An Apology for the True Christian Divinity: Being an Explanation and Vindication of the Principles and Doctrines of the People Called Quakers

PROPOSITION XV.

Concerning Salutations and Recreations, &c.

¹²⁷³¹²⁷³ Eph. v. 11. 1. Pet. i. 14. John v. 44. Jer. x. 3. Acts x. 26 Mat. xv. 13. Col. ii. 8. Seeing the chief end of all religion is to redeem men from the spirit and vain conversation of this world and to lead into inward communion with God, before whom if we fear always we are accounted happy; therefore all the vain customs and habits thereof, both in word and deed, are to be rejected and forsaken by those who come to this fear; such as taking off the hat to a man, the bowings and cringings of the body, and such other salutations of that kind, with all the foolish and superstitious formalities attending them; all which man hath invented in his degenerate state, to feed his pride in the vain pomp and glory of this world: as also the unprofitable plays, frivolous recreations, sportings, and gamings, which are invented to pass away the precious time, and divert the mind from the witness of God in the heart, and from the living sense of his fear, and from that evangelical Spirit wherewith Christians ought to be leavened, and which leads into sobriety, gravity, and godly fear; in which as we abide, the blessing of the Lord is felt to attend us in those actions in which we are necessarily engaged, in order to the taking care for the sustenance of the outward man.

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§. I. Having hitherto treated of the principles of religion, both relating to doctrine and worship, I am now to speak of some practices which have been the product of these principles, in those witnesses whom God hath raised up in this day to testify for his truth. It will not a little commend them, I suppose, in the judgment of sober and judicious men, that taking them generally, even by the confession of their adversaries, they are found to be free of those abominations which abound among other professors, such as are swearing, drunkenness, whoredom, riotousness, &c. and that generally the very coming among this people doth naturally work such a change, so that many vicious and profane persons have been known, by coming to this truth, to become sober and virtuous; and many light, vain, and wanton ones to become grave and serious, as our adversaries dare not deny: ¹²⁷⁴¹²⁷⁴ After this manner the Papists used to disapprove the sobriety of the Waldenses, of whom Reinerus, a Popish author, so writeth. But this Sect of the Leonists hath a great show of truth; for that they live righteously before men, and believe all things well of God, and all the articles which are contained in the Creed; only they blaspheme and hate the church of Rome." Yet that they may not want something to detract us for, cease not to accuse us for those things, which, when found among themselves, they highly commend; thus our gravity they call sullenness; our seriousness, melancholy; our silence, sottishness. Such have been vicious and profane among them, but by coming to us have left off those evils, lest they should commend the truth of our profession, they say, that whereas they were profane before, they are become worse, in being hypocritical and spiritually proud. If any before dissolute and profane among them, by coming to the truth with us, become frugal and diligent, then they will charge them with covetousness: and if any eminent among them for seriousness, piety, and discoveries of God, come unto us,514then they will say, they were always subject to melancholy and to enthusiasm; though before, when among them, it was esteemed neither melancholy nor enthusiasm in an evil sense, but Christian gravity and divine revelation. Our boldness and Christian sufering they call obstinacy and pertinacy; though half as much, if among themselves, they would account Christian courage and nobility. And though thus by their envy they strive to read all relating to us backwards, counting those things vices in us, which in themselves they would extol as virtues, yet hath the strength of truth extorted this confession often from them, That we are generally a pure and clean people, as to the outward conversation.

But this, they say, is but in policy to commend our heresy.

But such policy it is, say I, as Christ and his apostles made use of, and all good Christians ought to do; yea, so far hath truth prevailed by the purity of its followers, that if one that is called a Quaker do but that which is common among them, as to laugh and be wanton, speak at large, and keep not his word punctually, or be overtaken with hastiness or anger, they presently say, O this is against your profession! As if indeed so to do were very consistent with theirs; wherein though they speak the truth, yet they give away their cause. But if they can find any under our name in any of those evils common among themselves, (as who can imagine but among so many thousands there will be some chaff; since of twelve apostles one was found to be a devil,) O how will they insult, and make more noise of the escape of one Quaker, than of an hundred among themselves!

§. II. But there are some singular things, which most of all our adversaries plead for the lawfulness of, and allow themselves in, as no ways inconsistent with the Christian religion, which we have found to be no ways lawful unto us, and 515have been commanded of the Lord to lay them aside; though the doing thereof hath occasioned no small sufferings and buffetings, and hath procured us much hatred and malice from the world. And because the nature of these things is such, that they do upon the very sight distinguish us, and make us known, so that we cannot hide ourselves from any, without proving unfaithful to our testimony; our trials and exercises have herethrough proved the more numerous and difficult, as will after appear. These I have laboured briefly to comprehend in this proposition; but they may more largely be exhibited in these six following propositions.

I. That it is not lawful to give to men such flattering ¹²⁷⁵¹²⁷⁵Flattering titles. titles, as Your Holiness, Your Majesty, Your Eminency, Your Excellency, Your Grace, Your Lordship, Your Honour, &c. nor use those flattering words, commonly called [Compliments.]

II. That it is not lawful for Christians to kneel, or ¹²⁷⁶¹²⁷⁶Hat and knee. prostrate themselves to any man, or to bow the body, or to uncover the head to them.

III. That it is not lawful for Christians to use superfluities ¹²⁷⁷¹²⁷⁷Apparel. in apparel, as are of no use save for ornament and vanity.

IV. That it is not lawful to use games, sports. plays, ¹²⁷⁸¹²⁷⁸Gaming. nor among other things comedies among Christians, under the notion of recreations, which do not agree with Christian silence, gravity, and sobriety: for loughing, sporting, gaming, mocking, jesting, vain talking, &c. is not Christian liberty, nor harmless mirth.

V. That it is not lawful for Christians to swear at ¹²⁷⁹¹²⁷⁹Swearing. all under the gospel, not only not vainly, and in their common discourse, which was also forbidden under the Mosaical law, but even not in judgement before the magistrate.

