Nature and Grace: Selections from the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas

Art. 1: Whether another doctrine is necessary, besides the philosophical sciences

Art. 2: Whether sacred doctrine is a science,

Art. 3: Whether sacred doctrine is a single science,

Art. 4: Whether sacred doctrine is a practical science,

Art. 5. Whether sacred doctrine is nobler than other sciences,

Art. 6: Whether sacred doctrine is wisdom,

Art. 7: Whether God is the subject of this science,

Art. 8: Whether sacred doctrine proceeds by argument,

Art. 9: Whether sacred doctrine should use metaphors

Art. 10: Whether one passage of sacred Scripture may have several interpretations,

Art. 1: Whether it is self-evident that God exists,

Art. 2:Whether God’s existence can be demonstrated,

Art. 3:Whether God exists,

Art. 1: Whether God is a body,

Art. 2: Whether there is composition of form and matter in God,

Art. 3: Whether God is the same as his essence, or nature,

Art. 4: Whether essence and existence are the same in God,

Art. 5: Whether God belongs to a genus,

Art. 6: Whether there is any accident in God,

Art. 7: Whether God is altogether simple,

Art. 8: Whether God enters into the composition of other things,

Art. 1: Whether God is perfect,

Art. 2: Whether the perfections of all things are in God,

Art. 3: Whether any creature can be like God,

Art. 1: Whether there is love in God,

Art. 2: Whether God loves all things,

Art. 3: Whether God loves all things equally,

Art. 4: Whether God always loves better things the more,

Art. 1: Whether there is justice in God,

Art. 2: Whether God’s justice is truth,

Art. 3: Whether there is mercy in God,

Art. 4: Whether justice and mercy are present in all God’s works,

Art. 1: Whether providence is appropriately ascribed to God,

Art. 2: Whether all things are under divine providence,

Art. 3: Whether God provides for all things directly,

Art. 4: Whether providence imposes a necessity on what it provides,

Art. 1: Whether men are predestined by God,

Art. 2: Whether predestination implies anything in the predestined,

Art. 3: Whether God rejects any man,

Art. 4: Whether the predestined are chosen by God,

Art. 5: Whether the foreknowledge of merits is the cause of predestination,

Art. 6: Whether predestination is certain,

Art. 7: Whether the number of the predestined is certain,

Art. 8: Whether predestination can be furthered by the prayers of the devout,

Art. 1: Whether original sin is a habit,

Art. 2: Whether there are many original sins in one man,

Art. 3: Whether original sin is desire,

Art. 4: Whether original sin is in all men equally,

Art. 1: Whether sin diminishes natural good,

Art. 2: Whether the whole good of human nature can be destroyed by sin,

Art. 3: Whether weakness, ignorance, malice, and desire are rightly named as the wounds of nature due to sin,

Art. 4: Whether privation of mode, species, and order is the effect of sin,

Art. 5: Whether death and other defects of the body are the effects of sin,

Art. 6: Whether death and other defects are natural to man,

Art. 1: Whether a man can know any truth without grace,

Art. 2: Whether a man can will or do good without grace,

Art. 3: Whether a man can love God above all things by his natural powers alone, without grace,

Art. 4: Whether a man can fulfil the commandment of the law by his natural powers, without grace,

Art. 5: Whether a man can merit eternal life, without grace

Art. 6: Whether without grace a man can prepare himself for grace

Art. 7: Whether a man can rise from sin without the help of grace

Art. 8: Whether a man can avoid sin, without grace

Art. 9: Whether, after receiving grace, a man can do good and avoid sin, without further help of grace

Art. 10: Whether a man in grace needs the help of grace in order to persevere

Art. 1: Whether grace denotes something in the soul

Art. 2: Whether grace is a quality of the soul

Art. 3: Whether grace is the same as virtue

Art. 4: Whether grace is in the soul’s essence as its subject, or in one of its powers

Art. 1: Whether grace is appropriately divided into sanctifying grace and free grace

Art. 2: Whether grace is appropriately divided into operative and co-operative grace

Art. 3: Whether grace is appropriately divided into prevenient and subsequent grace

Art. 4: Whether free grace is appropriately divided by the Apostle

Art. 5: Whether free grace is nobler than sanctifying grace

Art. 1: Whether God is the sole cause of grace

Art. 2: Whether a preparation or disposition for grace is required on the part of man

Art. 3: Whether grace is bound to be given to one who prepares himself for grace, or who does what he can

Art. 4: Whether grace is greater in one man than in another

Art. 5: Whether a man can know that he has grace

Art. 1: Whether the justification of the ungodly is the remission of sins

Art. 2: Whether an infusion of grace is required for the remission of guilt, which is the justification of the ungodly

Art. 3: Whether a movement of the free will is required for the justification of the ungodly

Art. 4: Whether a movement of faith is required for the justification of the ungodly

Art. 5: Whether a movement of the free will against sin is required for the justification of the ungodly

Art. 6: Whether the remission of sins should be numbered with the things required for the justification of the ungodly

Art. 7: Whether the justification of the ungodly is achieved instantaneously or gradually

Art. 8: Whether the infusion of grace is the first of the things required for the justification of the ungodly, according to the order of nature

Art. 9: Whether the justification of the ungodly is the greatest work of God

Art. 10: Whether the justification of the ungodly is a miracle

Art. 1: Whether a man can merit anything from God

Art. 2: Whether one can merit eternal life without grace

Art. 3: Whether a man in grace can merit eternal life condignly

Art. 4: Whether grace is the principle of merit, through charity more principally than through other virtues

