 9 [al. refer this to 2 c.]; x. 34; (ijyayov k- elaffyayov els, Lk. xxii. 54); Jn. xviii. 28; Acts vi. 12; ix. 2; xvii. 5 [R G]; xxi. 34; xxii. 5, 24 Rec.; xxiii. 10, 31; fai with ace, Acts xvii. 19; ear, Lk. iv. 29; np6s riva, to persons, Lk. [iv. 40]; xviii. 40; Acts ix. 27; Jn. viii. 8 [Rec.]. b. to lead by accompanying to (into) any place: els, Acts xi. 26 (25); eas, Acts xvii. 15; irp6s Ttva, to persons, Jn. i. 42 (43) ; ix. 13; Acts xxiii. 18; foil, by dat. of pers. to whom, Acts xxi. 16 on which see W. 214 (201) at length, [cf. B. 284 (244)], (1 Mace. vii. 2 &yuv avrovs air if). c. to lead with one's self, attach to one's self as an attendant : nvd, 2 Tim. iv. 11; 1 Th. iv. 14, (Joseph, antt. 10, 9, 6 djrrjpey els Tr/v Aiyunroi' ayav leal 'lepeplav). Some refer Acts xxi. 16 to this head, resolving it ayovres Mvdo-twa nap' $ gepurdwfiev, but incorrectly, see W. [and B.] as above. d. to conduct, bring: nvd, [Lk. xix. 27]; Jn. vii. 45; [xix. 4, 13]; Acts v. 21, 26, [27]; xix. 87; xx. 12; xxv. 6, 23; na\ov, Mk. xi. 2 (where T Tr WH (pepere) ; [Lk. xix. 80, see a. above]; n-a rivi or n run, Mt. xxi. 2 ; Acts xiii. 23 G L T Tr WH. e. to cead away, to a court of justice, magistrate, etc.: simply, Mk. xiii. 11; [Acts xxv- 17] ; em with ace, Mt. x. 18; Lk. xxi. 12 (T Tr WH dnayofievovs); [Lk. xxiii. 1]; Acts [ix. 21]; xviii. 12; (often in Attic) ; \np6s with ace, Jn. xviii. 13 LTTrWH]; to punishment: simply (2 Mace vi. 29; vii. 18, etc.), Jn. xix. 16 Grsb. (R km dnfjyayov, which L T Tr WH have expunged); with telic inf., Lk. xxiii. 82; [foil, by "va, Mk. xv. 20 Lchm.]; iiA a<^ayr)v, Acts viii. 32, (erii 6avarq, Xen. mem. 4, 4, 3 ; an. 1, 6,10). 2. tropically; a. to lead, guide, direct: Jn. x. 16; els perdvowv, Ro. ii. 4. b. to lead through, conduct, to something, become the author of good or of evil to some one : els 86£av, Heb. ii. 10, (els [al. eVi] KoKoKayaOLav, Xen. mem. 1, 6, 14; els Sov\eiav, Dem. p. 213, 28). o. to move, impel, of forces and influences affecting the mind: Lk. iv. 1 (where read ev tji epffiiuf [with L txt. T Tr WH]); nveipari deov Syto-dai, Ro. viii. 14; Gal. v. 18; emBviuais, 2 Tim. iii. 6; simply, urged on by blind impulse, 1 Co. xii. 2 — unless impelled by Satan's influence be preferable, cf. 1 Co. x. 20; Eph. ii. 2; [B. 383 (328) sq.]. 3. to pass a day, keep or celebrate a feast, etc.: rpirrjv t)pipav ayei sc. 6 ijA, Lk. xxiv. 21 [others (see Meyer) supply mrros10or 6 'Irjo-ovs; still others take Syti as impers., one passes, Vulg. tertia dies est; see B. 184 (118)] ; yeveo-iwv dyopk-vuv, Mt. xiv. 6B6; dyopaioi (q. v. 2), Acts xix. 38; often in the O. T. Apocr. (cf. Wahl, Clavis Apocr. s, v. Sya, 3), in Hdt. and Attic -writ. 4. interns, to go, depart, (W. § 38, 1, p. 251 (236) ; [B. 144T(T2T0JIjggS!Eta uijo, Mt. xxvi. 46; Mk. xiv. 42-; Jn. xiv. 81 ;   n - p o s   n v a ,   J n .   x i .   1 5 ;   t t s   w i t h   a c e .   o f   p l a c e ,   M k .   i .   3 8 ;   J n .   x i .   7 ,   ( E p i c t .   d i s s .   3 ,   2 2 ,   5 5   S y u p e v   e V i   t o ~ v   d v O v n a T o v )   ;   [ f o i l ,   b y   t r a ,   J n .   x i .   1 6 .   C o m p .   :   d v - ,   i n - a v - ,   a i r - ,   < r v v - a r r - ,   8 i - ,   c i V - ,   7 r a p - e t o * - ,   « £ - ,   ¬ 7 r - .   k i t - ,   ^ x e r -   7 r a p - ,   i r e p t - - ,   i r p o - ,   n p O G - ,   a w .   