VI. That it is not lawful for Christians to resist evil, ¹²⁸⁰¹²⁸⁰Fighting. or to war or fight in any case.

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¹²⁸¹¹²⁸¹Degrees of dignity & precedency allowed. Before I enter upon a particular disquisition of these things, I shall first premise some general considerations, to prevnt all mistakes; and next add some general considerations, which equally respect all of them. I would not have any judge, that hereby we intend to destroy the mutual relation that either is betwixt prince and people, master and servants, parents and children; nay, not at all; we shall evidence, that our principle in these things hath no such tendency, and that these natural relations are rather better established, than any ways hurt by it. Next, Let not any judge, that from our opinion in these things, any necessity of levelling will follow, or that all men must have things in common. Our principle leaves every man to enjoy that peaceably, which either his own industry, or his parents, have purchased to him; only he is thereby instructed to use it aright, both for his own good, and that of his brethren; and all to the glory of God: in which also his acts are to be voluntary, and no ways constrained. And further, we say not hereby, that no man may use the creation more or less than another: for we know, that as it hath pleased God to dispense it diversely, giving to some more, and some less, so they may use it ¹²⁸²¹²⁸²Education differs accordingly. accordingly. The several conditions, under which men are diversely stated, together with their educations answering thereunto, do sufficiently show this: the servant is not the same way educated as the master; nor the tenant as the landlord; nor the rich as the poor; nor the prince as the peasant. Now, though it be not lawful for any, however great abundance they may have, or whatever their education may be, to use that which is merely superfluous; yet seeing their education has accustomed them thereunto, and their capacity enables them so to do, without being profuse or extravagant, they may use things better in their kind, than such whose education hath neither accustomed them to such 517things, nor their capacity will reach to compass them. For it is beyond question, that whatever ¹²⁸³¹²⁸³The lawful or unlawful use of the creation. thing the creation affords is for the use of man, and the moderate use of them is lawful, yet, per accidens, they may be unlawful to some, and not to others. As for instance, he that by reason of his estate and education hath been used to eat flesh and drink wine, and to be clothed with the finest wool, if his estate will bear it, and he use it neither in superfluity, nor immoderately, he may do it; and perhaps, if he should apply himself to feed, or be clothed as are the peasants, it might prejudice the health of his body, and nothing advance his soul. But if a man, whose estate and education had accustomed him to both coarser food and raiment, should stretch himself beyond what he had, or were used to, to the manifest prejudice of his family and children, no doubt it would be unlawful to him, even so to eat or be clothed as another, in whom it is lawful; for that the other may be as much mortified, and have denied himself as much in coming down to that, which this aspires to, as he, in willing to be like him, aspires beyond what he either is able, or hath accustomed to do. The safe place then is, for such as have fulness, to watch over themselves, that they use it moderately, and rescind all superfluities; being willing, as far as ¹²⁸⁴¹²⁸⁴The rich to help the poor. they can, to help the need of those to whom Providence hath allotted a smaller allowance. Let the brother of high degree rejoice, in that he is abased; and such as God calls in a low degree, be content with their condition, not envying those brethren who have greater abundance, knowing they have received abundance, as to the inward man; which is chiefly to be regarded. And therefore beware of such a temptation, as to use their calling as an engine to be richer, knowing, they have this advantage beyond the rich and and noble that are called, that the truth doth not any ways abase them, nay, not in the518esteem of the world, as it doth in the other; but that they are rather exalted thereby, in that as to the inward and spiritual fellowship of the saints, they become the brethren and companions of the greatest and richest; and in this respect, Let him of low degree rejoice that he is exalted.

These things premised, I would seriously propose unto all such, as choose to be Christians indeed, and that in nature, and not in name only, whether it were not desirable, and would not greatly contribute to the commendation of Christianity, and to the increase of the life and virtue of Christ, if all superfluous titles of honour, profuseness and prodigality in meat and apparel, gaming, sporting, and playing, were laid aside and forborne? And whether such as lay them aside, in so doing, walk not more like the disciples of Christ and his apostles, and are therein nearer their example, than such as use them? Whether the laying them aside would hinder any from being good Christians? Or if Christians might not be better without them, than with them? Certainly the sober and serious among all sorts will say, Yea. Then surely such as lay them aside, as reckoning them unsuitable for Christians, are not to be blamed, but rather commended for so doing: because that in principle and practice they effectually advance that, which others acknowledge were desirable, but can never make effectual, so long as they allow the use of them as lawful. And God hath made it manifest in this age, that by discovering the evil of such things, and leading his witnesses out of them, and to testify against them, he hath produced effectually in many that mortification and abstraction from the love and cares of this world, who daily are conversing in the world (but inwardly redeemed out of it) both in wedlock, and in their lawful employments, which was judged could only be obtained by such as were shut up in cloisters and monasteries. Thus much in general.

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§. III. As to the first we affirm positively, That it is not lawful for Christians either to give or receive these titles of honour, as, Your Holiness, Your Majesty, Your Excellency, Your Eminency, &c.

First, Because these titles are no part of that ¹²⁸⁵¹²⁸⁵Titles. obedience which is due to magistrates or superiors; neither doth the giving them add to or diminish from that subjection we owe to them, which consists in obeying their just and lawful commands, not in titles and designations.

Secondly, We find not that in the scripture any ¹²⁸⁶¹²⁸⁶Under the law and gospel. such titles are used, either under the law or the gospel: but that in the speaking to kings, princes, or nobles, they used only a simple compellation, as, O King! and that without any further designation, save perhaps the name of the person, as, O King Agrippa, &c.

Thirdly, It lays a necessity upon Christians most ¹²⁸⁷¹²⁸⁷Lying titles. frequently to lie; because the persons obtaining these titles, either by election or hereditarily, may frequently be found to have nothing really in them deserving them, or answering to them: as some to whom it is said, Your Excellency, having nothing of excellency in them; and he who is called Your Grace, appears to be an enemy to grace; and he who is called Your Honour, is known to be base and ignoble. I wonder what law of man, or what patent ought to oblige me to make a lie, in calling ¹²⁸⁸¹²⁸⁸Patents do not oblige to a lie. good, evil; and evil, good? I wonder what law of man can secure me, in so doing, from the just judgment of God, that will make me account for every idle word? And to lie is something more. Surely Christians should be ashamed that such laws, manifestly crossing the law of God, should be among them.

If it be said, We ought in charity to suppose that they ¹²⁸⁹¹²⁸⁹Object. have these virtues, because the king has bestowed those titles upon them, or that they are descended of such as deserved them;

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¹²⁹⁰¹²⁹⁰Answ. I answer, Charity destroys not knowledge: I am not obliged by charity, either to believe or speak a lie. Now it is apparent, and cannot be denied by any, but that those virtues are not in many of the persons expressed by the titles they bear; neither will they allow to speak so to such, in whom these virtues are, unless they be so dignified by outward princes. So that such as are truly virtuous, must not be styled by their virtues, because not privileged by the princes of this world; and such as have them not, must be so called, because they have obtained a patent so to be: and all this is done by those, who pretend to be his followers, that commanded his disciples, Not to be called of men Master; and told them, such could not believe, as received honour one from another, and sought not the honour which cometh from God only. This is so plain, to such as will indeed be Christians, that it needs no consequence.

¹²⁹¹¹²⁹¹Your Holiness, Your Grace, &c. Fourthly, As to those titles of Holiness, Eminency, and Excellency, used among the Papists to the Pope and Cardinals, &c. and Grace, Lordship, and Worship, used to the Clergy among the Protestants, it is a most blasphemous usurpation. For if they use Holiness and Grace, because these things ought to be in a Pope, or in a Bishop, how come they to usurp that peculiarly to themselves? Ought not holiness and grace to be in every Christian? And so every Christian should say, Your Holiness, and Your Grace, one to another. Next, how can they in reason claim any more titles, than were practised and received by the apostles and primitive Christians, whose successors they pretend they are, and as whose successors (and no otherwise) themselves, I judge, will confess any honour they seek is due to them? Now if they neither sought, received, nor admitted such honour nor titles, how came these by them? If they say they did, let them prove it if they can: we find no such thing 521in the scripture. The Christians speak to the apostles without any such denomination, neither saying If it please Your Grace, Your Holiness, Your Lordship, nor Your Worship; they are neither called My Lord Peter, nor My Lord Paul; nor yet Master Peter, nor Master Paul; nor Doctor Peter, nor Doctor Paul; but singly Peter and Paul; and that not only in the scripture, but for some hundreds of years after: so that this appears to be a manifest fruit of the apostacy. For if these titles arise either from the office or worth of the persons, it will not be denied, but the apostles deserved them better than any now that call for them. But the case is plain, the apostles had the holiness, the excellency, the grace; and because they were holy, excellent, and gracious, they neither used, nor admitted of such titles; but these having neither holiness, excellency, ¹²⁹²¹²⁹²Hypocrites want titles. nor grace, will needs be so called, to satisfy their ambitious and ostentatious minds, which is a manifest token of their hypocrisy.