Art. 5: Whether a man can merit the first grace for himself 209

Art. 6: Whether a man can merit the first grace for another

Art. 7: Whether a man can merit his restoration after a lapse

Art. 8: Whether a man can merit an increase of grace or charity

Art. 9: Whether a man can merit perseverance

Art. 10: Whether temporal goods can be merited

Art. 1: Whether the object of faith is the first truth

Art. 2: Whether the object of faith is something complex, in the form of a proposition

Art. 3: Whether what is false can be held in faith

Art. 4: Whether the object of faith can be something seen

Art. 5: Whether the things of faith can be known scientifically

Art. 6: Whether matters of faith ought to be divided into certain articles

Art. 7: Whether the articles of faith have increased with the passing of time

Art. 8: Whether the articles of faith are appropriately enumerated

Art. 9: Whether the articles of faith are appropriately set forth in a symbol

Art. 10: Whether it is for the chief pontiff to draw up the symbol of the faith

Art. 1: Whether to believe is to think with assent

Art. 2: Whether to believe God, to believe that there is a God, and to believe in God are rightly distinguished as acts of faith

Art. 3: Whether, for salvation, it is necessary to believe anything which is beyond natural reason

Art. 4: Whether it is necessary to believe such things as can be proved by natural reason

Art. 5: Whether a man is required to believe anything explicitly

Art. 6: Whether all men equally are required to have explicit faith

Art. 7: Whether explicit belief in the mystery of the incarnation of Christ is necessary for the salvation of everybody

Art. 8: Whether explicit belief in the Trinity is necessary for salvation

Art. 9: Whether to believe is meritorious

Art. 10: Whether a reason in support of the things of faith diminishes the merit of faith

Art. 1: Whether confession is an act of faith

Art. 2: Whether confession of faith is necessary for salvation

Art. 1: Whether this is a satisfactory definition of faith: Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen

Art. 2: Whether faith is in the intellect as its subject

Art. 3: Whether charity is the form of faith

Art. 4: Whether unformed faith can become formed, or vice versa

Art. 5: Whether faith is a virtue

Art. 6: Whether faith is a single virtue

Art. 7: Whether faith is the first of the virtues

Art. 8: Whether faith is more certain than science and the other intellectual virtues

Art. 1: Whether angels and man had faith in their first state

Art. 2: Whether devils have faith

Art. 3: Whether one who disbelieves one article of faith can have unformed faith in the other articles

Art. 4: Whether faith can be greater in one than in another

Art. 1: Whether faith is infused into man by God

Art. 2: Whether unformed faith is a gift of God

Art. 1: Whether fear is an effect of faith

Art. 2: Whether purification of the heart is an effect of faith

Art. 1: Whether hope is a virtue

Art. 2: Whether eternal blessedness is the proper object of hope

Art. 3: Whether one can hope for the eternal blessedness of another

Art. 4: Whether one may lawfully hope in man

Art. 5: Whether hope is a theological virtue

Art. 6: Whether hope is distinct from the other theological virtues

Art. 7: Whether hope precedes faith

Art. 8: Whether charity is prior to hope

Art. 1: Whether hope is in the will as its subject

Art. 2: Whether there is hope in the blessed

Art. 3: Whether there is hope in the damned

Art. 4: Whether the hope of wayfarers is certain

Art. 1: Whether God can be feared

Art. 2: Whether fear is appropriately divided into filial, initial, servile, and worldly fear

Art. 3: Whether worldly fear is always evil

Art. 4: Whether servile fear is good

Art. 5: Whether servile fear is substantially the same as filial fear

Art. 6: Whether servile fear remains when charity is present

Art. 7: Whether fear is the beginning of wisdom

Art. 8: Whether initial fear differs substantially from filial fear

Art. 9: Whether fear is a gift of the Holy Spirit

Art. 10: Whether fear diminishes as charity increases

Art. 11: Whether fear remains in Heaven

Art. 12: Whether poverty of spirit is the beatitude which corresponds to the gift of fear

Art. 1: Whether despair is a sin

Art. 2: Whether there can be despair without unbelief

Art. 3: Whether despair is the greatest of sins

Art. 4: Whether despair arises from listlessness

Art. 1: Whether presumption relies on God, or on one’s own power

Art. 2: Whether presumption is a sin

Art. 3: Whether presumption is opposed to fear rather than to hope

Art. 4: Whether presumption is caused by vainglory

Art. 1: Whether charity is friendship

Art. 2: Whether charity is something created in the soul

Art. 3: Whether charity is a virtue

Art. 4: Whether charity is a specific virtue

Art. 5: Whether charity is a single virtue

Art. 6: Whether charity is the most excellent of the virtues

Art. 7: Whether there can be any true virtue without charity

Art. 8: Whether charity is the form of the virtues

Art. 1: Whether to be loved is more proper to charity than to love

Art. 2: Whether the love which is an act of charity is the same as benevolence

Art. 3: Whether by charity God is to be loved on account of himself

Art. 4: Whether God can be loved immediately in this life

Art. 5: Whether God can be loved wholly

Art. 6: Whether love to God ought to have a mode

Art. 7: Whether it is more meritorious to love an enemy than to love a friend

Art. 8: Whether it is more meritorious to love one’s neighbour than to love God