f i n - o v v - ,   v w a y a .         S y n .   c f .   S c h m i d t   c h .   1 0 5 . ] *  & - y a > y f j ,   - i j r ,   1 7 ,   ( f r .   a y c o ,   l i k e   e ' 8 w 8 j j   f r .   ? 8 o > ) ;   1 .   p r o p  e r l y ,   a   l e a d i n g .   2 .   f i g u r a t i v e l y ,   a .   t r a n s ,   o   c o n d u c t  i n g ,   t r a i n i n g ,   e d u c a t i o n ,   d i s c i p l i n e .   b .   i n t r a n s .   t h e   l i f e   l e d ,   w a y   o r   c o u r s e  of life (a use which arose from the fuller expression dyarfy tov |3i'ou, in Polyb. 4, 74,1.4; cf. Germ. Lebensfuhrung) : 2 Tim. iii. 10 [R. V. conduct], (Esth. ii." 20 ; 2 Mace. iv. 16; fj e» Xpurrcp dyayfi, Clem. Rom. 1 Cor. 47, 6; dyvrj dyoayfj, ibid. 48, 1). Often in prof. auth. in all these senses.*,dfciv, -avos, 6, (3yo>); 1. a place of assembly (Horn. H. 7, 298; 18, 376); spec, the place in which the Greeks assembled to celebrate solemn games (as the Pythian, the Olympian) ; hence 2. a contest, of athletes, runners, charioteers. In a fig. sense, a. in the phrase (used by the Greeks, see rpe^co, b.) rpexeu> Tov ay&va, Heb. xii. 1, that is to say 'Amid all hindrances let us exert ourselves to the utmost to attain to the goal of perfection set before the followers of Christ'; any struggle with dangers, annoyances, obstacles, standing in the way of faith, holiness, and a desire to spread the gospel: 1 Th. Jl. 2 ; Phil. i. 30; 1 Tim. vi. 12 ; 2 Tim. iv. 7.          b. intense solicitude, anxiety: nepi nvos, Col.ii. 1 [cf. Enr. Ph. 1350; Polyb. 4, 56,4]. On the ethical use of figures borrowed from the Greek Games cf. Grimm on Sap. iv. 1; \_Howson, Metaphors of St. Paul, Essay iv.; Conyb. and Hows. Life and Epp. of St. Paul, ch. xx.; Me. and S. iii. 733" sq.; BB.DD. s. v. Games].*d-yovta, -ay, fj; 1. i. q. dyav, which see. 2. It is often used, from Dem. (on the Crown p. 236, 19 ?jv 8 $iAnr7ror iv (pofla itai iroXkrj aycovla) down, of severe mental struggles and emotions, agony, anguish: Lk. xxii. 44 [L br. W H   r e j e c t   t h e   p a s s . ] ;   ( 2   M a c e .   i i i .   1 4 ,   1 6   ;   x v .   1 9   ;   J o s e p h ,   a n t t .   1 1 ,   8 , 4   6   d p x i t p t v s   ? j v   i v   a y w v i q   m t   & « )  %        [ C f -   F i e l d ,   O t i u m   N o r v .   i i i .   o n   L k .   1 .   c ]   *  & - y u v ( £ o | M U ;   i m p f .   r f y a v i ^ o p j q v ;   p f .   r j y a v u r p a i ;   a d e p o n .   m i d .   v e r b   [ c f .   W .   2 6 0   ( 2 4 4 ) ] ;   ( d y a v )   ;   1 .   to enter a contest; contend in the gymnastic games: 1 Co. ix. 25. 2. univ. to contend with adversaries, fight: foil; by tva y.{), Jn. xviii. 36. 3. fig. to contend, struggle, with difficulties and dangers antagonistic to the gospel: CoL i. 29; 1 Tim. iv. 10 (L T Tr txt. WH txt.; for Rec. 6vubi^6fie6a) ; ayavigofiai dyava (often used by the Greeks also, esp. the Attic), 1 Tim. vi. 12; 2 Tim. iv. 7. 4. to endeavor with strenuous zeal, strive, to obtain something; foil, by an inf., Lk. xiii. 24 ; \mip nvos tv raisis, 'va, Col. iv. 12.    [Comp. : can-, in-, tear-,vayavL{oiuuy'A8A|i, indecl. prop, name (but in Joseph.'Aba/uts, -ov), D1S (i. e. ace. to Philo, de leg. alleg. i. 29, Opp. i. p. 62 ed. Mang., y^W; ace. to Euseb. Prep. Ev. vii. 8 yrjyfvtit; ace. to Joseph, antt. 1,1, 2 irvppos, with which Gesenius agrees, see his Thesaur. i. p. 25) ; 1. Adam, the first man and the parent of the whole human race: Lk. iii. 88; Ro. v. 14; 1 Co. xv. 22, 45; 1 Tim. ii. 18 sq.; Jude 14. In accordance with the Rabbinic distinction between the former Adam (j^SOn Dl«), the first man, the author of ' all our woe,' and the latter Adam (I'HFISn O"1X), the Messiah, the redeemer, in 1 Co. xv. 45 Jesus Christ is called 6 foyaTos 'ASa/i (see t<rxoros, 1) and contrasted with 6 np&ros avdpomos; Ro. v. 14 6 fieKKwv sc. 'A8dfu [2. one of the ancestors of Jesus: Lk. iii. 88 WH mrg. (cf. 'AVfr).]*&S&iravos, -ov, (ficmdvrj), without expense, requiring no outlay: 1 Co. ix. 18 (Tva dbanavov 6tjo-<o t6 dayyeXtov 'that I may make Christian instruction gratuitous').*'A88C or 'A88« T Tr WH [see WH. App. p. 155, and s.v.ci,i],6, the indecl. prop, name of one of the ancestors of Christ: Lk. iii. 28.*A8eX.<H, -i}*> V> (see d5e\<p6i), [fr. Aeschyl. down], sifter; 1. a,full, own sister (i.e. by birth) : Mt. xix. 29; Lk. x. 39 sq.; Jn. xi. 1, 8, 5; xix. 25; Ro. xvi. 15, etc.; respecting the sisters of Christ, mentioned in Mt. xiii. 56 ; Mk. vi. 3, see d$f~K(p6s, 1. 2. one connected by the tie of the Christian religion: 1 Co. vii. 15; ix. 5; Philem. 2 L T Tr WH; Jas. ii. 15 ; with a subj. gen., a Christian woman especially dear to one, Ro. xvi. 1.&.8e\<|><Ss, -ov, 6, (fr. a copulative and Se\<pis, from the same womb; cf. dydarap), [fr. Horn, down]; X. a brother (whether born of the same two parents, or only of the same father or the same mother): Mt. i. 2; iv. 18, and often. That ' the brethren of Jesus,' Mt. xii. 46, 47 [but WH only in mrg.]; xiii. 55 sq.; Mk. vi. G (in the last two passages also sisters); Lk. viii. 19 s".; Jn. ii. 12; vii. 3; Acts i. 14; Gal. i. 19; 1 Co. ix. 5, are neither sons of Joseph by a wife married before Mary (which is the account in the Apocryphal Gospels [c£ Thilo, Cod. Apocr. N. T. i. 362 sq.]), nor cousins, the children of Alphseus or Cleophas [i. e. Clopas] :md Mary a sister of the mother of Jesus (the current opinion among the doctors of the church since Jerome and Augustine [cf. Bp. Lghtft. Com. on Gal., diss. ii.]\ according to that use of language by which dbek<p6s like the Hebr. nsj denotes any blood-relation or kinsman (Gen. xiv. 16 ;1 S. xx. 29; 2 K. x. 13; 1 Chr. xxiii. 1\ etc.), but own brothers, born after Jesus, is clear principally from Mt. i. 25 [only in R G]; Lk. ii. 7—where, had Mary borne no other children after Jesus, instead of vlbv irparr&roKov, the expression viov itovoyevri would have been used, as well as from Acts i. 14, cf. Jn. vii. 5, where the Lord's brethren are distinguished from the apostles. See further on this point under 'iaKoo/Sot, 8. [Cf. B. D. s. v. Brother; Andrews, Life of our Lord, pp. 104-116; Bib. Sacr.for 1864,pp. 855-869; for 186911pp. 745-758; Laurent, N. T. Studien pp. 158-193; Mc-Clellan, note on Mt. xiii. 55.] 2. according to a Hebr. use of nK (Ex. ii.' 11; iv. 18, etc.), hardly to be met with in prof, auth., having the same national ancestor, belonging to the same people, countryman; so the Jews (as the o-isippa 'A^paafi, viol 'io-pa^X, cf. Acts xiii. 26; [in Deut. xv. 8 opp. to 6 dXXorpios, cf. xvii. 15; xv. 12; Philo de septen. § 9 init.]) are called d8cX(poi: Mt. v. 47; Acts iii. 22 (Deut. xviii. 15) ; vii. 23; xxii. 5; xxviii. 15, 21; Ro. ix. 8; in address, Acts ii. 29 ; iii. 17; xxiii. 