Fifthly, As to that title of Majesty, usually ascribed to princes, we do not find it given to any such in the holy scripture; but that it is specially and peculiarly ascribed unto God, as 1 Chron. xxix. 11. Job. xxxvii. 22. Psal. xxi. 5. and xxix. 4. and xlv. 3. and cxiii. 1. and cxvi. 6. Isa. ii. 10. and xxiv. 14. and xxvi. 10. Heb. i. 3. 2 Pet. i. 16. and many more places. Hence saith Jude, ver. 25. To the only wise God our Saviour, be glory and majesty, &c. not to men. We find in scripture the proud king Nebuchadnezzar assuming this title to himself, Dan. iv. 30. who at that time received a sufficient reproof, by a sudden judgment which came upon him. Therefore in all the compellations used to princes in the Old Testament, it is not to be found, nor yet in the New. Paul was very civil to Agrippa, yet he gives him no such title: neither was this title used among Christians in the primitive times. Hence the Ecclesiastical History of the Reformation of France, re 522 lating the speech of the Lord Rochefort, at the assembly of the estates of France, held under Charles ¹²⁹³¹²⁹³Eccles. Hist. 1. 4. p. 445. the Ninth, in the year 1560, saith, That this harangue was well remarked, in that he used not the ¹²⁹⁴¹²⁹⁴Your Majesty not used; how taken notice of in 1560. word [Majesty] invented by flatterers of late years. And yet this author minded not how his master Calvin used this flattering title to Francis the First, King of France; and not only so, but calls him Most Christian King, in the epistle to his Institutions; though by his daily persecuting of the reformers, it was apparent, he was far from being such, even in Calvin's own esteem. Surely the complying with such vain titles, imposed and introduced by antichrist, greatly tended to stain the reformation, and to render it defective in many things.

Lastly, All these titles and styles of honour are to be rejected by Christians, because they are to seek the honour that comes from above, and not the honour that is from below: but these honours are not that honour that comes from above, but are from below. For we know well enough what industry, and what pains men are at to get these things, and what part it is that seeks after them, ¹²⁹⁵¹²⁹⁵The proud mind loves titles. to wit, the proud, insolent, haughty, aspiring mind. For judge, Is it the meek and innocent Spirit of Christ that covets that honour? Is it that Spirit that must be of no reputation in this world, that has its conversation in heaven, that comes to have fellowship with ¹²⁹⁶¹²⁹⁶ Phil. iii. 20. the sons of God? Is it that Spirit, I say, that loves that honour, that seeks after that honour, that pleads for the upholding of that honour, that frets, and rages, and fumes, when it is denied that honour? Or is it not rather the lordly insulting ¹²⁹⁷¹²⁹⁷Lucifer's spirit. spirit of Lucifer, the prince of this world, he that of old affected and sought after this honour, and loved not to abide in the submissive low place? And so all his children are possessed with the same ambitious proud mind, seeking and coveting titles of honour, which indeed belong not to them. For523let us examine, ¹²⁹⁸¹²⁹⁸ Hierom, in his epistle to Celant, admonisheth her, That she was to be preferred to none for her nobility, for the Christian religion admits not of respect of persons; neither are men to be esteemed because of their outward condition, but accorling to the disposition of the mind to be esteemed either noble or base; he that obeyeth not sin, is free; who is strong in virtue, is noble. Let the Epistle of James be read. Who they are that are honourable indeed? Is it not the righteous man? Is it not the ¹²⁹⁹¹²⁹⁹ 1 Sam. ii. 30. holy man? Is it not the humble-hearted man, the meek-spirited man? And are not such those that ought to be honoured among Christians? Now of these, may there not be poor Men, Labourers, silly Fishermen? And if so, how comes it that the titles of honour are not bestowed upon such? But who are they that generally receive and look for this honour? Are they not the rich ones, such as have abundance of the earth, as be like the rich glutton, such as are proud and ambitious, such as are oppressors of the poor, such as swell, with lust and vanity, and all superfluity of naughtiness, who are the very abomination and plague of the nations? Are not these they that are accounted honourable, that require and receive the titles of honour, proud Hamans? Now whether is this the honour that comes from God, or the honour from below? Doth God honour such as daily dishonour him, and disobey him? And if this be not the honour that comes from God, but the honour of this world, which the children of this world give and receive one from another; how can the children of God, such as are Christians indeed, give or receive that honour among themselves, without coming under the reproof of Christ, who saith, that such as do cannot believe? But further, if we respect the cause that most frequently procures to men these titles of honour, there is not one of a thousand that shall be found to be, because of any Christian virtue; but rather for things to be discommended among Christians: as by the favour of princes, procured by flattering, and often by worse means. Yea, the most 524frequent, and accounted among men the most honourable, is fighting, or some great martial exploit, which can add nothing to a Christian's worth since, sure it is, it were desirable there were no fightings among Christians at all; and in so far as there are, it shows they are not right Christians. And James tells us, that fighting proceeds from the lusts. So that it were fitter for Christians, by the Sword of God's Spirit, to fight against their lusts, than by the prevalency of their lusts to destroy one another. Whatever honour any might have attained of old under the Law this way, we find under the Gospel Christians commended for suffering, not for fighting; neither did any of Christ's disciples, save one, offer outward violence by the sword, in cutting off Malcus's ear; for which he received no title of honour, but a just reproof. Finally, if we look either to the nature of this honour, the cause of it, the ways it is conveyed, the terms in which it is delivered, it cannot be used by such as desire to be Christians in good earnest.

§. IV. Now besides these general titles of honour, what gross abuses are crept in among such as are called Christians in the use of compliments, wherein not servants to masters, or others, with respect to any such kind of relations, do say and write to one another at every turn, Your humble servant, Your most obedient servant, &c. Such wicked customs have, to the great prejudice of souls, accustomed Christians to lie; and to use lying is now come to be accounted civility. O horrid apostacy! for it is notoriously known, that the use of these compliments imports not any design of service, neither are any such fools to think so; for if we should put them to it that say so, they would not doubt to think we abused them; and would let us know they gave us words in course, and no more. It is strange, that such as pretend to scripture as their rule, should not be ashamed to use such things; since Elihu, that 525had not the scriptures, could by the Light within him, (which these men think insufficient,) say, Job xxxii. 21, 22. Let me not accept any man's person, neither let me give flattering titles unto men. For I know not to give flattering titles; in so doing my Maker would soon take me away. A certain ancient devout man in the primitive time, subscribed himself to a bishop, Your humble servant; wherein I doubt not but he was more real than our usual complimenters; and yet he was sharply reproved for it.

¹³⁰⁰¹³⁰⁰This history is reported by Casaubonus, in his book of Manners and Customs, p. 160. In this last age he is esteemed an uncivil man, who will not either to his inferior or equal subscribe himself Servant. But Sulpitius Severus was heretofore sharply reproved by Paulinus, bishop of Nola, because in his espistle he had subscribed himself his Servant, saying, Beware thou subscribe not thyself his Servant, who is thy Brother; for flattery is sinful, not a testimony of humility to give those honours to men, which are only due to the One Lord., Master, and GOD.

But they usually object, to defend themselves, That Luke saith, Most Excellent Theophilus; and Paul, Most Noble Festus.

I Answer; Since Luke wrote that by the dictates of the Infallible Spirit of God, I think it will not be doubted but Theophilus did deserve it, as being really endued with that virtue: in which case we shall not condemn those that do it by the same rule. But it is not proved that Luke gave Theophilus this title, as that which was inherent to him, either by his Father, or by any patent Theophilus had obtained from any of the princes of the earth; or that he would have given it him, in case he had not been truly excellent: and without this be proved (which never can) there can nothing hence be deduced against us. The like may be said of that of Paul to ¹³⁰¹¹³⁰¹Concerning the title Paul gave to Festus. Festus, whom he would not have called such, if he had not been truly noble; as indeed he was, in that he suffered him to be heard in his own cause, and would not give way to the fury of the Jews against him; it was not because of any outward title bestowed upon Festus, that he so called him, else he 526would have given the same appellation to his predecessor Felix, who hall the same office; but being a covetous man, we find he gives him no such style

¹³⁰²¹³⁰²The singelar number to one person used in the Latin. §. V. It will not be unfit in this place to say something concerning the using of the singular number to one person; of this there is no controversy in the Latin. For when we speak to one, we always use the pronoun [TU,] and he that would do otherwise, would break the rules of grammar. For what boy, learning his rudiments, is ignorant that it is incongruous to say [vos amas, vos legis,] that is [you lovest, you readest,] speaking to one? But the pride of man, that hath corrupted many things, refuses also to use this simplicity of speaking in the vulgar languages. For being puffed up with a vain opinion of themselves, as if the singular number were not sufficient for them, they will have others to speak to them in the plural. Hence Luther, in his plays, reproves and mocks this manner of speaking, saying, Magister, vos es iratus: which corruption Erasmus sufficiently refutes in his book. of writing epistles: concerning which likewise James Howel, in his epistle to the nobility of England, before the French and English Dictionary, takes notice, That both in France, and in other nations, the word [THOU] was used in speaking to one; but by succession of time, when the Roman commonwealth grew into an empire, the courtiers began to magnify the emperor, (as being furnished with power to confer dignities and ¹³⁰³¹³⁰³How the word You came to be used to a single person. offices,) using the word [You,] yea, and deifying him with more remarkable titles; concerning which matter, we read in the epistles of Symmaehus to the emperors Theodosius and Valentlnianus, where he useth these forms of speaking, Vestra Æternitas, Your Eternity; Vestrum Numen, Your Godhead; Vestra Serepitas, Your Serenity; Vestra Clementia, Your Clemency. So that the word [You] in the plural number, together with the other titles and compellations of honour, seem 527to have taken their rise from monarchical government; which afterwards, by degrees, came to be derived to private persons.

The same is witnessed by John Maresius, of the French academy, in the preface of his Clovis: Let none wonder, saith he, that the word [Thou] is used in this work to Princes and Princesses; for we use the same to God: and of old the same was used to Alexanders, CÆsars, Queens, and Empresses. The use of the word [You,] when one person is spoken to, was only introduced by the base fatteries of men of latter ages, to whom it seemed good to use the plural number to one person, that he may imagine himself alone to be equal to many others in dignity and worth; from whence at last it came to persons of lower quality.

To the same purpose speaketh also M. Godeau, in his preface to the New Testament translation: I had rather, saith he, faithfully keep to the express words of Paul, than exactly follow the polished style of our tongue; therefore I always use that form of calling God in the singular number, not in the plural; and therefore I say rather [Thou] than [You.] I confess indeed, that the civility and custom of this world requires him to be honoured after that manner; but it is likewise on the contrary true, that the original tongue of the New Testament hath nothing common with such manners and civility; so that not one of these many old versions we have doth observe it. Let not men believe, that we give not respect enough to God, in that we call him by the word [Thou,] which is nevertheless far ¹³⁰⁴¹³⁰⁴The word thou a greater honor to One than You. otherwise; for I seem to myself (may be by the effect of custom) more to honour his Divine Majesty, in calling him after this manner, than if I should call him after the manner of men, who are so delicate in their forms of speech.

See how clearly and evidently these men witness, that this form of speaking, and these profane titles, derive their origin from the base flattery of these last ages, and from the delicate528haughtiness of worldly men, who have invented these novelties, that hereby they might honour one another, under I know not what pretence of civility and respect. From whence many of the present Christians (so accounted) are become so perverse, in commending most wicked men, and wicked customs, that the simplicity of the Gospel is wholly lost; so that the giving of men and things their own names is not only worn out of custom, but the doing thereof is accounted absurd and rude by such kind of delicate parasites, who desire to ascribe to this flattery, and abuse the name of civility. Moreover, that this way of speaking proceeds from a high and proud mind, hence appears; because that men commonly use the singular number to beggars, and to their servants; yea, and in their prayers to God. Thus the superior will speak to his inferior, who yet will not bear that the inferior so speak to him, as judging it a kind of reproach unto him. So hath the pride of men placed God and the beggar in the same category. I think I need not use arguments to prove to such as know congruous language, that we ought to use the singular number speaking to one; which is the common dialect of the whole scripture, as also the most interpreters do translate it. Seeing therefore it is manifest to us, that this form of speaking to men in the plural number doth proceed from pride, as well as that it is in itself a lie, we found a necessity upon us to testify against this corruption, by using the singular equally unto all. And although no reason can be given why we should be persecuted upon this account, especially ¹³⁰⁵¹³⁰⁵Scripture dialect the plain language. by Christians, who profess to follow the rule of scripture, whose dialect this is; yet it would perhaps seem incredible if I should relate how much we have suffered for this thing, and how these proud ones have fumed, fretted, and gnashed their teeth, frequently beating and striking us, when we 529hath spoken to them thus in the singular number: whereby we are the more confirmed in our judgment, as seeing that this testimony of truth, which God hath given us to bear in all things, doth so vex the serpentine nature in the children of darkness.

§. Vl. Secondly, Next unto this of titles, the ¹³⁰⁶¹³⁰⁶Bowing to men, &c. other part of honour used among Christians is the kneeling, bowing, and uncovering of the head to one another. I know nothing our adversaries have to plead for them in this matter, save some few instances of the Old Testament, and the custom of the country.

The first are, such as Abraham's bowing himself to the children of Heth, and Lot to the two angels, &c.

But the practice of these patriarchs, related as matter of fact, are not to be a rule to Christians now; neither are we to imitate them in every practice, which has not a particular reproof added to it: for we find not Abraham reproved for taking Hagar, &c. And indeed to say all things were lawful for us which they practised, would produce great inconveniencies obvious enough to all. And as to the customs of the nations, it is a very ill ¹³⁰⁷¹³⁰⁷ The custom of the nations no rule to Christians. argument for a Christian's practice: we should have a better rule to walk by than the custom of the Gentiles; the apostles desire us not to be conformed to this world, &c. We see how little they ¹³⁰⁸¹³⁰⁸ Rom. xii. 2. have to say for themselves in this matter. Let it be observed then, whether our reasons for laying aside these things be not considerable and weighty enough to uphold us in so doing.

First, We say, That God, who is the Creator of man, and he to whom he oweth the dedication both of soul and body, is over all to be worshipped and adored, and that not only by the spirit, but also with the prostration of the body. Now kneeling, bowing, and uncovering ¹³⁰⁹¹³⁰⁹Bowing is adoring & only due to God. of the head, is the alone outward signification of our adoration towards God, and therefore 530it is not lawful to give it unto man. He that kneeleth, or prostrates himself to man, what doth he more to God? He that boweth, and uncovereth his head to the creature, what hath he reserved to the Creator? Now the apostle shows us, that the uncovering of the head is that which God requires of us in our worshipping of him, 1 Cor. xi. 14. But if we make our address to men in the same manner, where lieth the difference? Not in the outward signification, but merely in the intention; which opens a door for the Popish veneration of images, which hereby is necessarily excluded.

Secondly, Men being alike by creation, (though their being stated under their several relations requires from them mutual services according to those respective relations,) owe not worship one to another, but all equally are to return it to God: because it is to him, and his name alone, that every knee must bow, and before whose throne the four and twenty elders prostrate themselves. Therefore for men to take this one from another, is to rob God of his glory: since all the duties of relation may be performed one to another without these kind of bowings, which therefore are no essential part of our duty to man, but to God. All men, by an inward instinct, in all nations have been led to prostrate and bow themselves to God. And it is plain that this bowing to men took place from a slavish fear possessing some, which led them to set up others as gods; when also an ambitious proud spirit got up in those others, to usurp the place of God over their brethren.