1; Heb. vii. 5. 3. just as in Lev. xix. 17 the word nN is used interchangeably with ;n (but, as vss. 16,18 show, in speaking of Israelites), bo in the savings of Christ, Mt. v. 22, 24; vii. 8 sqq., a8ek(pos is used for 6 ttXijo-ioj' to denote (as appears from Lk. x. 29 sqq.) any fellow-man, — as having one and the same father with others, viz. God (Heb; ii. 11), and as descended from the same first ancestor (Acts xvii. 26); cf. Epict. diss. 1,13, 3. 4. a fellow-believer, united to another b% tfaim&ii&ggjecfien;, so mort frequently qf  BS        !*» M *»» but a single family:Mt. xxiii. 8 ; Jn. xxi. 23 ; Acts vi. 3 [Lehm. om.]; ix. 30; xi. 1; Gal. i. 2; 1 Co. v. 11; P,hil. i. 14, etc.; in courteous address, Ro. i. 13 ; vii. 1;                                                                                                                                                                        % %, %   C o . _ ^ L   1 0 ;   1   J n .   i i .   7   R e c ,   a n d   o f t e n   e l s e w h e r e ;   y e t   i n   t h e   p h r a s e o l o g y   o f   J o h n   i t   h a s   r e f e r e n c e   t o   t h e   n e w   l i f e   u n t o   w h i c h   m e n   a r e   b e g o t t e n   a g a i n   b y   t h e   e f f i c i e n c y   o f   a   c o m m o n   f a t h e r ,   e v e n   G o d :   1   J n .   i i .   9   s q q . ;   i i i .   1 0 ,   1 4 ,   e t c . ,   c f .   v .   1 .   5 .   a n   a s s ociate in employment or office: 1 Co. i. 1; 2 Co. i. 1; ii. 13 (12); Eph. vi. 21; Col. i. 1. 6. brethren of Christ is used of, a. his brothers by blood; see 1 above, b. all men: Mt. xxv. 40 [Lchm. br.] ; Heb. ii. 11 sq. [al. refer these exx. to d.] o. apostles: Mt. xxviii. 10: Jn. xx. 17. d. Christians, as those who are destined to be exalted to the same heavenly 8o£a (q. v III. 4 b.) which he enjoys: Ro. viii. 29.aSeX^nis, -ip-os, )), brotherhood; the abstract for the concrete, a band of brothers i. e. of Christians, Christian brethren : 1 Pet. ii. 17; v. 9. (1 Mace. xii. 10, 17, the connection of allied nations; 4 Mace. ix. 23; x. 3, the connection of brothers; Dio Chrys. ii. 137 [ed. Reiske]; often in eccl. writ.) *o-St)Xos, -ov, (8i)Xos), not manifest: Lk. xi. 44; indistinct, uncertain, obscure: <p<ovrj, 1 Co. xiv. 8. (In Grk. auth. fr. Hes. down.) [Cf. 8f)Xos, fin.; Schmidt ch. 130.] *&&i)\6n)$, titos, fj, uncertainty: 1 Tim. vi. 17 jtXoutov u&jXotjjti equiv. to 7rXoui-<p d8qX<p, cf. W. § 34, 3 a. [Polyb., Dion. Hal., Philo.]*dS^Xus, adv., uncertainly: 1 Co. ix. 26 ovtio Tp4x">t us ovk aSrjXas i. e. not uncertain whither; cf. Mey. ad loc.   [(Thuc, al.)] *&8T)|M>vca>, -a>; (fr. the unused dfSyixow, and this fr. a priv. and 8ij/xoc; accordingly uncomfortable, as not at home, cf. Germ, unheimisch, unheimlich; cf. Bttm. Lexil. ii. 136 [Fishlake's trans, p. 29 sq. But Lob. (Pathol. Proleg. p. 238, cf. p. 160) et al. connect it with aSruuov, dSrjo-ai; see Bp. Lghtft. on Phil. ii. 26]) ; to be troubled, distressed:  Mt. xxvi. 87 ;   Mk. xiv. 33;  Phil. ii. 26. °s> and often m(Xen. Hell. 4, 4, 3 d8?)jK>vfj(rai ras prof, auth.)*'AiStp, £8ijs, -ov, 6, (for the older 'Ai8»js, which Horn. uses, and this fr. a priv. and tSetw, not to be seen, [cf. Lob. Path. Element, ii. 6 sq.]); in the classics 1. a prop, name, Hades, Pluto, the god of the lower regions; so in Horn, always. 2. an appellati