Thirdly, We see that Peter refused it from Cornelius, saying, He was a man. Are then the popes more, or more excellent than Peter, who suffer men daily to fall down at their feet, and kiss them? ¹³¹⁰¹³¹⁰Peter and the angel refused bowing. This reproof of Peter to Cornelius doth abundantly show, that such manners were not to be admitted among Christians. Yea, we see, that the angel 531twice refused this kind of bowing from John, Rev. xix. 10. and xxii. 9. for this reason, Because I am thy fellow-servant, and of thy brethren; abundantly intimating that it is not lawful for fellow-servants thus to prostrate themselves one to another: and in this respect all men are fellow-servants.

If it be said, John intended here a religious worship, ¹³¹¹¹³¹¹Object, and not a civil:

I answer; This is to say, not to prove: neither ¹³¹²¹³¹²Answ. can we suppose John, at that time of the day, so ill-instructed as not to know it was unlawful to worship angels; only it should seem, because of those great and mysterious things revealed to him by that angel, he was willing to signify some more than ordinary testimony of respect, for which he was reproved. These things being thus considered, it is remitted to the judgment of such as are desirous to be found Christians indeed, whether we are worthy of blame for waving it to men. Let those then that will blame us consider whether they might not as well accuse Mordecai of incivility, who was no less singular than we in this matter. And forasmuch as they accuse us herein ¹³¹³¹³¹³ To forbear bowing to man is no incivility. nor pride, nor rudeness. of rudeness and pride, though the testimony of our consciences in the sight of God be a sufficient guard against such calumnies, yet there are of us known to be men of such education, as forbear not these things for want of that they call good breeding; and we should be very void of reason, to purchase that pride at so dear a rate, as many have done the exercise of their conscience in this matter; many of us having been sorely beaten and buffeted, yea, and several months imprisoned, for no other reason but because we could not so satisfy the proud unreasonable humours of proud men, as to uncover our heads, and bow our bodies. Nor doth our innocent practice, in standing still, though upright, not putting off our hats, any more than our shoes, the one being the covering of our heads, 532as well as the other of our feet, show so much rudeness, as their beating and knocking us, &c. because we cannot bow to them, contrary to our consciences: which certainly shows less meekness and humility upon their part, than it doth of rudeness or pride upon ours. Now suppose it were our weakness, and we really under a mistake in this thing, since it is not alleged to be the breach of any Christian precept, are we not to be indulged, as the apostle commanded should be done to such as scrupled to eat flesh? And do not persecuting and reviling us upon this account show them to be more like unto proud Haman, than the disciples or followers of the meek, self-denying Jesus? And this I can say boldly, in the sight of God, from my own experience, and that of many thousands more, that however small or foolish this may seem, yet we behoved to choose death rather than do it, and that for conscience' sake: and that in its being so contrary to our natural spirits, there are many of us, to whom the forsaking of these bowings and ceremonies was as death itself; which we could never have left, if we could have enjoyed our peace with God in the use of them. Though it be far from us to judge all those to whom God hath not shown the evil of them, under the like hazard; yet nevertheless we doubt not but to such as would prove faithful witnesses to Christ's divine light in their consciences, God will also show the evil of these things.

¹³¹⁴¹³¹⁴Apparel in its vanity and superfluity disallowed. §. VII. The third thing to be treated of; is the vanity and superfuity of apparel. In which, first, two things are to be considered, the condition of the person, and the country he lives in. We shall not say that all persons are to be clothed alike, because it will perhaps neither suit their bodies nor their estates. And if a man be clothed soberly, and without superfluity, though they may be finer than that which his servant is clothed with, we shall 533not blame him for it: the abstaining from superfluities, which his condition and education have accustomed him to, may be in him a greater act of mortification than the abstaining from finer clothes in the servant, who never was accustomed to them. As to the country, what it naturally produces may be no vanity to the inhabitants to use, or what is commonly imparted to them by way of exchange, seeing it is without doubt that the creation is for the use of man. So where silk abounds, it may be worn as well as wool; and were we in those countries, or near unto then, where gold or silver were as common as iron or brass, the one might be used as well as the other. The iniquity lies then here, First, When from a lust of vanity, and a desire to adorn themselves, men and women, not content with what their condition can bear, or their country easily affords, do stretch to have things, that from their rarity, and the price that is put upon them, seem to be precious, and so feed their lust the more; and this all sober men of all sorts will readily grant to be evil.

Secondly, When men are not content to make a true use of the creation, whether the things be fine or coarse, and do not satisfy themselves with what need and conveniency call for, but add thereunto things merely superfluous, such as is the use of ribbons and lace, and much more of that kind of stuff; as painting the face, and plaiting the hair, which are the fruits of the fallen, lustful, and corrupt nature, and not of the new creation, as all will acknowledge. And though sober men among all sorts will say, that it were better these things were not, yet will they not reckon them unlawful, and therefore do admit the use of them among their church-members: but we do account them altogether unlawful, and unsuitable to Christians, and that for these reasons:

534

¹³¹⁵¹³¹⁵The proper use of clothes. First, The use of clothes came originally from the fall. If man had not fallen, it appears he would not have needed them; but this miserable state made them necessary in two respects: 1. To cover his nakedness; 2. To keep him from the cold; which are both the proper and principal use of' them. Now for man to delight himself in that which is the fruit of his iniquity, and the consequence of his sin, can be no ways lawful for him: so to extend things beyond their real use, or to superadd things wholly superfluous, is a manifest abuse of the creation, and therefore not lawful to Christians.

Secondly, Those that will needs so adorn themselves in the use of their clothes, as to beset them with things having no real use or necessity, but merely for ornament's sake, do openly declare, that ¹³¹⁶¹³¹⁶Not to please their lusts. the end of it is either to please their lusts, (for which end these things are chiefly invented and contrived,) or otherwise to gratify a vain, proud, and ostentatious mind; and it is obvious these are their general ends in so doing. Yea, we see how easily men are puffed up with their garments, and how proud and vain they are, when adorned to their mind. Now how far these things are below a true Christian, and how unsuitable, needs very little proof. Hereby those who love to be gaudy and superfluous in their clothes, show they concern themselves little with mortification and self-denial, and that they study to beautify their bodies more than their souls; which proves they think little upon mortality, and so certainly are more nominal than real Christians.

¹³¹⁷¹³¹⁷Contrary to scripture. Thirdly, The scripture severely reproves such practices, both commending and commanding the contrary; as Isa. iii. how severely doth the prophet reprove the daughters of Israel for their tinkling ornaments, their cauls, and their round tires, their chains and bracelets, &c. and yet is it not strange to see Christians allow themselves 535in these things, from whom a more strict and exemplary conversation is required? Christ desires us not to be anxious about our clothing, Mat. vi. 25. and to show the vanity of such as glory in the splendour of their clothing, tells them, That even Solomon, in all his glory, was not to be compared to the lily of the field, which to-day is, and to-morrow is cast into the oven. But surely they make small reckoning of Christ's words and doctrine that are so curious in their clothing, and so industrious to deck themselves, and so earnest to justify it, and so enraged when they are reproved for it. The apostle Paul is very positive in this respect, 1 Tim. ii. 9, 10. I will therefore in like manner also that women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety, and not with broidered hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array, but (which becometh women professing godliness) with good works. To the same purpose saith Peter, 1 Pet. iii. 3, 4. Whose adorning let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair, and wearing of gold, or of putting on of apparel; but let it be the hidden man of the heart, in that which is not corruptible, even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, &c. Here both the apostles do very positively and expressly assert two things. First, That the adorning of Christian women (of whom it is particularly spoken, I judge, because this sex is most naturally inclined to that vanity, and that it seems that Christian men in those days deserved not in this respect so much to be reproved) ought not to be outward, nor consist in the apparel. Secondly, That they ought not to ¹³¹⁸¹³¹⁸Plaiting the hair, &c. use the plaiting of the hair, or ornaments, &c. which was at that time the custom of the nations. But is it not strange, that such as make the scripture their rule, and pretend they are guided by it, should not only be so generally in the use of these things, which the scripture so plainly condemns, but also should attempt to justify themselves in so doing ? 536For the apostles not only commend the forbearance of these things, as an attainment commendable in Christians, but condemn the use of them as unlawful; and yet may it not seem more strange, that in contradiction to the apostles' doctrine, as if they had resolved to slight their testimony, they should condemn those that out of conscience apply themselves seriously to follow it, as if in so doing they were singular, proud, or superstitious? This certainly betokens a sad apostacy in those that will be accounted Christians, that they are so offended with those who love to follow Christ and his apostles, in denying of, and departing from, the lying vanities of this perishing world; and so doth much evidence their affinity with those who hate to be reproved, and neither will enter themselves, nor suffer those that would.

¹³¹⁹¹³¹⁹Sports, &c. inconsistent with the gospel. §. VIII. Fourthly, Let us consider the use of games, sports, comedies, and other such things, commonly and indifferently used by all the several sorts of Christians, under the notion of divertisement and recreation, and see whether these things can consist with the seriousness, gravity, and Godly fear, which the gospel calls for. Let us but view and look over the notions of them that call themselves Christians, whether Papists or Protestants, and see if generally there be any difference, save in mere name and profession, from the heathen? Doth not the same folly, the same vanity, the same abuse of precious and irrevocable time abound? The same gaming, sporting, playing, and from thence quarrelling, fighting, swearing, ranting, revelling? Now how can these things be remedied, so long as the preachers and professors, and those who are the leaders of the people, do allow these things, and account them not inconsistent with the profession of Christianity? And it is strange to see that these things are tolerated every where; the inquisition lays no hold on them, neither at Rome, nor 537in Spain, where in their masquerades all manner of obscenity, folly, yea, and Atheism is generally practised in the face of the world, to the great scandal of the Christian name: but if any man reprove them in these things, and forsake their superstitions, and come seriously to serve God, and worship him in the Spirit, he becomes their prey, and is immediately exposed to cruel sufferings. Doth this bear any relation to Christianity? Do these things look any thing like the churches of the primitive Christians? Surely not at all. I shall first cite some few scripture testimonies, being very positive precepts to Christians, and then see whether such as obey them can admit of these forementioned things. The apostle commands us, That whether we eat or drink, or whatever we do, we do it all to the glory of God. But I judge none will be so impudent as to affirm, That in the use of these sports and games ¹³²⁰¹³²⁰By sports & games God is not glorified. God is glorified: if any should so say, they would declare they neither knew God nor his glory. And experience abundantly proves, that in the practice of these things men mind nothing less than the glory of God, and nothing more than the satisfaction of their own carnal lusts, wills, and appetites. The apostle desires us, I Cor. vii. 29. 31. Because the time is short, that they that buy should be as though they possessed not; and they that use this world, as not abusing it, &c. But how can they be found in the obedience of this precept that plead for the use of these games and sports, who, it seems, think the time so long, that they cannot find occasion enough to employ it, neither in taking care for their souls, nor yet in the necessary care for their bodies; but invent these games and sports to pass it away, as if they wanted other work to serve God in, or be useful to the creation? The apostle Peter desires us, To pass the time of our sojourning here in fear, 1 Pet. i. 17. But will any say, That such as use dancing and comedies, carding and. 538dicing, do so much as mind this precept in the use of these things? Where there is nothing to be seen but lightness and vanity, wantonness and obscenity, contrived to draw men from fear or being serious, and therefore no doubt calculated for the service of the devil. There is no duty more frequently commanded, nor more incumbent upon Christians, than the fear of the Lord, to stand in awe before him, to walk as in his presence; but if such as use these games and sports will speak from their consciences, they can, I doubt not, experimentally declare, that this fear is forgotten in their gaming: and if God by his light secretly touch them, or mind them of the vanity of their way, they strive to shut it out, and use their gaming as an engine to put away from them that troublesome guest; and thus make merry over the Just One, whom they have slain and crucified in themselves. But further, if Christ's reasoning be to be heeded, who saith, Mat. xii. 35, 36. That the good man, out of the good treasure of the heart; bringeth forth good things; and an evil man, out of the evil treasure, bringeth forth evil things, and that of every idle, word we shall give an account in the day of judgment, it may be easily gathered from what treasure these inventions come; and it may be easily proved, that it is from the evil, and not the good. How many idle words do they necessarily produce? ¹³²¹¹³²¹Comedies a studied complex of idle lying words. Yea, what are comedies but a studied complex of idle and lying words? Let men that believe their souls are immortal, and that there will be a day of judgrnent, in which these words of Christ will be accomplished, answer me, how all these will make account in that great and terrible day, of all these idle words that are necessarily made use of about dancing, gaming, carding, and comedies acting? And yet how is it that by Christians not condemning these things, but allowing of them, many that are accounted Christians take up their whole time in539them, yea, make it their trade and employment? Such as the dancing-masters and comedians, &c. whose hellish conversations do sufficiently declare what master they serve, and to what end these things contribute. And it cannot be denied, as being obviously manifest by experience, that such as are masters of these occupations, and are most delighted in them, if they be not open Atheists and profligates, are such at best as make religion or the care of their souls their least business. Now if these things were discountenanced by Christians, as inconsistent with their profession, it would remove these things; for these wretches would be necessitated then to betake themselves to some honest livelihood, if they were not fed and upholden, by these. And as hereby a great scandal and stumbling-block would be removed from off the Christian name, so also would that in part be taken out of the way which provokes the Lord to withhold his blessing, and by occasion of which things the minds of many remain chained in darkness, and drowned in lust, sensuality, and worldly pleasures, without any sense of God's fear, or their own soul's salvation. Many of those called fathers of the church, and other serious persons, have signified their regret for these things, and their desires they might be remedied; of whom many citations might be alleged, which for brevity's sake I have omitted.

§. IX. But they object, That men's spirits could ¹³²²¹³²²Object. not subsist, if they were always intent upon serious and spiritual matters, and that therefore there is need of some divertisement to recreate the mind a little, whereby it being refreshed, is able with greater vigour to apply itself to these things.

I answer; Though all this were granted, it would ¹³²³¹³²³ Answ. no ways militate against us, neither plead the use of these things, which we would have wholly laid aside. For that men should be always in the same 540intentiveness of mind, we do not plead, knowing how impossible it is, so long as we are clothed with this tabernacle of clay. But this will not allow us at any time so to recede from the remembrance of God, and of our soul's chief concern, as not still to retain a certain sense of his fear; which ¹³²⁴¹³²⁴The fear of God the best recreation in the world. cannot be so much as rationally supposed to be in the use of these things which we condemn. Now the necessary occasions in which all are involved, in order to the care and sustentation of the outward man, are a relaxation of the mind from the more serious duties; and those are performed in the blessing, as the mind is so leavened with the love of God, and the sense of his presence, that even in doing these things the soul carrieth with it that divine influence and spiritual habit, whereby though these acts, as of eating, drinking, sleeping, working, be upon the matter one with what the wicked do, yet they are done in another Spirit; and in doing of them we please the Lord, serve him, and answer our end in the creation, and so feel and are sensible of his blessing: whereas the wicked and profane, being not come to this place, are in whatsoever they do cursed, and their ploughing as well as praying is sin. Now if any will plead, that for relaxation of mind, there may be a liberty allowed beyond these things, which are of absolute need to the sustenance of the outward man, I shall not much contend against it; provided these things be not such as are wholly superfluous, or in their proper nature and tendency lead the mind into lust, vanity, and wantonness, as being chiefly contrived and framed for that end, or generally experienced to produce these effects, or being the common engines of such as are so minded to feed one another therein, and to propagate their wickedness, to the impoisoning of others: seeing there are other innocent divertisements which may sufficiently serve for relaxation of the mind, such as for friends to visit one another; 541to hear or read history; to speak soberly of the present ¹³²⁵¹³²⁵Lawful divertisements. or past transactions; to follow after gardening; to use geometrical and mathematical experiments, and such other things of this nature. In all which things we are not so to forget God, in whom we both live, and are moved, Acts xvii. 28. as not to have always some secret reserve to him, and sense of his fear and presence, which also frequently exerts itself in the midst of these things by some short aspiration and breathings. And that this may neither seem strange nor troublesome, I shall clear it by one manifest instance, answerable to the experience of all men. It will not be denied but that men ought to be more in the love of God than of any other thing; for we ought to love God above all things. Now it is plain, that men that are taken with love, whether it be of women, or of any other thing, if it hath taken a deep place in the heart, and possess the mind, it will be hard for the man so in love to drive out of his mind the person or thing so loved; yea, in his eating, drinking, and sleeping, his mind will always have a tendency that way; and in business or recreations, however intent he be in it, there will but a very short time be permitted to pass, but the mind will let some ejaculation forth towards its beloved. And albeit such a one must ¹³²⁶¹³²⁶The love towards its beloved shuns its offence. be conversant in those things that the care of this body and such like things call for; yet will he avoid as death itself to do those things that may offend the party so beloved, or cross his design in obtaining the thing so earnestly desired: though there may be some small use in them, the great design, which is chiefly in his eye, will so balance him, that he will easily look over and dispense with such petty necessities, rather than endanger the loss of the greater by them. Now that men ought to be thus in love with God, and the life to come, none will deny; and the thing is apparent from these scriptures, Mat. vi. 20. But lay up, f'or542yourselves treasures in heaven. Col. iii. 2. Set your affection on things above, &c. And that this hath been the experience and attainment of some, the scripture also declares, Psalm lxiii. 1. 8. 2 Cor. v. 4.

¹³²⁷¹³²⁷Sports and plays draw men from the fear of God. And again, That these games, sports, plays, dancing, comedies, &c. do naturally tend to draw men from God's fear, to make them forget heaven, death, and judgment, to foster lust, vanity, and wantonness, and therefore are most loved, as well as used, by such kind of persons, experience abundantly shows, and the most serious and conscientious among all will scarcely deny; which if it be so, the application is easy.

§. X. Fifthly, The use of swearing is to be considered, which is so frequently practised almost among all Christians; not only profane oaths among the profane, in their common discourses, whereby the Most HOLY NAME of GOD is in a horrible manner daily blasphemed; but also solemn oaths, with those that have some show of piety, whereof the most part do defend swearing before the magistrate with so great zeal, that not only they are ready themselves to do it upon every occasion, but also have stirred up the magistrates to persecute those, who, out of obedience to Christ, their Lord and master, judge it unlawful to swear; upon which account not a few have sufered imprisonment, and the spoiling of their goods.

¹³²⁸¹³²⁸All swearing is forbidden--- But considering these clear words of our Saviour, Mat. v. 33, 34. Again, ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time, Thou shalt not forswear thyself, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths. But I say unto you, Swear not at all, neither by heaven, &c. But let your communication be yea, yea; nay, nay; for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil. As also the words of the apostle James, v. 12. But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath; but let your yea be yea, and your nay, 543nay, lest ye fall into condemnation. I say, considering these clear words, it is admirable how any one that professeth the name of Christ can pronounce any oath with a quiet conscience, far less to persecute other Christians, that dare not swear, because of their master Christ's authority. For did any one purpose seriously, and in the most rigid manner, to forbid any thing comprehended under any general, can they use a more full and general prohibition, and that without any exception? I think not. For Christ, First, proposeth it to us negatively, Swear not at all, neither by heaven, nor by the earth, nor by Jerusalem, nor by thy head, &c. And again, Swear not by heaven, nor by earth, nor by any other oath. Secondly, he presseth it affirmatively, But let your communication be yea, yea, and nay, nay; for whatsoever is more than these, cometh of evil. And saith James, Lest ye fall into condemnation.

Which words both all and every one of them ¹³²⁹¹³²⁹Without exception. do make such a full prohibition, and so free of all exception, that it is strange how men that boast the scripture is the rule of their faith and life, can counterfeit any exception! Certainly reason ought to teach every one, that it is not lawful to make void a general prohibition coming from God by such opposition, unless the exception be as clearly and evidently expressed as the prohibition: neither is it enough to endeavour to confirm it by consequences and probabilities, which are obscure and uncertain, and not sufficient to bring quiet to the conscience. For if they say, that there is therefore an exception and limitation in the words, because there are found exceptions in the other general prohibition of this fifth chapter, as in the forbidding of divorcement, where Christ saith, It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: but I say 544unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery; if, I say, they plead this, they not only labour in vain, but also fight against themselves, because they can produce no exception of this general command of not swearing, expressed by God to any under the new covenant, after Christ gave this prohibition so clear as that which is made in the ¹³³⁰¹³³⁰Also oaths before a magistrate. prohibition itself. Moreover, if Christ would have excepted oaths made before magistrates, certainly he had then expressed, adding, except in judgment, before the magistrate, or the like; as he did in that of divorcement by these words, saving for the cause of fornication: which being so, it is not lawful for us to except or distinguish, or, which is all one, make void this general prohibition of Christ; it would be far less agreeable to Christian holiness to bring upon our heads the crimes of so many oaths, which by reason of this corruption and exception are so frequent among Christians.

¹³³¹¹³³¹The concurrence of the ancient fathers therein. Neither is it to be omitted that without doubt the most learned doctors of each sect know, that these fore-mentioned words were understood by the ancient fathers of the first three hundred years after Christ to be a prohibition of all sorts of oaths. It is not then without reason that we wonder that the Popish doctors and priests bind themselves by an oath to interpret the holy scriptures according to the universal exposition of the holy fathers; who nevertheless understood those controverted texts quite contrary to what these modern doctors do. And from thence also do clearly appear the vanity and foolish certainty (so to speak) of Popish traditions; for if by the writings of the fathers, so called, the faith of the church of those ages may be demonstrated, it is clear they have departed from the faith of the church of the first three ages in the point of swearing. Moreover, because not only Papists 545but also Lutherans and Calvinists, and some others, do restrict the words of Christ and James, I think it needful to make manifest the vain foundation upon which that presumption in this matter is built.

§. XI. First, They object, That Christ only forbids ¹³³²¹³³²Object. these oaths that are made by creatures, and things created; and they prove it thence, because he numbers some of these things.

Secondly, All rash and vain oaths in familiar discourses; because he saith, Let your communication be yea, yea, and nay, nay.

To which I answer, First, That the law did forbid ¹³³³¹³³³ Ans. 1. all oaths made by the creatures, as also all vain and rash oaths in our common discourses, commanding, That men should only swear by the name of God, and that neither falsely nor rashly; for that is to take his name in vain.

Secondly, It is most evident that Christ forbids ¹³³⁴¹³³⁴Ans. 2. somewhat that was permitted under the law, to wit, to swear by the name of God, because it was not lawful ¹³³⁵¹³³⁵To swear by God himself forbidden by Christ. for any man to swear but by God himself. And because he saith, Neither by heaven, because it is the throne of God; therefore he excludes all other oaths, even those which are made by God; for he saith, chap. xxiii. 22. He that shall swear by heaven, sweareth by the throne of God, and by him that sitteth thereon: which is also to be understood of the rest.

Lastly, That he might put the matter beyond all ¹³³⁶¹³³⁶Ans. 3. controversy, he adds, Neither by any other oath: therefore seeing to swear before the magistrate by God is an oath, it is here without doubt forbidden.

Secondly, They object, That by these words oaths ¹³³⁷¹³³⁷Object. by God's name cannot beforbidden, because the Heavenly Father hath commanded them; for the Father and the Son are one, which could not be, if the Son had forbid that which the Father commanded.

546¹³³⁸¹³³⁸Answ. I answer, They are indeed one, and cannot contradict one another: nevertheless the Father gave many things to the Jews for a time, because ¹³³⁹¹³³⁹Oaths under the old covenant. of their infirmity under the old covenant, which had only a shadow of good things to come, not the very substance of things, until Christ should come, who was the substance, and by whose coming all these things vanished, to wit, sabbaths, circumcision, the paschal lamb: men used then sacrifices, who lived in controversies with God, and one with an other, which all are abrogated in the coming of the Son, who is the Substance, Eternal Word, and Essential Oath and Amen, in whom the promises of God are Yea and Amen: who came that men might be redeemed out of strife, and might make an end of controversy. ¹³⁴⁰¹³⁴⁰Object. Thirdly, They object, But all oaths are not ceremonies, nor any part of the ceremonial law.

¹³⁴¹¹³⁴¹Answ. I answer, Except it be shown to be an eternal, immutable, and moral precept, it withstands not; ¹³⁴²¹³⁴²Tithes, &c. unlawful now. neither are they of so old an origin as tithes, and the offering of the first fruits of the ground, which by Abel and Cain were offered long before the ceremonial law, or the use of oaths; which, whatever may be alleged against it, were no doubt ceremonious, and therefore no doubt unlawful now to be practised.

¹³⁴³¹³⁴³Object. Fourthly, They object, That to swear by the name of God is a moral precept of continual duration, because it is marked with his essential and moral worship, Deut. vi. 13. and x. 20. Thou shalt fear the Lord thy God, and serve him alone: thou shalt cleave to him, and swear by his name.

¹³⁴⁴¹³⁴⁴Answ. I answer, This proves not that it is a moral and eternal precept; for Moses adds that to all the precepts and ceremonies in several places; as Deut. x. 12, 13. saying, And now, Israel, what doth the Lord thy God require of thee, but to fear the Lord thy God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and 547to serve the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul; to keep the commandments of the Lord, and his statutes, which I command thee this day? And chap. xiv. 23. the fear of the Lord is mentioned together with the tithes. And so also Levit. xix. 2, 3, 6. the sabbaths and regard to parents are mentioned with swearing.

Fifthly, They object, That solemn oaths, which ¹³⁴⁵¹³⁴⁵Object. God commanded, cannot be here forbidden by Christ; for he saith, that they come from evil: but these did not come from evil; for God never commanded any thing that was evil, or came from evil.

I answer, There are things which are good ¹³⁴⁶¹³⁴⁶Answ. because commanded, and evil because forbidden; other things are commanded because good, and forbidden because evil. As circumcision and oaths, ¹³⁴⁷¹³⁴⁷Oaths are evil because forbidden. which were good, when and because they were commanded, and in no other respect; and again, when and because prohibited under the gospel, they are evil.

And in all these Jewish constitutions, however ceremonial, there was something of good, to wit, in their season, as prefiguring some good: as by circumcision, the purifications, and other things, the holiness of God was typified, and that the Israelites ought to be holy, as their God was holy. In the like manner oaths, under the shadows and ceremonies, signified the verity of God, his faithfulness and certainty; and therefore that we ought in all things to speak and witness the truth. But the ¹³⁴⁸¹³⁴⁸Truth was before all oaths. witness of truth was before oaths, and remains when all oaths are abolished; and this is the morality of all oaths; and so long as men abide therein, there is no necessity nor place for oaths, as Polybius witnessed, who said, The use of oaths in judgment was rare among the ancients; but by the growing of perfidiousness, so grew also the use of oaths. To which agreeth Grotius, saying, An oath is only to be used as a medicine, in case of necessity: a solemn 548¹³⁴⁹¹³⁴⁹Oaths supply presupposed defects of men's inconstancy. oath is not used but to supply defect. The lightness of men, and their inconstancy, begot diffidence; for which swearing was sought out as a remedy. Basil the Great saith, That Swearing is the effect of sin. And Ambrose, That oaths are only a condescendency for defect. Chrysostom saith, That an oath entered when evil grew, when men exercised their frauds, when all foundations were overturned: that oaths took their beginning from the want of truth. These and the like are witnessed by many others with the fore-mentioned authors. But what need of testimonies, where the evidence of things speaks itself? For who will force another to swear, of whom he is certainly persuaded that he abhors to lie in his words? And again, as Chrysostom and others say, For what end wilt thou force him to swear, whom thou believest not that he will speak the truth?

§. XII. That then which was not from the beginning, which was of no use in the beginning, which had not its beginning first from the will of Good, but from the work of the devil, occasioned from evil, to wit, from unfaithfulness, lying, deceit; and which was at first only invented by man, as a mutual remedy of this evil, in which they called upon the names of their idols; yea, that which, as Hierom, Chrysostom, and others testify, was given to the Israelites by God, as unto children, that they might abstain from the idolatrous oaths of the heathens, Jer. xii. 16. whatsoever is so, is far from being a moral and eternal precept. And lastly, whatsoever by its profanation and abuse is polluted with sin, such as are abundantly the oaths of these times, by so often swearing and forswearing, far differs from any necessary and perpetual duty of a Christian: but oaths are so; therefore, &c.

Sixthly, They object, That God swore, therefore to swear is good.

549

I answer with Athanasius; Seeing it is certain it ¹³⁵⁰¹³⁵⁰Answ. is proper in swearing to swear by another, thence it ¹³⁵¹¹³⁵¹Athan. in pass & cruc.Dom. appears, that God, to speak properly, did never swear but only improperly: whence, speaking to men, he is said to swear, because those things which he speaks, because of the certainty and immutability of his will, are to be esteemed for oaths. Compare Psalm cx. 4. where it is said, The Lord did swear, and it did not repent him, &c. And I swore (saith he) by myself: and this is not an oath; for he did not swear by ¹³⁵²¹³⁵²God swears not by another but by himself. another, which is the property of an oath, but by himself. Therefore God swears not according to the manner of men, neither can we be induced from thence to swear. But let us so do and say, and show ourselves such by speaking and acting, that we need not an oath with those who hear us; and let our words of themselves have the testimony of truth: for so we shall plainly imitate God.

Seventhly, They object, Christ did swear, and we ¹³⁵³¹³⁵³Object. ought to imitate him.

I answer, That Christ did not swear; and albeit ¹³⁵⁴¹³⁵⁴Answ, he had sworn, being yet under the law, this would no ways oblige us under the gospel; as ne